References
- Accedes-Gonzalez, C., Cook, S., & May, A. (2015). Bus use in a developing world city: Implications for the health and well-being of older passengers. Journal of Transport & Health, 2(2), 308–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2015.04.001
- Aditjandra, P. T., Cao, X., & Mulley, C. (2011). Understanding neighbourhood design impact on travel behaviour: An application of structural equations model to a British metropolitan data. Transportation Research Part A, 46, 22–32.
- Age UK. (2016). Briefing: The free bus pass. Author. https://www.ageuk.org.uk/globalassets/age-uk/documents/reports-and-publications/reports-and-briefings/activecommunities/rb_feb16_bus_pass_briefing.pdf
- Aged Communities Services Australia. (2015). Social isolation and loneliness among older Australians. Issue 1, Paper 1.
- Andrews, G. (2011). Just the ticket? Exploring the contribution of free bus fares policy to quality of later life (Doctoral thesis). University of the West of England, Bristol, England.
- Andrews, G., Parkhurst, G., Susilo, Y. O., & Shaw, J. (2012). The grey escape: Investigating older people’s use of the free bus pass. Transport Planning Technology, 35, 3–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2012.635413
- Arena, R., Guazzi, M., Lianov, L., Whitsel, L., Berra, K., Lavie, C. J., … Shurney, D. (2015). Healthy lifestyle interventions to combat noncommunicable diseased - a novel non-hierarchical connectivity model for key stakeholders. European Heart Journal, 36, 2097–2109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv207
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2012). Risk factors contributing to chronic disease. Cat. no. PHE 157. Canberra, AIHW. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/74121d1b-69ca-4a34-a08a51b741ea26b2/12724.pdf.aspx?inline=true
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2015). Australia’s welfare 2015. Australia’s welfare series no. 12. Cat. no. AUS 189. Canberra, AIHW. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/692fd1d4-0e81-41da-82af-be623a4e00ae/18960-aw15.pdf.aspx?inline=true
- Australian Social Inclusion Board. (2012). Social inclusion in Australia: How is Australia fairing? 2nd ed. Canberra: Commonwealth Government of Australia. Retrieved from http://library.bsl.org.au/jspui/bitstream/1/3170/1/Social%20inclusion%20in%20Australia%20how%20Australia%20is%20faring2012.pdf
- Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., & Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: Emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social Science & Medicine, 111, 64–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.003
- Barnes, J., Morris, A., Welsh, R., Summerskill, S., Marshall, R., Kendrick, D., … Bell, J. (2016). Injuries to older users of buses in the UK. Public Transport, 8(1), 25–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-015-0113-8
- Barrett, S., Gariban, S., & Belcher, E. (2019). Fair access: Towards a transport system for everyone. London: Centre for London.
- Bauman, A., Merom, D., Bull, F. C., Buchner, D. M., & Fiatarone Singh, M. A. (2016). Updating the evidence for physical activity: Summative reviews of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote “active ageing”. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl_2), S268–S280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw031
- Bocker, L., van Amen, P., & Helbich, M. (2017). Elderly travel frequencies and transport mode choices in greater Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Transportation, 44(4), 831–852. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-016-9680-z
- Broome, K., McKenna, K., Fleming, J., & Worrall, L. (2009). Bus use and older people: A literature review applying the person–environment–occupation model in macro practice. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 16(1), 9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/11038120802326222
- Chiatti, C., Westerlund, Y., & Stahl, A. (2017). Access to public mobility services and health in old age: A cross-sectional study in three Swedish cities. Journal of Transport & Health, 7, 218–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.09.001
- Choi, N. G., & DiNitto, D. M. (2016). Depressive symptoms among older adults who do not drive: Association with mobility resources and perceived transportation barriers. The Gerontologist, 56(3), 432–443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu116
- Commonwealth of Australia. (2013). A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: Guide for practitioners and providers. Canberra: Author. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/67d17065514cf8e8ca257c1d00017a90/$file/recovgde.pdf
- Conejero, I., Olié, E., Courtet, P., & Calati, R. (2018). Suicide in older adults: Current perspectives. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 691–699. Retrieved from https://doaj-org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/article/9b9b80ad7fa94d7ba83a738d7492d0f6
- Conwell, Y., Van Orden, K., & Caine, E. D. (2011). Suicide in older adults. Psychiatric Clinics North America, 34(2), 451–468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002
- Coronini-Cronberg, S., Millet, C., Laverty, A. A., & Webb, E. (2012). The impact of a free older persons’ bus pass on active travel and regular walking in England. American Journal of Public Health, 102(11), 2141–2148. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.uow.edu.au/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1220633302?accountid=15112
- Curl, A. L., Stowe, J. D., Cooney, T. M., & Proulx, C. M. (2014). Giving up the keys: How driving cessation affects engagement in later life. The Gerontologist, 54(3), 423–433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt037
- Dahan-Oliel, N., Mazer, B., Gelinas, I., Dobbs, B., & Lefebvre, H. (2010). Transportation use in community-dwelling older adults: Association with participation and leisure activities. Canadian Journal on Ageing, 29(4), 491–502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980810000516
- Dent, O. F., Broe, G. A., Creasey, H., Waite, L. M., Cullen, J. S., & Grayson, D. A. (1999). Transportation needs of community living older people in Sydney. Australasian Journal of Ageing, 18(4), 186–190. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1999.tb00125.x
- Diego Zapata, C., Stanley, J., & Stanley, J. R. (2014). Reducing social exclusion in highly disadvantaged districts in Medellin, Colombia, through the provision of a cable-car. Social Inclusion, 2(4), 1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v2i4.127
- Eibich, P., Krekel, C., Demuth, L., & Wagner, G. G. (2016). Associations between neighborhood characteristics, well-being and health vary over the life course. Gerontology, 62(3), 362–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000438700
- Ferrucci, L., Cooper, R., Shardell, M., Simonsick, E. M., Schrack, J. A., & Kuh, D. (2016). Age-related change in mobility: Perspectives from life course epidemiology and geroscience. Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 71(9), 1184–1194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw043
- Gagliardi, C., Spazzafumo, L., Marcellini, F., Mollenkopf, H., Ruoppila, I., Tacken, M., & Sze’mann, Z. (2007). The outdoor mobility and leisure activities of older people in five European countries. Ageing and Society, 27, 683–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X07006198
- Green, J., Jones, A., & Roberts, H. (2014). More than A to B: The role of free bus travel for the mobility and wellbeing of older citizens in London. Ageing and Society, 34(3), 472–494. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X12001110
- H.M. Treasury. (2006). Budget 2006, HC 968. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/red-book-2006-budget
- Hamano, T., Takeda, M., Sundquist, K., & Nabika, T. (2016). Geographic elevation, car driving, and depression among elderly residents in rural areas: The Shimane CoHRE Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5), 1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070738
- Hamano, T., Yamasaki, M., Fujisawa, Y., Ito, K., Nabika, T., & Shiwaku, K. (2011). Social capital and psychological distress of elderly in Japanese rural communities. Stress and Health, 27, 163–169. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1324
- Haustein, S., & Siren, A. (2015). Older people’s mobility: Segments, factors, trends. Transport Reviews, 35(4), 466–487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2015.1017867
- Hawley-Hague, H., Horne, M., Skelton, D. A., & Todd, C. (2016). Older adults’ uptake and adherence to exercise classes: Instructors’ perspectives. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24, 119–128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2014-0108
- Hirst, E., & Harrop, B. (2011). Getting out and about: Investigating the impact of concessionary fares on older people’s lives. Manchester: Transport Action Group. Retrieved from https://www.gmcvo.org.uk/system/files/Bus-Pass-Use-Qual-of-Life-Final20110707_0.pdf
- Jones, A., Goodmand, A., Roberts, H., Steinbach, R., & Green, J. (2013). Entitlement to concessionary public transport and wellbeing: A qualitative study of young people and older citizens in London, UK. Social Science and Medicine, 91, 202–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.040
- Kębłowski, W. (2017). More than just riding without a ticket? Exploring the geography of fare-free public transport (Cosmopolis Working Paper). Brussels: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Cosmopolis.
- Knott, C. S., Panter, J., Foley, L., & Ogilvie, D. (2018). Changes in the mode of travel to work and the severity of depressive symptoms: A longitudinal analysis of UK Biobank. Preventive Medicine, 112, 61–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.03.018
- Laverty, A. A., Webb, E., Vamos, E. P., & Millett, C. (2018). Associations of increases in public transport use with physical activity and adiposity in older adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15(31), 2–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0660-x
- Lättman, K., Friman, M., & Olsson, L. E. (2016). Perceived accessibility of public transport as a potential indicator of social inclusion. Social Inclusion, 4(3), 36–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.481
- Liu, G. J., & Engels, B. (2012). Accessibility to essential services and facilities by a spatially dispersed ageing population in suburban Melbourne, Australia. In G. Gartner, & F. Ortag (Eds.), Advances in location-based services. Lecture notes in geoinformation and cartography (pp. 327–348). Berlin: Springer.
- London Councils. (2020). Evaluation of national concessionary travel in Scotland. Using the pass. Retrieved from https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/services/freedom-pass/using-pass
- Mackett, R. (2014). Has the policy of concessionary bus travel for older people in Britain been successful? Case Studies on Transport Policy, 2(2), 81–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2014.05.001
- Marshall, R., Summerskill, S., Case, K., Hussain, A., Gyi, D., Sims, R., … Barnes, J. (2016). Supporting a design driven approach to social inclusion and accessibility in transport. Social Inclusion, 4(3), 7–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.521
- Mäki-Opas, T. E., Borodulin, K., Valkeinen, H., Stenholm, S., Kunst, A. E., Abel, T., … Koskinen, S. (2016). The contribution of travel-related urban zones, cycling and pedestrian networks and green space to commuting physical activity among adults - a cross-sectional population-based study using geographical information systems. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 760–760. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3264-x
- Melis, G., Gelormino, E., Marra, G., Ferracin, E., & Costa, G. (2015). The effects of the urban built environment on mental health: A cohort study in a large northern Italian city. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(11), 14898–14915. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114898
- Mollenkopf, H., Hieber, A., & Hans-Werner, W. (2011). Continuity and change in older adults’ perceptions of out-of-home mobility over ten years: A qualitative-quantitative approach. Ageing and Society, 31(5), 782–802. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10000644
- Morris, A., Barnes, J., & Fildes, B. (2017). Challenges of using the bus as an older person. In Urban transport 2017, 23rd International conference on urban transport and the environment (ICUTE) (pp. 539–546). Loughborough: Loughborough University Institutional Repository. doi:https://doi.org/10.2495/UT170461.
- Morris, E. A. (2015). Should we all just stay home? Travel, out-of-home activities, and life satisfaction. Transportation Research Part A - Policy and Practice, 78, 519–536. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.06.009
- Mueller, N., Rojas-Rueda, D., Cole-Hunter, T., de Nazelle, A., Dons, E., Gerike, R., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2015). Health impact assessment of active transportation: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 76, 103–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.010
- Murata, C., Kondo, K., Hirai, H., Ichida, Y., & Ojima, T. (2008). Association between depression and socio-economic status among community-dwelling elderly in Japan: The Aichi Gerontological Evaluation Study (AGES). Health & Place, 14, 406–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.08.007
- Musselwhite, C. (2015). Further examinations of mobility in later life and improving health and wellbeing. Journal of Transport & Health, 2, 1–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2015.02.001
- Northern Ireland Direct. (2020). Free and concessionary bus and rail travel. Retrieved from https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/free-and-concessionary-bus-and-rail-travel
- Paterson, D. H., Jones, G. R., & Rice, C. L. (2007). Ageing and physical activity: Evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adults. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32(S2E), S69–S108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/H07-111
- Ramachandran, M., & D'Souza, S. A. (2016). A cross-sectional survey on older adults’ community mobility in an Indian metropolis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 31(1), 19–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-015-9276-7
- Ramazzotti, D., & Lois, A. (2009). Sustainable flexible transport services: A solution against social exclusion. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 120, 187–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP090181
- Reardon, L., & Abdallah, S. (2013). Well-being and transport: Taking stock and looking forward. Transport Reviews, 33(6), 634–657. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2013.837117
- Reinhard, E., Courtin, E., van Lenthe, F. J., & Avendano, M. (2018). Public transport policy, social engagement and mental health in older age: A quasi-experimental evaluation of free bus passes in England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(5), 361–368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210038
- Rye, T., & Mykura, W. (2009). Concessionary bus fares for older people in Scotland – are they achieving their objectives. Journal of Transport Geography, 17, 451–456. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.08.003
- Schryer, E., Boerner, K., Horowitz, A., Reinhardt, J. P., & Mock, S. E. (2017). The social context of driving cessation: Understanding the effects of cessation on the life satisfaction of older drivers and their social partners. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 0(00), 1–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817741683
- Shrestha, B. P., McDonald, M., Millonig, A., & Hounsell, N. B. (2017). Review of public transport needs of older people in European context. Journal of Population Ageing, 10(4), 343–361. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-016-9168-9
- Siren, A., & Haustein, S. (2015). What are the impacts of giving up the driving licence? Ageing & Society, 35(9), 1821–1838. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14000610
- Spiers, N. A., Matthews, R. J., Jagger, C., Matthews, F. E., Boult, C., Robinson, T. G., & Brayne, C. (2005). Diseases and impairments as risk factors for onset of disability in the older population in England and Wales: Findings from the medical research council cognitive function and ageing study. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 60A(2), 248–254.
- Stanley, J., Hensher, D. A., Stanley, J., Currie, G., Greene, W., & Vella-Brodrick, D. (2011). Social exclusion and the value of mobility. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 45(2), 197–222. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23072175
- Stanley, J. K., Hensher, D. A., Stanley, J. R., & Vella-Brodrick, D. (2011). Mobility, social exclusion and well-being: Exploring the links. Transportation Research Part A-Policy and Practice, 45, 789–801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.06.007
- Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2015). Subjective well-being, health, and ageing. The Lancet, 385(9968), 640–648. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61489-0
- Sundling, C., Nilsson, M. E., Hellqvist, S., Pendrill, L. R., Emardson, R., & Berglund, B. (2016). Travel behaviour change in old age: The role of critical incidents in public transport. European Journal of Ageing, 13(1), 75–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-015-0358-8
- Suzman, R., Beard, J. R., Boerma, T., & Chatterji, S. (2015). Health in an ageing world—what do we know? The Lancet, 385(9967), 484–486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61597-X
- Transport Scotland. (2009). Evaluation of national concessionary travel in Scotland. Transport research series. Retrieved from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/272719/ 0081408.pdf
- Transport Scotland. (2020). Concessionary travel. Retrieved from https://www.transport.gov.scot/concessionary-travel/#:~:text=Cheaper%20travel%20with%20the%20National,over%2060s%20and%20ferry%20passengers
- UK Parliament. (2020). Research briefing: Concessionary bus travel. Retrieved from https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn01499/#:~:text=The%20English%20National%20Concessionary%20Travel,weekends%20and%20on%20Bank%20Holidays
- Van Cauwenberg, J., Van Holle, V., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Van Dyck, D., & Deforche, B. (2016). Neighborhood walkability and health outcomes among older adults: The mediating role of physical activity. Health and Place, 37, 16–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.11.003
- Värnik, P. (2012). Suicide in the world. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(3), 760–771.
- Vine, D., Buys, L., & Aird, R. (2012). Experiences of neighbourhood walkability among older Australians living in high density inner-city areas. Planning Theory and Practice, 13(3), 421–444. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.696675
- Webb, E., Laverty, A., Mindell, J., & Millett, C. (2016). Free bus travel and physical activity, gait speed, and adiposity in the English longitudinal study of ageing. American Journal of Public Health, 106(1), 136–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302907
- Windle, G., & Burholt, V. (2003). Older people in Wales, their transport and mobility: A literature review. Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 4(2), 28–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/14717794200300011
- Wood, J., Brown, J. R., Bond, M., & Suguri, V. (2016). Older adult transportation in rural communities: Results of an agency survey. Journal of Public Transport, 19(2), 13. Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1520&context=jpt
- World Health Organisation. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: WHO. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/global-PA-recs-2010.pdf
- World Health Organisation. (2015). World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/186463/9789240694811_eng.pdf;jsessionid=5A71D09C7C3B823B741C2EDE5B0F2272?sequence=1
- Yeates, C., & Thompson, C. (2008). Suicidal behavior in elders: A developmental perspective. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 333–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004