References
- American Library Association. (2012). Extending Our Reach: Reducing Homelessness through Library Engagement. American Library Association. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://alair.ala.org/bitstream/handle/11213/8694/poorhomeless_FINAL.pdf
- Amster, R. (2003). Patterns of exclusion: Sanitizing space, criminalizing homelessness. Social Justice, 30(91), 195–221. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/29768172
- Bassett, E., Tremoulet, A., & Moe, A. (2013, July). Relocation of Homeless People from ODOT Rights-of-way (OTREC-RR-12-14). Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15760/trec.67
- Bell, L., Beltran, G., Berry, E., Calhoun, D., Hankins, T., & Hester, L. (2018, September 19). Public Transit and Social Responsibility: Homelessness (Leadership APTA). APTA. Retrieved October 8, 2020, from https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Transit_Responses_Homeless/REPORT-2018-Leadership-APTA-Team-4-Public-Transit-and-Social-Responsibility.pdf
- Berk, R., & MacDonald, J. (2010). Policing the homeless: an evaluation of efforts to reduce homeless-related crime. Criminology and Public Policy, 9(4), 813–840. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2010.00673.x
- Berlin-Brandenburg Office of Statistics. (2020). Demographic Data. Berlin Business Location Center. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https://www.businesslocationcenter.de/en/business-location/berlin-at-a-glance/demographic-data/
- Boyd, M., Maier, M., & Kenney, P. (1996, June). Perspectives on Transit Security in the 1990s: Strategies for Success (FTA-MA-90-7006-96-1 and DOT-VNTSC-FTA-96-2). Volpe Center. Retrieved October 8, 2020, from https://www.transit.dot.gov/oversight-policy-areas/perspectives-transit-security-1990s-strategies-success-june-1996
- Boyle, D. (2016, March 14). Transit Agency Practices in Interacting with People who Are Homeless (TCRP Synthesis 121). Transportation Research Board. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17226/23450
- Busch-Geertsema, V. (2006, October). Urban Governance, Homelessness and Exclusion. Homelessness and Access to Space in Germany. European Observatory on Homelessness, FEANTSA. Retrieved January 22, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238083501_Urban_Governance_Homelessness_and_Exclusion_Homelessness_and_Access_to_Space_in_Germany
- CDC. (2020, August 6). Interim Guidance on Unsheltered Homelessness and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) for Homeless Service Providers and Local Officials. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved February 8, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/homeless-shelters/unsheltered-homelessness.html
- Council of Economic Advisers. (2019, September). The State of Homelessness in America. Council of Economic Advisers. Retrieved October 7, 2020, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/The-State-of-Homelessness-in-America.pdf
- Crisis. (2018, December 14). More Than 24,000 People Facing Christmas Sleeping Rough or in Cars, Trains, Buses and Tents, Crisis Warns. Crisis. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https://www.crisis.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/more-than-24-000-people-facing-christmas-sleeping-rough-or-in-cars-trains-buses-and-tents-crisis-warns/
- de Fine Licht, K. ((2017, November 14). Hostile urban architecture: A critical discussion of the seemingly offensive Art of Keeping people away. Etikk i Praksis: Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, 11(2), 27–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5324/eip.v11i2.2052
- Dembo, M. (2020). Off the Rails: Alternatives to Policing on Transit (MURP Applied Planning Research Project). UCLA, Los Angeles. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17610/T6XK56
- de Vet, R., van Luijtelaar, M., Brilleslijper-Kater, S., Vanderplasschen, W., Beijersbergen, M., & Wolf, J. ((2013, October). Effectiveness of case Management for homeless persons: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), e13–e26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301491
- Ehrenfeucht, R., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2014). The irreconcilable tension between dwelling in public and the regulatory state. In V. Mukhija, & A. Loukaitou-Sideris (Eds.), The informal American city: Beyond taco trucks and day labor. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (pp. 155–172). Retrieved April 18, 2020, from https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/informal-american-city
- Falsetti, R. (2020, July 14). Unsheltered Encampments—COVID-19 Project Effects [Memorandum]. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/construction/documents/policies-procedures-publications/cpd/cpd20-17.pdf
- Giesler, M. (2017, October 2). A place to call home?: A qualitative exploration of public librarians’ response to homelessness. Journal of Access Services, 14(4), 188–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15367967.2017.1395704
- Giesler, M. (2019, January 2). The collaboration between homeless shelters and public libraries in addressing homelessness: A multiple case study. Journal of Library Administration, 59(1), 18–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2018.1549405
- Glyman, A. (2016). Blurred Lines: Homelessness and the Increasing Privatization of Public Space (S. Rankin, Ed.). Homeless Rights Advocacy Project, Seattle University School of Law. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2776876
- Goldfischer, E. (2020). From encampments to hotspots: The changing policing of homelessness in New York city. Housing Studies, 35(9), 1550–1567. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2019.1655532.
- Guo, J. (2017). Barriers for Homeless People in San Jose when Accessing Valley Transportation Authority (VTA)’s Transit Service (Master of Urban Planning Planning Report). SJSU. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://www.inist.org/library/2017-05.Guo.Barriers%20for%20Homeless%20People%20in%20San%20Jose%20when%20Accessing%20VTA%27s%20Transit%20Service.SJSU%20Urban%20and%20Regional%20Planning.pdf
- Guse, C. (2020, April 21). NYC Homeless Turn to Subway during Coronavirus Crisis. New York Daily News. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://www.nydailynews.com/coronavirus/ny-coronavirus-homeless-population-subway-fires-mta-20200421-vr26xwjowzce7hrpimfghrdxxy-story.html
- Hall, T. (2017). Citizenship on the edge: Homeless outreach and the city. In H. Warming, & K. Fahnøe (Eds.), Lived Citizenship on the edge of society: Rights, belonging, intimate life, and spatiality . London: Palgrave Macmillan (pp. 23–44). Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-55068-8.pdf
- Hartmann McNamara, R., Crawford, C., & Burns, R. (2013, January 1). Policing the Homeless: policy, practice, and perceptions. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 36(2), 357–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511311329741
- Herring, C. (2019, September 5). Complaint-oriented policing: Regulating homelessness in public space. American Sociological Review, 84(5), 769–800. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419872671
- Hill, N. (2011, December). Public libraries and the homeless. Public Libraries, 50(6), 13–22. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from http://publiclibrariesonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/November-December-2011-Perspectives-on-Serving-Homeless.pdf
- Hill, T., & Tamminen, K. (2020, July 3). Examining the Library as a site for intervention: A mixed-methods Case Study evaluation of the “innovative solutions to homelessness” project. Journal of Library Administration, 60(5), 470–492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2020.1729626
- Hipple, N. (2017, March). Policing and homelessness: Using partnerships to address a cross system issue. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 11(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paw010
- Homeless Alliance of Western New York. (2006, September). Left Behind: How Difficulties with Transportation Are a Roadblock to Self-Sufficiency. Homeless Alliance of Western New York. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/environment/transit/environment-_left_behind.pdf
- Hui, V., & Habib, K. (2016). Transportation-Related Social Exclusions and homelessness: What does the Role of Transportation play in Improving the Circumstances of homeless individuals. 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 2664, 1–19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284452343_Transportation_Related_Social_Exclusions_and_Homelessness_What_Does_the_Role_of_Transportation_Play_in_Improving_the_Circumstances_of_Homeless_individuals
- Hui, V., & Habib, K. (2017). Homelessness Vis-à-vis transportation-induced Social Exclusion: An econometric investigation of travel Behavior of homeless individuals in toronto, Canada. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2665(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3141/2665-07
- Jaffe, G., & Gowen, A. (2020, April 13). The High Price of Keeping Detroit Moving: Michigan Has Among the Highest Number of COVID-19 Deaths in the Country. Transit Workers Say They’re Unfairly Put at Risk. Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/detroit-coronavirus/
- Jocoy, C., & Del Casino, V. (2008, February). The Mobility of Homeless People and Their Use of Public Transit in Long Beach, California (METRANS Project # 06-13). METRANS Transportation Center. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vincent_Del_Casino/publication/266864914_The_Mobility_of_Homeless_People_and_Their_Use_of_Public_Transit_in_Long_Beach_California/links/55dcefcc08ae591b309abcc2/The-Mobility-of-Homeless-People-and-Their-Use-of-Public-Transit-in-Long-Beach-California.pdf
- Jocoy, C., & Del Casino, V. (2010, August 1). Homelessness, Travel Behavior, and the politics of Transportation mobilities in Long Beach, california. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 42(8), 1943–1963. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1068/a42341
- Johnsen, S., Fitzpatrick, S., & Watts, B. (2018, October 3). Homelessness and social control: A typology. Housing Studies, 33(7), 1106–1126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2017.1421912
- LAHSA. (2020, June 12). 2020 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count Results. Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https://www.lahsa.org/news?article=726-2020-greater-los-angeles-homeless-count-results
- Laughlin, J., & Madej, P. (2020, June 18). Between Feces and Bodily Fluids, the Coronavirus Makes SEPTA’s Dirtiest Jobs Even Tougher. Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://www.inquirer.com/transportation/coronavirus-septa-shortages-dirty-jobs-workers-cleaners-20200618.html
- Lee, W. (2018, January 1). Downtown Management and homelessness: The versatile roles of business Improvement districts. Journal of Place Management and Development, 11(4), 411–427. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-06-2017-0052
- Legler, M. (2019). Hennepin County Unsheltered Point-in-time Count for July 24, 2019. Hennepin County Office to End Homelessness and St. Stephen’s Human Services. Retrieved January 7, 2021, from https://www.hennepin.us/-/media/hennepinus/your-government/projects-initiatives/end-homelessness/unsheltered-report-jul-2019.pdf
- Legler, M. (2020). Aug 13, 2020 [Personal communication].
- Loukaitou-Sideris, A., Wasserman, J., Caro, R., & Ding, H. (2020). Homelessness in Transit Environments: Volume I, Findings from a Survey of Public Transit Operators (UC-ITS-2021-13). UCLA ITS. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17610/T6V317
- Loukaitou-Sideris, A., Wasserman, J., Caro, R., & Ding, H. (2021). Homelessness in Transit Environments: Volume II, Transit Agency Strategies and Responses. UCLA ITS. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17610/T6JK5S
- Mahs, J. (2005, April 1). The sociospatial Exclusion of single Homeless People in Berlin and Los Angeles. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(8), 928–960. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764204274201
- Meyerhoff, A., Micozzi, M., & Rowen, P. (1993). Running on empty: Travel patterns of extremely poor people in Los Angeles. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1395, 153–160. Retrieved October 5, 2020, from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1993/1395/1395-020.pdf
- Munthe-Kaas, H., Berg, R., & Blaasvær, N. (2018). Effectiveness of Interventions to reduce homelessness: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 14(1), 1–281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2018.3
- Murphy, E. (2019, July 3). Transportation and homelessness: A Systematic review. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 28(2), 96–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2019.1582202
- New York State Comptroller. (2020, January 16). Homeless Outreach Services in the New York City Subway System (2018-S-59). New York State Comptroller. Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://www.osc.state.ny.us/files/state-agencies/audits/pdf/sga-2020-18s59.pdf
- Nichols, L., & Cázares, F. (2011, April). Homelessness and the mobile shelter system: Public Transportation as shelter. Journal of Social Policy, 40(2), 333–350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279410000644
- Olivet, J., Bassuk, E., Elstad, E., Kenney, R., & Jassil, L. (2010, March 22). Outreach and Engagement in Homeless Services: A review of the literature. Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3(1), 53–70. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOHSPJ-3-53
- O’Shaughnessy, B., & Greenwood, R. (2020, September). Empowering features and outcomes of homeless interventions: A Systematic Review and narrative synthesis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 66(1–2), 144–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12422
- Petty, J. (2016, March 1). The London Spikes controversy: Homelessness, Urban securitisation, and the question of “Hostile architecture. International Journal for Crime, Justice, and Social Democracy, 5(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i1.286
- Powers, B. (2019, June). Quality of Life Initiative. Presented at the APTA Rail Conference, Toronto. Retrieved April 18, 2020, from https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Transit-Agency-Interactions-with-People-Who-Are-Homeless_Bob-Powers.pdf
- Rankin, S. (2021). Hiding homelessness: The transcarceration of homelessness. California Law Review, 109(2), 1–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3499195
- Rose, J. (2017, September 27). Cleansing public nature: Landscapes of homelessness, health, and displacement. Journal of Political Ecology, 24(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20779
- Rosenberger, R. (2017). Callous objects: Designs against the homeless. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Rosenberger, R. (2020, March 1). On Hostile design: Theoretical and empirical prospects. Urban Studies, 57(4), 883–893. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019853778
- Rudy, J., & Delgado, A. (2006). Homelessness and Problems It Presents to the Orange County Transportation Authority: A Social Approach to a Social Problem. Presented at the APTA Bus and Paratransit Conference, Orange County. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://trid.trb.org/view/793108
- Russo, M. (2020, July 15). NYPD Cop Seen Punching, Choking, Macing Homeless Subway Rider in Arrest Video: In the Disturbing Clip, Transit Officers Are Seen Hitting and Dragging a Man Off a Nearly Empty 6 Train Car who They Accused of Taking Up Two Seats, Leaving Him Crying, Bloody, and Fearing for His Life. NBC New York. Retrieved October 9, 2020, from https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/nypd-officer-seen-punching-choking-macing-homeless-subway-rider-in-violent-arrest-video/2518123/
- Ryan, D. (1991, March). No other place to go. Mass Transit, 18(3), 16–17, Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026564271&view=1up&seq=76
- Schwartz, R. (1989). The end of the line: The homeless and the transportation industry. Portfolio, 2(2), 38-46, Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://trid.trb.org/view/300779
- Schwartz, R. (1995). The Homeless—Helping Them to Find Hope. APTA Rapid Transit Conference. Presented at the APTA Rapid Transit Conference, New York City. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://trid.trb.org/View/522301
- Scott, H., Bryant, T., & Aquanno, S. (2020). The role of transportation in sustaining and reintegrating formerly homeless clients. Journal of Poverty, 24(7), 591–609. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2020.1740375
- Selbin, J., Campos-Bui, S., Epstein, J., Lim, L., Nacino, S., Wilhlem, P., & Stommel, H. (2018, July 27). Homeless Exclusion Districts: How California Business Improvement Districts Use Policy Advocacy and Policing Practices to Exclude Homeless People from Public Space (UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper). UC Berkeley School of Law. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3221446
- Shinn, M. (2007). International homelessness: Policy, socio-cultural, and individual perspectives. Journal of Social Issues, 63(3), 657–677. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00529.x
- Smith, N., & Walters, P. (2018, October 1). Desire lines and defensive architecture in modern Urban environments. Urban Studies, 55(13), 2980–2995. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017732690
- Stradling, R. (2021, February 12). NCDOT Shifts Its Approach to Clearing Homeless Camps from Along State’s Highways. Raleigh News and Observer. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://www.newsobserver.com/news/coronavirus/article249175285.html
- Strauß, S. (2020, February 7). Erste Ergebnisse der Obdachlosenzählung: Senatorin Breitenbach will Hilfsangebote vor Ort für obdachlose Menschen verbessern. Berlin Senate Office for Integration, Labor, and Social Affairs. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https://www.berlin.de/sen/ias/_assets/presse/downloads/20_02_07_pm_auswertung_nds.pdf
- Terrile, V. (2016, July 2). Public Library support of families experiencing homelessness. Journal of Children and Poverty, 22(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10796126.2016.1209166
- Toro, P., Tompsett, C., Lombardo, S., Philippot, P., Nachtergael, H., Galand, B., … Harvey, K. (2007, September). Homelessness in Europe and the United States: A comparison of prevalence and public opinion. Journal of Social Issues, 63(3), 505–524. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00521.x
- TransitCenter. (2020, March 24). Transit Is Essential: 2.8 Million U.S. Essential Workers Ride Transit to Their Jobs. TransitCenter. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://transitcenter.org/2-8-million-u-s-essential-workers-ride-transit-to-their-jobs/
- Turner, R. (2019). Law Enforcement Officers Training and the Challenges in Policing Homeless Individuals (D.M. diss.). Colorado Technical University, Colorado Springs, CO. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2355988627
- Turner, M., Funge, S., & Gabbard, W. (2018, December 2). Victimization of the homeless: Public perceptions, public policies, and implications for social work practice. Journal of Social Work in the Global Community, 3(1), 1-12, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5590/JSWGC.2018.03.1.01
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). American Community Survey. Data.census.gov. Retrieved March 25, 2020, from https://data.census.gov
- U.S. HUD. (2020, January). 2019 AHAR: Part 1—PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S. HUD Exchange. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/5948/2019-ahar-part-1-pit-estimates-of-homelessness-in-the-us/
- Wasserman, J. (2019). A Time and a Place for Every Rider?: Geographic and Temporal Changes in Bay Area Transit Ridership (MURP Applied Planning Research Project). UCLA, Los Angeles. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17610/t6kw22
- Wasserman, J., Taylor, B., Blumenberg, E., Garrett, M., King, H., Paul, J., … Schouten, A. (2020, February 26). What’s behind Recent Transit Ridership Trends in the Bay Area?: Volume II, Trends among Major Transit Operators (UCLA ITS-LA1908). UCLA ITS. Retrieved February 26, 2020, from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96w4g18f
- Wilder Research. (2019, July). Metro Transit Riders: A Special Analysis of Data from the 2018 Minnesota Homeless Study. Metro Transit.
- Willett, P., & Broadley, R. (2011, January 1). Effective public Library outreach to homeless people. Library Review, 60(8), 658–670. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/00242531111166692
- Wiltz, T. (2020, April 28). Against CDC Guidance, Some Cities Sweep Homeless Encampments. Pew. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://pew.org/2W4sXhq