Demand for Public Transport in Germany and the USA: An Analysis of Rider Characteristics

References

• Australian Bureau of Statistics . 2011 . Census of population and housing, journey to work files , Canberra : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Altshuler , A. , Womack , J. P. and Pucher , J. 1979 . The urban transportation system: Politics and policy innovation , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• American Public Transportation Association . 2006 . Annual report 2006: Growth investment forward , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Public Transportation Association . 2008a . 2008 public transportation fare database , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Public Transportation Association . 2008b . It pays to ride public transportation , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Public Transportation Association . 2009 . 2008 transit infrastructure database , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Public Transportation Association . 2012 . Public transportation factbook 2011 , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , P. 1995 . Transportation in Germany: A historical overview . Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice , 29 ( 1 ) : 9 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , D. , Pucher , J. , Buehler , R. , Thompson , D. and Crouter , S. 2008 . Walking, cycling, and obesity rates in Europe, North America and Australia . Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 5 ( 6 ) : 795 – 814 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BFS . 2011 . Mobility and transport 2010 , Bern : Bundesamt fuer Statistik/Swiss Federal Office for Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Bundesministerien der Finanzen -- German Federal Ministry of Finance . 2005 . Die Mineraloelsteuer [Petroleum taxes] , Berlin : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Bundesministerien der Finanzen – German Federal Ministry of Finance . 2008 . Mehrwertsteuer [Value added tax] , Berlin : Author .
   Google Scholar
• BMVBS . 1991–2012 . Verkehr in Zahlen [German transport in figures]. Berlin: German Federal Ministry of Transportation and Urban Development
   Google Scholar
• BMVBS . 2000 . Urban development and urban policy in Germany , Bonn : German Federal Ministry of Transportation and Urban Development, Bundesamt fuer Bauwesen und Raumordnung .
   Google Scholar
• BMVBS . 2008 . Rueckblick: Staedtebau und Stadtentwicklung im Wandel [Changes in urban planning and development] , Bonn : German Federal Ministry of Transportation and Urban Development, BBR .
   Google Scholar
• BMVBS . 2010 . Mobilitaet in Deutschland 2008/2009 , Bonn : German Federal Ministry of Transportation .
   Google Scholar
• Bratzel , S. 1995 . Extreme der Mobilität. Entwicklung und Folgen der Verkehrspolitik in Los Angeles , Basel : Birkhäuser Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Bratzel , S. 1999 . Conditions of success in sustainable urban transport policy—policy change in “relatively successful” European cities . Transport Reviews , 19 ( 2 ) : 177 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broeg , W. and Erl , E. 2003 . Verkehrsmittelwahl in Deutschland: Neue und Alte Bundeslaender [Transportation mode choice in East and West Germany] , Socialdata : Munich .
   Google Scholar
• Buehler , R. 2009 . Promoting public transportation: A comparison of passengers and policies in Germany and the US . Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Science , 2110 : 60 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler , R. and Nobis , C. 2010 . Travel behavior in ageing societies: A comparison of Germany and the United States . Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board , 2182 : 62 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler , R. and Pucher , J. 2011 . Making public transport financially sustainable . Transport Policy , 18 ( 1 ) : 126 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler , R. , Pucher , J. and Kunert , U. 2009 . Making transportation sustainable: Insights from Germany , Washington , DC : The Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Buehler , R. , Pucher , R. , Merom , D. and Bauman , A. 2011 . Active travel in Germany and the USA: Contributions of daily walking and cycling to physical activity . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 40 ( 9 ) : 241 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullard , R. D. 2004 . Highway robbery , Cambridge , MA : South End Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bundesregierung . 1999 . Bericht der Bundesregierung ueber den Oeffentlichen Nahverkehr in Deutschland nach Vollendung der Deutschen Einheit , Berlin : German Federal Government .
   Google Scholar
• Burchell , R. , Lowenstein , G. , Dolphin , W. R. and Galley , C. 2002 . Costs of sprawl 2000, TCRP report 74 , Washington , DC : Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• CBS . 2011 . Transport statistics , Amsterdam : Statistics Netherlands .
   Google Scholar
• Cervero , R. 1998 . The transit metropolis. A global inquiry , Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• City of Berlin . 2010 . Cycling and walking in Berlin , Berlin : Senatsverwaltung fuer Stadtentwicklung .
   Google Scholar
• City of Munich . 2012 . Bicycling and walking in Munich , Munich : Author .
   Google Scholar
• CSO . 2010 . Travel to work, school, and college , Dublin : Central Statistics Office .
   Google Scholar
• Dargay , J. and Gately , D. 1999 . Income's effect on vehicle ownership, worldwide: 1960–2015 . Transportation and Research, Part A , 33 ( 2 ) : 101 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destatis . 2010 . Genesis Online Database. Bevölkerung, Erwerbstätige, Erwerbslose, Erwerbspersonen, Nichterwerbspersonen: Deutschland, Jahre, Altersgruppen , Wiesbaden : German Statistical Office .
   Google Scholar
• Destatis . 2012 . Personenverkehr mit Bussen und Bahnen , Wiesbaden : Destatis, German Federal Office for Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Transport . 2010 . National travel survey , London : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Transport . 2011 . National travel statistics , London : Author .
   Google Scholar
• DMT . 2010 . Danish national travel surveys , Copenhagen : Danish Institute of Transport Research .
   Google Scholar
• Downs , A. 2004 . Still stuck in traffic , Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. 1981 . Miles to go: European and American transportation policies , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. 1998 . Driving forces: The automobile, its enemies, and the politics of mobility , Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2011 . Transport in figures. Statistical pocketbook 2011 , Brussels : European Commission, Directorate General for Energy and Transport .
   Google Scholar
• Filion , P. , Bunting , T. , McSpurren , K. and Tse , A. 2004 . Canada–US metropolitan density patterns: Zonal convergence and divergence . Urban Geography , 25 ( 1 ) : 42 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FTA . 2012 . National transit database (NTD) , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Fuerst , D. and Scholles , F. 2003 . Landes- und Regionalplanung Teil 1: Verwaltungswissenschaftliche Grundlagen. Institut fuer Landesplanung und Raumforschung , Hannover : University of Hannover .
   Google Scholar
• Giuliano , G. and Dargay , J. 2005 . Car ownership, travel and land use: A comparison of the US and Great Britain . Transportation Research Part A , 40 : 106 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , J. 2002 . Mixed use in theory and practice: Canadian experience with implementing a planning principle . Journal of the American Planning Association , 68 ( 1 ) : 71 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hass-Klau , C. 1993 . The pedestrian and city traffic , New York : Belhaven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hildebrandt , A. 2009 . Transit supply in Freiburg , Freiburg : Freiburger Verkehrs AG, Presse und Oeffentlichkeitsarbeit .
   Google Scholar
• Hirt , S. 2007 . The devil is in the definitions. Contrasting American and German approaches to zoning . Journal of the American Planning Association , 73 ( 4 ) : 436 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Transport Economics . 2011 . Norwegian travel survey key results , Oslo : Author .
   Google Scholar
• International Energy Agency . 2012 . Energy prices and taxes , New York : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Infas and DLR . 2010 . Mobilität in Deutschland 2008. Endbericht , Bonn : German Federal Ministry of Transport .
   Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund . 2008 . World economic outlook database , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• International Road Federation . 2007 . World road statistics , Brussels : Author .
   Google Scholar
• ITF . 2011 . Transport for society: International demand for public transport , Paris : OECD/International Transportation Forum .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , K. T. 1985 . The crabgrass frontier. The suburbanization of the United States , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Koeberlein , C. 1997 . Kompendium der Verkehrspolitik [Compendium of transport policies] , Munich : Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kunert , U. , Kloas , J. and Kuhfeld , H. 2002 . Design characteristics of national travel surveys. International comparison for 10 countries . Transportation Research Record , 1804 : 107 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , J. 2006 . Zoned out. Regulation, markets and choices in transportation and metropolitan land-use , Washington , DC : Resources for the Future .
   Google Scholar
• Mees , P. 2010 . Transport for Suburbia: Beyond the automobile age , New York City , NY : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Miron , J. 2003 . Urban sprawl in Canada and America: Just how dissimilar? , Toronto : Department of Geography, University of Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Mueller , W. and Rohr-Zaecker , R. 2005 . “ Amerikanisierung der Peripherie in Deutschland? ” . In Suburbanisierung in Deutschland Edited by: Barke , K. and Herfert , G. 27 – 39 . Opladen, Leske und Budrich
   Google Scholar
• Newman , P. and Kenworthy , J. 1999 . Sustainability and cities , Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pacione , M. 2009 . Urban geography: A global perspective , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Paetzold , J. 2008 . VDV Landesgruppen Erfahrungsaustausch Baden-Wuerttemberg , Stuttgart : VDV .
   Google Scholar
• Polzin , S. and Chu , X. 2003 . NHTS early findings on public transportation travel trends , Washington , DC : FHWA .
   Google Scholar
• Pucher , J. 1995a . Urban passenger transport in the United States and Europe: A comparative analysis of public policies. Part 1. Travel behavior, urban development and automobile use . Transport Reviews , 15 ( 2 ) : 99 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucher , J. 1995b . Urban passenger transport in the United States and Europe: A comparative analysis of public policies. Part 2. Public transport, overall comparisons and recommendations . Transport Reviews , 15 ( 3 ) : 211 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucher , J. and Buehler , R. 2008 . Making cycling irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany . Transport Reviews , 28 ( 1 ) : 495 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucher , J. and Buehler , R. 2010 . Walking and cycling for healthy cities . Built Environment , 36 ( 4 ) : 391 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Pucher , J. and Buehler , R. 2012 . City cycling , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pucher , J. , Buehler , R. , Merom , D. and Bauman , A. 2011 . Walking and cycling in the United States, 2001–2009: Evidence from the NHTS . American Journal of Public Health , 101 ( S1 ) : S310 – S317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucher , J. and Kurth , C. 1996 . Verkehrsverbund: The success of regional public transport in Germany, Austria and Switzerland . Transport Policy , 2 ( 4 ) : 279 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Pucher , J. , Markstedt , A. and Hirschman , I. 1983 . Impacts of subsidies on the costs of urban public transport . Journal of Transport Economics and Policy , 17 ( 2 ) : 155 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer , K. H. and Sclar , E. 1980 . Access for all: Transportation and urban growth , New York City , NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , S. and Buehler , R. 2007 . The planning process in the US and Germany: A comparative analysis . International Planning Studies , 12 ( 1 ) : 55 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmucki , B. 2001 . Der Traum vom Verkehrsfluss: Städtische Verkehrsplanung seit 1945 im deutsch-deutschen Vergleich , Munich : Campus/Deutsches Museum Muenchen .
   Google Scholar
• Shoup , D. 2005 . The high cost of free parking , Chicago , IL : APA Planners Press .
   Google Scholar
• SIKA . 2007 . SIKA statistics: The national travel survey , Östersund : Swedish Institute for Transport and Communications Analysis .
   Google Scholar
• SOeS . 2010 . Enquête nationale transports et déplacements (ENTD) 2008 , France : Ministère de l’Écologie, de l’Énergie, du Développement durable et de la Mer (Meeddm), Service de l'observation et des statistiques (SOeS) LaDefense .
   Google Scholar
• StatCan . 1996–2010 . Where Canadians work and how they get there , Ottawa : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• TRB . 2001 . Making transit work: Insight from Western Europe, Canada and the United States , Washington , DC : Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau . 2012 . American community survey 2006–2010 , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• USDOT . 1990–2012 . Highway statistics , Washington , DC : US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration .
   Google Scholar
• USDOT . 2000–2012 . Transportation statistics , Washington , DC : US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration .
   Google Scholar
• USDOT . 2001 . Summary of state motor vehicle registration fee schedules , Washington , DC : US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration .
   Google Scholar
• USDOT . 2010 . National Household Travel Survey 2008/2009 , Washington , DC : US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration .
   Google Scholar
• USDOT . 2011 . Summary of travel trends: 2009 National Household Travel Survey , Washington , DC : US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration .
   Google Scholar
• USDOT . 2012a . FY 2010 statistical summary , Washington , DC : US Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration .
   Google Scholar
• USDOT . 2012b . Bus registrations, table MV 10 , Washington , DC : US Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Van de Velde, D.M. (2003). Regulation and competition in the European land passenger industry: Some recent evolutions. In 8th Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport, Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://www.thredbo.itls.usyd.edu.au/downloads/thredbo8_papers/thredbo8-plenary-van_de_Velde.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen . 2001–2008 . VDV Statistik , Cologne : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen . 2003 . Jahresbericht 2002/2003 , Cologne : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen . 2008 . VDV Jahresbericht 2007/2008 , Cologne : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen . 2011 . VDV Statistik 2010 , Berlin : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Vuchic , V. 1999 . Transportation for livable cities , New Brunswick , NJ : Center for Urban Policy Research (CUPR) .
   Google Scholar
• Wachs , M. , Crawford , M. , Wirka , S. and Rikala , T. 1992 . The car and the city: The automobile, the built environment, and daily urban life , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , F. V. and Bly , P. H. 1981 . The demand for public transport. Part I. The changing environment in which public transport operates . Transport Reviews , 1 ( 4 ) : 323 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , F. V. and Bly , P. H. 1982 . The demand for public transport. Part II. Supply and demand factors of public transport . Transport Reviews , 2 ( 1 ) : 23 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Wentzel , B. and Wentzel , D. 2000 . Wirtschaftlicher Systemvergleich Deutschland/USA , Stuttgart : Lucius & Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft .
   Google Scholar
• Wiegandt, C. (2004). Mixed land use in Germany: Chances, benefits and constraints. In Conference paper: International Planning Symposium on Incentives, Regulations and Plans—the role of states and nation-states in smart growth. College Park, MD: Planning National Center for Smart Growth Research and Education, University of Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• WSP . 2006 . Finnish national travel survey , Helsinki : WSP Finland .
   Google Scholar
• Yago , G. 1984 . The decline of transit: Urban transportation in German and US cities, 1900–1970 , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar