References
- Bickel , P. and sDroste‐Franke , B. 2006a . Derivation of Fall‐back Values for Impact and Cost Factors for Airborne Pollutants , Stuttgart : IER, University of Stuttgart .
- Bickel , P. , Friedrich , R. , Fagiani , P. , Hunt , A. , De Jong , G. Laird , J. 2006b . Proposal for Harmonised Guidelines , Stuttgart : IER, University of Stuttgart .
- Campbell , G. 2007 . Panorama of Transport, 1990–2005. Eurostat Statistical Books , Luxembourg : Eurostat .
- Cofala , J. , Amann , M. , Heyes , C. , Wagner , F. , Klimont , Z. Posch , M. 2007 . Analysis of Policy Measures to Reduce Ship Emissions in the Context of the Revision of the National Emissions Ceilings Directive , Luxenbourg : International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA . Final Report
- Cooper , D. and Gustafsson , T. 2004a . Methodology for Calculation Emissions from Ships: 1. Update of Emission Factors , Gothenburg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet . IVL Reports
- Cooper , D. and Gustafsson , T. 2004b . Methodology for Calculating Emissions from Ships: 2. Emission Factors for 2004 , Gothenburg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet . IVL Reports
- Corbett , J. , Wang , C. , Winebrake , J. and Green , E. 2007 . Allocation and Forecasting of Global Ship Emissions , Boston, MA : Clean Air Task Force .
- DEFRA . 2008 . 2008 Guidelines to Defra’s GHG Conversion Factors: Methodology Paper for Transport Emission Factors , London : Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs .
- EC . 2001 . European Transport Policy 2010: Time to Decide , Brussels : European Commission . D. VII
- EC . 2007 . An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union , Brussels : Commission of the European Communities .
- Endresen , Ø. , Sørgård , E. , Behrens , H. , Brett , P. and Isaksen , I. 2007 . A historical reconstruction of ships’ fuel consumption and emissions . Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres , 108 : D17 4560
- Eyring , V. , Köhler , H. , van Aardenne , J. and Lauer , A. 2005 . Emissions from international shipping. 1. The last 50 years . Journal of Geophysical Research , 110 : D17305
- Foss , B. and Bråthen , S. Is sea transport environmental‐friendly? A comparative study of parallel transport modes . Paper presented at the 8th World Conference on Transport Research . July 1998 , Antwerp, Belgium.
- Fuglestevedt , J. , Berntsen , T. , Myhre , G. , Rypdal , K. and Skeie , R. 2008 . Climate forcing from the transport sectors . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) , 105 (2) : 454 – 458 .
- IPCC . 2007 . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC , Cambridge; New York : IPCC .
- Knörr , W. 2008 . EcoTransIT: Ecological Transport Information Tool. Environmental Methodology and Date. Update 2008 , Heidelberg : Institut für Energie und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH .
- Lloyd’s Register . 2008 . World Shipping Encyclopedia , London : Lloyd’s Register Fairplay .
- Meersman , H. , Monteiro , F. , Pauwels , T. , Van de Voorde , E. , Vanelslander , T. and Martin , J. C. 2006 . Marginal Cost Case Studies for Air and Water Transport , Antwerp : University of Antwerp . et al.
- Mellios , G. , Van Aalst , R. and Samaras , Z. 2006 . Validation of road traffic urban emission inventories by means of concentration data measured at air quality monitoring stations in Europe . Atmospheric Environment , 40 (38) : 7362 – 7377 .
- Mitropoulos , E. E. 2007 . Shipping’s Environmental Credentials. Lloyd’s List , London : Informa UK .
- Office for National Statistics . 2008 . Road Freight Statistics 2007. Transport Statistics Bulletin , Newport : DfT .
- Proost , S. , De Ceuster , G. , Van Herbruggen , B. , Logghe , S. , Ivanova , O. and Carlier , K. 2006 . TREMOVE 2 Service Contract for the Further Development and Application of the TREMOVE Transport Model—Lot 3 , Leuven : Transport & Mobility Leuven . Final Report, Part 4: Maritime Model and Policy Runs
- Reynolds , G. 2008 . Report of the First Intersessional Meeting of the Working Group on GHG Emissions from Ships , Oslo : Lloyd’s List .
- Sandvik , E. T. 2005 . Environmental Impacts of Intermodal Freight Transport , Molde : Møreforsking Molde .
- Sjöbris , A. , Gustafsson , J. and Jivén , K. 2005 . ARTEMIS Sea Transport Emission Modelling , Gothenburg : MariTerm AB .
- Sjödin , Å. , Henningsson , E. and Flodström , E. 2007 . Documentation of a Calculation Tool for Maritime Emissions. SUTRANET Deliverables , Aalborg/Gothenburg : IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute .
- Whall , C. , Cooper , D. , Archer , K. , Twigger , L. , Thurston , N. Ockwell , D. 2002 . Quantification of Emissions from Ships Associated with Ship Movements between Ports in the European Community , Northwich : Entec UK .