The Value of a Statistical Life in a Road Safety Context — A Review of the Current Literature

References

• Abrantes, P. A. L., & Wardman, M. R. (2011). Meta-analysis of UK values of travel time: An update. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(1), 1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2010.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acton, J. P. (1973). Evaluating public programs to save lives: The case of heart attacks. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, R-950-RC.
   Google Scholar
• Alberini, A., & Ščasný, M. (2011). Context and the VSL: Evidence from a stated preference study in Italy and the Czech Republic. Environmental and Resource Economics, 49(4), 511–538. doi: 10.1007/s10640-010-9444-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldred, J. (2002). Cost-benefit analysis, incommensurability and rough equality. Environmental Values, 11(1), 27–47. doi: 10.3197/096327102129340966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, H., & Treich, N. (2011). The value of a statistical life. In A. de Palma, R. Lindsey, E. Quinet, & R. Vickerman (Eds.), A handbook of transport economics (pp. 396–424). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Assing, K., Höhnscheid, K. J., Kranz, T., & Schönebeck, S. (2010). Straßenverkehrssicherheit als wichtige Voraussetzung für nachhaltige Mobilität. Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, 79(2), 61–76. Berlin. doi: 10.3790/vjh.79.2.61
   Google Scholar
• Bahamonde-Birke, F. J., & Ortúzar, J. De D. (2014). On the variability of hybrid discrete choice models. Transportmetrica, 10(1), 74–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahamonde-Birke, F., Raveau, S., Yáñez, M. F., & Ortúzar, J. de D. (2010, October). The role of tangible attributes in hybrid discrete choice models. European Transport Conference 2010, Glasgow, 11–13, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Bahamonde-Birke, F., Kunert, U., & Link, H. (2013). Zahlungsbereitschaft für Verkehrssicherheit: Vorstudie. Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen: Mensch und Sicherheit M 242. Bremen: Wirtschaftsverlag NW. Retrieved from http://bast.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2014/721/pdf/M242b.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Baum, H., & Hohnscheid, K.-J. (1999). Volkswirtschaftliche Bewertung von Personenschaden im Strasenverkehr, Fortschreibung für 1994. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany: BASt.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, H., Kranz, T., & Westerkamp, U. (2010). Volkswirtschaftliche Kosten durch Straßenverkehrsunfälle in Deutschland, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany: Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Hrsg.). Retrieved from http://bast.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2011/272/pdf/M208.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Beattie, J., Covey, J., Dolan, P., Hopkins, L., Jones-Lee, M., Loomes, G., … Spencer, A. (1998). On the contingent valuation of safety and the safety of contingent valuation: Part 1 — caveat investigator. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 17, 5–26. doi: 10.1023/A:1007711416843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Akiva, M. E., & Morikawa, T. (1990, July). Estimation of travel demand models from multiple data sources. Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory, Yokohama, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Akiva, M. E., Walker, J. L., Bernardino, A. T., Gopinath, D. A., Morikawa, T., & Polydoropoulou, A. (2002). Integration of choice and latent variable models. In H. S. Mahmassani (Ed.), In Perpetual motion: Travel behaviour research opportunities and challenges (pp. 431–470). Amsterdam: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• BITRE. (2009). Cost of road crashes in Australia 2006 (Research report 118). Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, Australian Government.
   Google Scholar
• de Blaeij, A. (2002). The value of a statistical life in road safety. Stated preference and empirical estimates for the Netherlands (Ph.D. Thesis). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.
   Google Scholar
• de Blaeij, A., Florax, R. J. G. M., Rietveld, P., & Verhoef, E. (2003). The value of statistical life in road safety: A metaanalysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35, 973–986. doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00105-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomquist, G. (1979). Value life of saving: Implications of consumption activity. Journal of Political Economy, 87, 540–558. doi: 10.1086/260777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, R. J. (1983). Wage and injury rate response to shifting levels of workers’ compensation. In J. D. Worral (Ed.), Safety and the work force: Incentives and disincentives in worker's compensation (pp. 61–86). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, ILR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carlsson, F., Daruvala, D., & Jaldell, H. (2010). Value of statistical life and cause of accident: A choice experiment. Risk Analysis, 30(6), 975–986. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01399.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrion, C., & Levinson, D. (2012). Value of travel time reliability: A review of current evidence. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(4), 720–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, R. T., Flores, N. E., & Hanemann, W. M. (1998). Sequencing and valuing public goods. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 36, 314–323. doi: 10.1006/jeem.1998.1050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carthy, T., Chilton, S., Covey, J., Hopkins, L., Jones-Lee, M. W., Loomes, G., … Spencer, A. (1998). On the contingent valuation of safety and the safety of contingent valuation. 2. The CV/SG “chained” approach. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 17, 187–214. doi: 10.1023/A:1007782800868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corso, P. S., Hammitt, J. K., & Graham, J. D. (2001). Valuing mortality-risk reduction: Using visual aids to improve the validity of contingent valuation. Journal of risk and Uncertainty, 23(2), 165–184.
   Google Scholar
• Cousineau, J. M., Lacroix, R., & Girard, A. M. (1988). Occupational hazard and wage compensating differentials (Working Paper). University of Montreal.
   Google Scholar
• Dardis, R. (1980). The value of life: New evidence from the marketplace. American Economic Review, 50, 1077–1082.
   Google Scholar
• Desaigues, B., & Rabl, A. (1995). Reference values for human life: An econometric analysis of a contingent valuation in France. In N. G. Schwab Christe & N. C. Soguel (Eds.), Contingent valuation, transport safety and the value of life (pp. 85–112). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, P., & Hausman, J. A. (1994). Contingent valuation: Is some number better than no number? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8, 45–64. doi: 10.1257/jep.8.4.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillingham, A. E. (1979). The injury risk structure of occupations and wages (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Dillingham, A. E. (1985). The influence of risk variable definition on value of life estimates. Economic Inquiry, 23(2), 277–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1985.tb01765.x
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, T. J., Hodgson, T. A., & Wun, W. M. (1980). Present values of expected lifetime earnings and housekeeping services, 1977. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Analysis.
   Google Scholar
• Elvik, R. (2013). Paradoxes of rationality in road safety policy. Research in Transportation Economics, 43(1), 62–70. doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2012.12.008
   Google Scholar
• EPA. (2010). Guidelines for preparing economic analyses. Retrieved from http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eerm.nsf/vwAN/EE-0568--50.pdf/$file/EE-0568--50.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2009). GDP and beyond — measuring progress in a changing world, COM(2009) 433 final.
   Google Scholar
• Fein, R. (1958). Economics of mental illness. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fischhoff, B. (1997). What do psychologists want? Contingent valuation as a special case of asking questions. In R. J. Kopp, W. W. Pommerehne, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Determining the value of nonmarketed goods (pp. 189–217). New York: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, M. (2003). The measurement of environmental and resource values (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Garen, J. (1988). Compensating wage differentials and the endogeneity of job riskiness. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 70(1), 9–16. doi: 10.2307/1928145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, D., Lees, D., & Seal, W. (1975). Optimal motorway speed and some valuations of time and life. The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 43, 134–143. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9957.1975.tb01231.x
   Google Scholar
• González, R. M., Amador, F. J., Rizzi, L. I., Román, C., Ortúzar, J. de D., Espino, R., … Martín, J. C. (2012, September). Disposición a pagar por reducir el riesgo de accidentes de tráfico con víctimas en España. XVII Congreso Panamericano en Ingeniería de Tránsito, Transporte y Logística, Santiago de Chile, 24–27.
   Google Scholar
• Gough, J. D. (1988). Risk and uncertainty. Christchurch: Lincoln College and University of Canterbury. Centre for Resource Management.
   Google Scholar
• GreenLabUC. (2012). Nuevos Elementos para la Inclusión de la Distribución de Beneficios en la Elaboración de Agies. Santiago, Chile: Informe Final para la Subsecretaría del Medio Ambiente. Retrieved from http://www.greenlabuc.cl/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/MEAIREII-InformeFinal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Guevara, C., & Ben-Akiva, M. E. (2010). Addressing endogeneity in discrete choice models. Assessing control-funtion and latent-variable methods. In S. Hess & A. Daly (Ed.), Choice modelling: The state-of-the-art and the state-of-the-practice (pp. 353–370). Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hausman, J. (1993). Contingent valuation. A critical assessment. Amsterdam: North Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Hausman, J. (2012). Contingent valuation: From dubious to hopeless. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4), 43–56. doi: 10.1257/jep.26.4.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEATCO. (2005). Developing harmonised European approaches for transport costing and project assessment. Deliverable 2 state-of-the-art in project assessment. Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Hensher, D. A., Rose, J. M., Ortúzar, J. de D., & Rizzi, L. I. (2009). Estimating the willingness to pay and value of risk reduction for car occupants in the road environment. Transportation Research Part A, 43(7), 692–707.
   Google Scholar
• Hensher, D. A., Rose, J. M., Ortúzar, J. de D., & Rizzi, L. I. (2011). Estimating the value of risk reduction for pedestrians in the road environment: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Choice Modelling, 4(2), 70–94. doi: 10.1016/S1755-5345(13)70058-7
   Google Scholar
• Herzog, Jr., H. W., & Schlottman, A. M. (1987). Valuing risk in the workplace: Market price, willingness to pay, and the optimal provision of safety (Working Paper). University of Tennessee.
   Google Scholar
• Hjorth, K., & Fosgerau, M. (2011). Using prospect theory to investigate the low value of travel time for small time changes, paper submitted to the Kuhmo Nectar Conference 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Hojman, P., Ortúzar, J. de D., & Rizzi, L. I. (2005). On the joint valuation of averting fatal victims and serious injuries in highway accidents. Journal of Safety Research, 36, 377–386. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2005.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, J. K., & Mcconnell, K. E. (2003). Willingness to accept, willingness to pay and the income effect. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 51, 537–545. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2681(02)00216-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iragüen, P., & Ortúzar, J. de D. (2004). Willingness-to-pay for reducing fatal accident risk in urban areas: An internet-based web page stated preference survey. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36, 513–524. doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00057-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jara-Díaz, S., Galvez, T., & Vergara, C. (2000). Social valuation of road accident reductions. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 34, 215–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannesson, M., Johansson, P.-O., & O'conor, R. M. (1996). The value of private safety versus the value of public safety. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 13, 263–275. doi: 10.1007/BF00056156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Lee, M. W. (1976). The value of life: An economic analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones-Lee, M. W. (1994). Safety and the Saving of Life. In R. Layard & S. Glaister (Eds.), Cost-benefit analysis (pp. 290–318). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones-Lee, M. W., Hammerton, M., & Habbott, V. (1983). The value of transport safety: Results of a national sample survey. Report to the Department of Transport, University of New-castle-upon-Tyne, Department of Economics, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
   Google Scholar
• Jones-Lee, M. W., Hammerton, M., & Philips, P. (1985). The value of safety: Results of a national sample survey. The Economic Journal, 95, 49–72. doi: 10.2307/2233468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Lee, M. W., & Loomes, G. (1995). Scale and context effects in the valuation of transport safety. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 11, 183–203. doi: 10.1007/BF01207785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Lee, M. W., Loomes, G., O'Reilly, D., & Philips, P. (1993). The value of preventing non-fatal road injuries: Findings of a willingness to pay national sample survey (Working Paper WPSRC2). Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne.
   Google Scholar
• Jones-Lee, M., Loomes, G., & Philips, P. (1995). Valuing the prevention of non-fatal road injuries: Contingent valuation vs standard gambles. Oxford Economics Papers, 47, 676–695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Tverski, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. doi: 10.2307/1914185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidholm, K. (1995). Assessing the value of traffic safety using contingent valuation technique: The Danish survey. In N. G. Schwab Christe & N. C. Soguel (Eds.), Contingent valuation, transport safety and the value of life (pp. 45–62). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Kniesner, T. J., & Leeth, J. D. (1991). Compensating wage differentials for fatal injury risk in Australia, Japan, and the United States. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 4(1), 75–90. doi: 10.1007/BF00057887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupp, R., & Hundhausen, G. (1984). Volkswirtschaftliche Bewertung von Personenschäden im Straßenverkehr. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany: Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Hrsg.). Retrieved from http://www.econbiz.de/Record/volkswirtschaftliche-bewertung-von-personensch%C3%A4den-im-strassenverkehr-krupp-rudolf/10000738784
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster, K. J. (1966). A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy, 14, 133–156.
   Google Scholar
• Landefeld, J. S. (1979). Control of new materials with carcinogenic potential: An economic analysis (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Landefeld, J. S., & Seskin, P. E. (1982). The economic value of life: Linking theory to practice. American Journal of Public Health, 72(6), 555–566. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.72.6.555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanoie, P., Pedro, C., & Latour, R. (1995). The value of a statistical life: A comparison of two approaches. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 10, 235–257. doi: 10.1007/BF01207553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh, J. P. (1987). Gender, firm size, industry and estimates of the value-of-life. Journal of Health Economics, 6, 255–273. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(87)90012-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh, J. P., & Folsom, R. N. (1984). Estimates of the value of accident avoidance at the job depend on concavity of the equalizing differences curve. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 24(1), 55–56.
   Google Scholar
• Louviere, J. J., Flynn, T. N., & Carson, R. (2010). Discrete choice experiments are not conjoint analysis. Journal of Choice Modelling, 3, 57–72. doi: 10.1016/S1755-5345(13)70014-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louviere, J. J., Hensher, D. A., & Swait, J. D. (2000). Stated choice methods: Analysis and application. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maier, G., Gerking, S., & Weiss, P. (1989). The economics of traffic accidents on Australian roads: Risk lovers or policy deficit? Empirica-Australian Economic Papers, 16, 177–192.
   Google Scholar
• Marin, A., & Psacharopoulos, G. (1982). The reward for risk in the labour market: Evidence from the United Kingdom and reconciliation with other studies. Journal of Political Economy, 90(4), 827–853. doi: 10.1086/261094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniels, T. L. (1992). Reference points, loss aversion and contingent valuation for auto safety. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 187–200. doi: 10.1007/BF00057571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In P. Zarembkam (Ed.), Frontiers in econometrics (pp. 105–142). New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• McFadden, D. (1994). Contingent valuation and social choice. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76, 689–708. doi: 10.2307/1243732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz, D. (2008). The myth of travel time saving. Transport Reviews, 28(3), 321–336. doi: 10.1080/01441640701642348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, T. R. (2000). Variations between countries in values of statistical life. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 34(2), 169–188.
   Google Scholar
• Mishan, E. J. (1971). Cost-benefit analysis. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, R. C., & Carson, R. T. (1989). Using surveys to value public goods: The contingent valuation method. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M. J., & Viscusi, W. K. (1988a). Doubling the estimated value of life: Results using new occupational fatality data. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 7(3), 476–490. doi: 10.2307/3323726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. J., & Viscusi, W. K. (1988b). The quantity-adjusted value of life. Economic Inquiry, 26(3), 369–388. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1988.tb01502.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrall, III, J. F. (1986). A review of the record. Regulation, 10(2), 25–34.
   Google Scholar
• Mushkin, S. J., & Collings, F. D'a. (1959). Economic costs of disease and injury: A review of concepts. Public Health Report, 74, 795–809. doi: 10.2307/4590578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, B., Goeree, R., Gafni, A., Torrance, G., Pauly, M., Erder, H., … Lamont, B. (1998). Assessing the value of a new pharmaceutical: A feasibility study of contingent valuation in managed care. Medical Care, 36, 370–384. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199803000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2012). Mortality risk valuation in environment, health and transport policies. OECD publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264130807-1-en
   Google Scholar
• Olson, C. A. (1981). An analysis of wage differentials received by workers on dangerous jobs. The Journal of Human Resources, 16(2), 167–185. doi: 10.2307/145507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortúzar, J. de D. (2010). Die Schätzung externer Effekte im Verkehrswesen mithilfe von stated-Choice-Experimenten. Vierteljahreshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, 79(2), 39–60. doi: 10.3790/vjh.79.2.39
   Google Scholar
• Ortúzar, J. de D., Cifuentes, L. A., & Williams, H. C. W. L. (2000). Application of willingness-to-pay methods to value transport externalities in less-developed countries. Environment and Planning A, 32(11), 2007–2018. doi: 10.1068/a3324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortúzar, J. de D., & Rizzi, L. I. (in press). Valuing externalities using willingness to pay methods. In C. Nash (Ed.), Handbook of research methods and applications in transport economics and policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ortúzar, J. de D., & Willumsen, L. G. (2011). Modelling transport (4th ed.). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, D. W., Atkinson, G., & Mourato, S. (2006). Cost-benefit analysis and the environment: Recent developments. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Persson, U., & Cedervall, M. (1991). The value of risk reduction: Results of a Swedish sample survey. Lund: Swedish Institute for Health Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Persson, U., Norinder, A., Hjalte, K., & Gralén, K. (2001). The value of a statistical life in transport: Findings form a new contingent valuation study in Sweden. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 23, 121–134. doi: 10.1023/A:1011180018244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson, U., Norinder, A., & Svensen, M. (1995). Valuing the benefits of reducing the risk of non-fatal road injuries: The Swedish experiment. In N. G. Schwab Christe & N. C. Soguel (Ed.), Contingent valuation, transport safety and the value of life (pp. 63–84). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Portney, P. R. (1981). Housing prices, health effects, and valuing reductions in risk of death. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 8, 72–78. doi: 10.1016/0095-0696(81)90058-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risbey, T., Cregan, M., & de Silva, H. (2010). Social cost of road crashes. Proceedings of Australasian Transport Research Forum 2010, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Rizzi, L. I., & Ortúzar, J. de D. (2003). Stated preference in the valuation of interurban road safety. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35, 9–22. doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00082-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzi, L. I., & Ortúzar, J. de D. (2006a). Road safety valuation under a stated choice framework. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 40, 69–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzi, L. I., & Ortúzar, J. de D. (2006b). Estimating the willing-ness-to-pay for road safety improvements. Transport Reviews, 26, 471–485. doi: 10.1080/01441640600602302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, J. M., & Bliemer, M. C. J. (2009). Constructing efficient stated choice experimental designs. Transport Reviews, 29(5), 587–617. doi: 10.1080/01441640902827623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, S. (1974). Hedonic prices and implicit markets: Product differentiation in pure competition. Journal of Political Economy, 82(1), 34–55. doi: 10.1086/260169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sælensminde, K. (2003). Embedding effects in valuation of non-market goods. Transport Policy, 10, 59–72. doi: 10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00032-X
   Google Scholar
• Schwab Christe, N. G. (1995). The valuation of human costs by the contingent valuation method: The Swiss experience. In N. G. Schwab Christe & N. C. Soguel (Ed.), Contingent valuation, transport safety and the value of life (pp. 19–44). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Schwab Christe, N. G., & Soguel, N. C. (1995a). Contingent valuation, transport safety and the value of life. London: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Schwab Christe, N. G., & Soguel, N. C. (1995b). Le pris de la souffrance et du chagrin. Neufchätel: IRER, EDES.
   Google Scholar
• Shires, J. D., & de Jong, G. C. (2009). An international meta-analysis of values of travel time savings. Evaluation and Program Planning, 32(4), 315–325. doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. S. (1974). The feasibility of an ‘injury tax’ approach to occupational safety. Law and Contemporary Problems, 38(4), 730–744. doi: 10.2307/1190976
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. S. (1976). The occupational safety and health act: Its goals and achievements (pp. 89–95). Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, V. K. (1983). The role of site and job characteristics in Hedonic Wage Models. Journal of Urban Economics, 13, 296–321. doi: 10.1016/0094-1190(83)90036-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, V. K., & Gilbert, C. C. S. (1984). The implicit valuation of risks to life: A comparative analysis. Economics Letters, 16, 393–399. doi: 10.1016/0165-1765(84)90195-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler, R., & Rosen, S. (1975). The value of saving a life: Evidence from the labour market. In N. E. Terleckyj (Ed.), Household production and consumption (pp. 265–298). New York: Columbia University Press for NBER.
   Google Scholar
• Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34, 273–286. doi: 10.1037/h0070288
   Google Scholar
• Van de Kaa, E. (2010). Sign-dependent value of time in stated preference: Judgment bias or exposure of genuine preference. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 10(4), 347–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veisten, K., Flügel, S., Rizzi, L. I., Ortúzar, J. de D., & Elvik, R. (2013). Valuing casualty risk reductions from estimated baseline risk. Research in Transportation Economics, 43, 50–61. doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2012.12.009
   Google Scholar
• Viscusi, W. K. (1978). Labour market valuations of life and limb: Empirical evidence and policy implications. Public Policy, 26(3), 359–386.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viscusi, W. K. (1981). Occupational safety and health regulation: Its impact and policy alternatives. Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management, 2, 281–299.
   Google Scholar
• Viscusi, W. K. (1993). The value of risks to life and health. Journal of Economic Literature, 31, 1912–1946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viscusi, W. K., & Aldy, J. E. (2003). The value of statistical life: A critical review of market estimates throughout the world. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 27, 5–76. doi: 10.1023/A:1025598106257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viscusi, W. K., Magat, W. A., & Huber, J. (1991). Pricing environmental risks: Survey assessment of risk-risk and risk-dollar tradeoffs for chronic bronchitis. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 21, 32–51. doi: 10.1016/0095-0696(91)90003-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, G., & Pascual, U. (2011). Cost-benefit analysis in the context of ecosystem services for human well-being: A multidisciplinary critique (Ecosystem services economics (ESE) working paper 13).
   Google Scholar
• Willecke, R., Bögel, H.-D., & Engels, K. (1967). Möglichkeiten einer Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung im Straßenbau unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Unfallkosten. Düsseldorf: Verlag Handelsblatt GmbH, Forschungsberichte des Instituts für Verkehrswissenschaft an der Universität zu Köln.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., & Kling, C. (2001). A new explanation for the WTP/WTA disparity. Economics Letters, 73, 293–300. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1765(01)00511-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar