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Original Articles

‘Stubborn and disposed to stand their ground’: Black militia, sugar workers and the dynamics of collective action in the Louisiana sugar bowl, 1863–87

Pages 103-126 | Published online: 10 Aug 2010

Notes

  • 1887. Report of Brig.‐Gen. William Pierce Commanding State Troops in the Field in District from Berwick's Bay to New Orleans to General G. T. Beauregard, Adjutant General of the State of Louisiana. November 28th, 1887. Baton Rouge, : Louisiana, Leon Jastremski, State Printer.
  • Gould, Jeffrey, 1984. ‘The Strike of 1887: Louisiana Sugar War’. Southern Exposure, 12, 45–55.
  • Hair, William Ivy, 1969. Bourbonism and Agrarian Protest: Louisiana Politics, 1877–1900. Baton Rouge, : LSU Press. Ch.8.
  • McLaurin, Melton Alonza, 1978. The Knights of Labor in the South. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Cooper, Frederick, Holt, Thomas, and Scott, Rebecca, Beyond Slavery: Explorations on Race, Labor, and Citizenship. , : University of North Carolina Press. forthcoming
  • Eiss, Paul K., 1998. ‘A Share in the Land. The Production of Politics on Government Plantations, Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes, Louisiana, 1863–1865’. Slavery and Abolition, 19(1), .
  • Berlin, Ira, Glymph, Thavolia, Miller, Steven J., Reidy, Joseph P., Rowland, Leslie S., and Saville, Julie, 1990. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867, Series I, Vol. III, The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Lower South. Cambridge, : Cambridge University Press.
  • Deerr, Noel, 1949. The History of Sugar. London, : Chapman and Hall.
  • 1874. Daily Picayune. New Orleans, .
  • Rodrigue, John, 1993. ‘Raising Cane: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880’. , : Emory University. PhD
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  • Shlomowitz, Ralph, 1984. ‘“Bound”; or “Free”? Black Labor in Cotton and Sugarcane Farming, 1865–1880’. The Journal of Southern History, 50, 569–96.
  • Rodrigue, John, ‘Raising Cane’. , , 504–32.
  • 1887. The Weekly Pelican. New Orleans, . and the discussion of the strike below
  • Rodrigue, , ‘Raising Cane’. , , 551–2.
  • 1982. In Berlin, Ira, Reidy, Joseph P., and Rowland, Leslie S. (Eds.) , Freedom. A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867, Series II, The Black Military Experience. Cambridge, : Cambridge University Press.
  • 1985. In Berlin, Ira, Fields, Barbara J., Glymph, Thavolia, Reidy, Joseph P., and Rowland, Leslie (Eds.) , Freedom. A Documentary History of Emancipation, Series I, Vol. I, The Destruction of Slavery. Cambridge, : Cambridge University Press.
  • Hollandsworth, James G., 1995. The Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience during the Civil War. Baton Rouge, : Louisiana State University Press.
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  • Saville, Julie, 1994. The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860–1870. New York, : Cambridge University Press. Ch.5
  • Fitzgerald, Michael W., 1989. The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction. Baton Rouge, : Louisiana State University Press.
  • Crozier, Oscar, Murrell, William, and Nelson, John, 1993. In Foner, Eric (Ed.) , Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction. New York, : Oxford University Press. of Lafourche Parish
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  • Singletary, Otis, 1957. Negro Militia and Reconstruction. Austin, : University of Texas Press.
  • Piston, William Garrett, 1987. Lee's Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and his Place in Southern History. Athens, : University of Georgia Press.
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  • 1873. ‘The Fight in Grant Parish’. Weekly Thibodaux Sentinel, , .
  • 1873. ‘Usurpation on the Rampage!!!’. Weekly Thibodaux Sentinel, , .
  • 1873. ‘La Ville et la Campagne’. Weekly Thibodaux Sentinel, , . (French section)
  • 1875. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Louisiana For the Year ending December 31st, 1874. New Orleans, : The Republican Office.
  • 1887. The Times Democrat. New Orleans, .
  • Historical Military Data on Louisiana Militia July ‐Dec. 31, 1878,. New Orleans, : Library, Jackson Barracks.
  • Singletary, ,
  • 1876. Annual Report of the State Superintendent of Public Education, William G. Brown, to the General Assembly of Louisiana for the Year 1875. New Orleans, : The Republican.
  • 1872. Annual Report of the State Superintendent of Public Education, Thomas Conway, to the General Assembly of Louisiana, for the Year 1871. New Orleans, : The Republican.
  • 1873. Annual Report of the State Superintendent of Public Education, William G. Brown, to the General Assembly of Louisiana, for the Year 1872. New Orleans, : The Republican.
  • 1874. Annual Report of the State Superintendent of Public Education, William G. Brown, to the General Assembly of Louisiana for the Year 1873. New Orleans, : The Republican.
  • 1874. Daily Picayune. New Orleans, . and 20 January 1874
  • 1887. ‘Communication’ (in the French‐language section). Weekly Thibodaux Sentinel, , .
  • Haworth, Paul Leland, 1906. The Hayes‐Tilden Presidential Election of 1876. Cleveland, : The Burrows Brothers Company.
  • 1881. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Louisiana, for the Year Ending December 31, 1880. New Orleans, : The Democrat.
  • 1887. Weekly Pelican. New Orleans, .
  • Brown, Elsa Barkley, and Kimball, Gregg D., 1995. ‘Mapping the Terrain of Black Richmond’. Journal of Urban History, 21, 296–346.
  • 1887. ‘The Majority of the armed men [lived] in all directions out in the country...’. The Times Democrat, , . (New Orleans)
  • Perkins, A.E., 1930. Who's Who in Colored Louisiana. Baton Rouge, : Douglas Loan Company.
  • 1874.
  • Leslie, J. Paul, 1985. ‘Laurel Valley Plantation, 1831–1926’. In Uzee, Philip D. (Ed.) , The Lafourche Country: The People and the Land. Lafayette, : Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana.
  • Hilliard, Sam B., 1979. ‘Site Characteristics and Spatial Stability of the Louisiana Sugarcane Industry’. Agricultural History, 53, 254–69.
  • Rehder, John B., 1971. ‘Sugar Plantation Settlements of Southern Louisiana: A Cultural Geography’. , : Louisiana State University. PhD thesis
  • Berlin, , et al.,
  • Brasseaux, Carl A., 1992. Acadian to Cajun. Transformation of a People, 1803–1877. Jackson, : University Press of Mississippi.
  • Din, Gilbert C., 1988. The Canary Islanders of Louisiana. Baton Rouge, : Louisiana State University Press.
  • Berlin, , et al.,
  • Gaines, Ernest J., 1976. Bloodline. New York, : W.W. Norton.
  • Plater, Richard C., ‘Acadia Plantation around 1900’. Thibodaux, Louisiana: Allen Ellender Archives, Ellender Library, Nicholls State University. Mss‐0, Item 17
  • 1876.
  • 1878. Report of the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections in the Case of Moore vs. Cage to the Senate, State of Louisiana, Session 1878. New Orleans, : The Democrat.
  • Rable, George C., 1984. But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. Athens, : University of Georgia Press.
  • Hair, ,
  • Garlock, Jonathan, 1982. Guide to the Local Assemblies of the Knights of Labor. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • 1887. Daily Picayune. New Orleans, .
  • 1887. Daily Picayune. New Orleans, . and 2 November 1887
  • Pierce, , Report,. , .
  • Pierce, , Report,. , .
  • Hall, Covington, ‘Labor Struggles in the Deep South’. , : Labadie Collection, Harlan Hatcher Library, University of Michigan. ms.. Part 2
  • 1887. Weekly Capitolian Advocate. Baton Rouge, .
  • Historical Military Data on Louisiana Militia, 1887,. New Orleans, Louisiana: Library, Jackson Barracks.
  • Pierce, , Report,. , .
  • Pierce, , Report,. , .
  • Hair, ,
  • >Hall, , ‘Labor Struggles’. , , 11. Part 2
  • Gould, , ‘Heroic and Vigorous Action’. , , 38.
  • Hirschman, Albert O., 1982. Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action. Princeton, : Princeton University Press. Ch.5.
  • 1883.
  • Thibodaux, , 1887. French section
  • 1887. ‘Nouvelles Locales’. Weekly Thibodaux Sentinel, , .

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