References

• Ahn , B.‐H. 1978 . Computation of Market Equilibria for Policy Analysis: The Project Independence Evaluation System Approach , Stanford University . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Allen , W. B. 1977 . The Demand for Freight Transportation: A Micro Approach . Transportation Research , 11 : 9 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Asmuth , R. , Eaves , B. C. and Peterson , E. L. 1979 . Computing Economic Equilibria on Affine Networks with Lemke's Algorithm. . Mathematics of Operations Research , 4 : 209 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumol , W. J. , Panzar , J. C. and Willig , R. D. 1982 . Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure. , New York, N.Y. : Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Baumol , W. J. and Vinod , H. D. 1970 . An Inventory‐Theoretic Model of Freight Transport Demand . Management Science , 16 : 413 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawden , D. L. 1966 . A Spatial Price Equilibrium Model of International Trade. . Journal of Farm Economics , 48 : 862 – 874 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckmann , M. J. , McGuire , C. B. and Winsten , C. B. 1956 . Studies in the Economics of Transportation. , New Haven, Conn : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Borts , G. H. 1952 . Production Relations in the Railway Industry. . Econometrica , 20 : 71 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Borts , G. H. 1960 . The Estimation of Rail Cost Functions. . Econometrica , 28 : 108 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braeutigam , R. R. , Daughety , A. F. and Turnquist , M. A. 1982 . The Estimation of Hybrid Cost Functions for a Railroad Firm. . Review of Economics and Statistics , 64 : 394 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronzini , M. S. 1980 . Evolution of a Multimodal Freight Transportation Network Model. . Proceedings of the Transportation Research Forum , 21 : 475 – 485 .
   Google Scholar
• Bronzini , M. S. Multimodal Network Model for Coal Analysis . Proceedings of Coal Transportation Modeling Workshop . July 1982 , Argonne, Ill. Argonne National Laboratory . report ANL/EES‐TM‐190
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , R. 1975 . A Spatial Equilibrium Model for the U.S. Gas Pipeline System , MIT . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R. , Caves , D. and Christensen , L. 1975 . Modeling the Structure of Production with a Joint Cost Function , University of Wisconsin . paper 7521 Social Systems Research Institute
   Google Scholar
• CACI, Inc. 1980 . Transportation Flow Analysis, reports DOT‐OST‐P‐10–29 to 32 . U.S. Department of Transportation ,
   Google Scholar
• Case , R. and Lave , L. 1970 . Cost Functions for Inland Waterway Transport in the United States . Journal of Transport Economics and Policy , : 181 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Caves , D. W. , Christensen , L. R. and Swanson , J. A. 1981 . Productivity, Growth, Scale Economies, and Capacity Utilization in U.S. Railroads, 1955–74. . American Economic Review , 71 : 994 – 1002 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , C. J. , Miles , R. D. and Sinha , K. C. 1981 . A Regional Railroad Network Optimization Model for Coal Transportation . i>Transportation Research , 15B : 227 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Chiang , Y. S. , Roberts , P. O. and Ben‐Akiva , M. 1980 . Development of a Policy‐Sensitive Model for Forecasting Freight Demand, report DOT‐P‐30–81–04 . U.S. Department of Transportation ,
   Google Scholar
• Chow , G. 1978 . The Economics of the Motor Freight Industries. , Bloomington, , Indiana : School of Business, Indiana University .
   Google Scholar
• Constable , G. K. and Whybark , D. C. 1978 . The Interaction of Transportation and Inventory Decisions. . Decision Sciences , 9 : 688 – 699 .
   Google Scholar
• Cookenboo , L. Jr. 1955 . Crude Oil Pipe Lines and Competition in the Oil Industry. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cournot , A. A. 1838 . Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth Edited by: Kelley , N. T. Bacon. New York, N. Y. 1960
   Google Scholar
• Dailey , V. A. 1973 . The Certificate Effect: The Impact of Federal Entry Controls on the Growth of the Motor Carrier Firms , University of Virginia . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Das , C. 1974 . Choice of Transport Service: An Inventory‐Theoretic Approach. . The Logistics and Transportation Review , 10 : 181 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Daughety , A. F. 1979 . Freight Transport Demand Revisited: A Microeconomic View of Multi‐Modal Multi‐Characteristic Service Uncertainty and the Demand for Freight Transport. . Transportation Research , 13 : 281 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Daughety , A. F. and Inaba , F. S. 1978 . Estimation of Service‐Differentiated Transport Demand Functions. . Transportation Research Record , 668 : 23 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Daughety , A. F. and Inaba , F. S. 1981 . An Analysis of Regulatory Change in the Transportation Industry. . Review of Economics and Statistics , 53 : 246 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Daughety , A. F. and Turnquist , M. A. 1980 . “ Development of Hybrid Cost Functions from Engineering and Statistical Techniques: The Case of Rail — First Year Final Report, report DOT/RSPA/DPB‐50/79/31 ” . In U.S. Department of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Daughety , A. F. , Turnquist , M. A. and Griesbach , S. L. 1983 . Estimating Origin — Destination Specific Railroad Marginal Operating Cost Functions . Transportation Research , 17A : 451 – 462 .
   Google Scholar
• Devarajan , S. 1981 . A Note of Network Equilibrium and Non‐cooperative Games . Transportation Research , 15B : 421 – 426 .
   Google Scholar
• Ebeling , K. A. National Coal Transportation Analysis: A Brief Review . Proceedings of Transportation Modeling Workshop. Edited by: Green , J. W.
   Google Scholar
• Ebeling , K. A. and Chang , P. S. Two Models in Coal Transportation . presented at the ORSA/TIMS Joint National Meeting . April 1979 , New Orleans, LA..
   Google Scholar
• Egan , T. P. The Modeling of Coal and Transport Industry Interactions . Proceedings of Coal Transportation Modeling Workshop . July 1982 , Ill. Argonne National Laboratory Argonne . report ANL/EES‐TM‐190
   Google Scholar
• Enke , S. 1951 . Equilibrium Among Spatially Separated Markets: Solution by Electric Analogue. . Econometrica , 19 : 40 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang , S. C. and Peterson , E. L. 1980 . Economic Equilibria on Networks unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez , J. E. and Friesz , T. L. 1983 . Equilibrium Predictions in Transportation Markets: The State of the Art . Transportation Research , 17B : 155 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Florian , M. and Los , M. 1982 . A New Look at Static Spatial Price Equilibrium Models. . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 12 : 579 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlaender , A. F. 1969 . The Dilemma of Freight Transport Regulation. , Washington, D.C. : The Brookings Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Friedlaender , A. F. Hedonic Costs and Economic of Scale in the Regulated Trucking Industry . Motor Carrier Economic Regulation, Proceedings of a workshop (National Academy of Sciences . Washington, D.C.. pp. 33 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedlaender , A. F. and Spady , R. H. 1981 . Freight Transport Regulation: Equity, Efficiency and Competition in the Rail and Trucking Industries. , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friesz , T. L. November 1981 . The Northeast Regional Environmental Impact Study: Theory, Validation and Application of a Freight Network Equilibrium Model report ANL/ES/120, November , Argonne, Ill. : Argonne National Laboratory . 1981
   Google Scholar
• Friesz , T. L. , Gottfried , J. and Morlok , E. K. A Freight Network Equilibrium Model . presented at the Transportation Equilibrium and Supply Models Symposium . November 1981 , Montreal, Quebec.
   Google Scholar
• Friesz , T. L. , Harker , P. T. and Tobin , R. L. 1984 . Alternative Algorithms for the General Network Spatial Price Equilibrium Problem. . Journal of Regional Science , 24 : 475 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesz , T. L. , Tobin , R. L. and Harker , P. T. October 1981 . Variational Inequalities and Convergence of Diagonalization Methods for Derived Demand Network Equilibrium Problems , report CUE‐FNEM‐1981–10–1 October , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pennsylvania . 1981
   Google Scholar
• Friesz , T. L. , Tobin , R. L. and Harker , P. T. 1983 . Predictive Intercity Freight Network Models . Transportation Research , 17A : 409 – 417 .
   Google Scholar
• Friesz , T. L. , Tobin , R. L. , Smith , T. E. and Harker , P. T. 1983 . A Nonlinear Complementarity Formulation and Solution Procedure for the General Derived Demand Network Equilibrium Problem. . Journal of Regional Science , 23 : 337 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesz , T. L. , Viton , P. A. and Tobin , R. L. 1984 . Economic and Computational Aspects of Freight Network Equilibrium Models: A Synthesis, to appear in . Journal of Regional Science ,
   Google Scholar
• Gottfried , J. A. 1983 . A Predictive Network Equilibrium Model for Application to Regional and National Freight Transportation Systems unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, May 1983
   Google Scholar
• Green , J. 1980 . Western Energy: The Interregional Coal Analysis Model, technical bulletin 1627 U.S. Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Griliches , Z. 1972 . Cost Allocation in Railroad Regulation. . Bell Journal of Economics , 3 : 26 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Harker , P. T. 1981 . A Simultaneous Freight Network Equilibrium Model with Application to the Network Design Problem unpublished M.S.E. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, December 1981
   Google Scholar
• Harker , P. T. 1983 . Prediction of Intercity Freight Flows: Theory and Application of a Generalized Spatial Price Equilibrium Model unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, August 1983
   Google Scholar
• Harker , P. T. 1984 . A Generalized Spatial Price Equilibrium Model, to appear in . Papers of the Regional Science Association , : 55
   Google Scholar
• Harker , P. T. and Friesz , T. L. 1982 . A Simultaneous Freight Network Equilibrium Model. . Congressus Numerantium , 36 : 365 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Harmatuck , D. J. 1979 . A Policy‐Sensitive Railway Cost Function. . Logistics and Transportation Review , 15 : 277 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , R. G. 1977 . Economics of Traffic Density in the Rail Freight Industry. . Bell Journal of Economics , 8 : 556 – 564 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasenkamp , G. 1976 . Specification and Estimation of Multiple Output Production Functions , New York, N.Y. : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Hazard , J. 1977 . Transportation: Management, Economics, Policy. , Cambridge, Md : Cornell Maritime Press .
   Google Scholar
• Healy , K. T. 1961 . The Effects of Scale in the Railroad Industry. , New Haven, Conn : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Healy , K. T. 1962 . The Merger Movement in Transportation. . American Economic Review , 52 : 436 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Irwin , C. L. and Yang , C. W. 1982 . Iteration and Sensitivity for a Spatial Equilibrium Problem with Linear Supply and Demand Functions. . Operations Research , 30 : 319 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Jara‐Díaz , S. R. 1981 . Transportation Cost Functions: A Multiple‐product Approach , MIT . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Jara‐Díaz , S. R. 1982 . The estimation of transport cost functions: a methodological review. . Transport Reviews , 2 : 257 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Keeler , T. E. 1974 . Railroad Costs, Returns to Scale and Excess Capacity. . Review of Economics and Statistics , 56 : 201 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeler , T. E. 1983 . Railroads, Freight, and Public Policy. , Washington, D.C. : The Brookings Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , M. 1944 . An Economic Model of the World Oil Markets. . Bell Journal of Economics , 5 : 540 – 577 .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , L. R. 1947 . The Use of Cross Section Data in Econometrics with Application to a Study of Production of Railroad Services in the United States . National Bureau of Economic Research ,
   Google Scholar
• Kornhauser , A. L. , Hornung , M. , Harzony , Y. and Lutin , J. The Princeton Railroad Network Model: Application of Computer Graphics in the Analysis of a Changing Industry . presented at the 1979 Harvard Graphics Conference .
   Google Scholar
• Kornhauser , A. L. A preliminary View of U.S. Coal Transportation Using the Princeton Railroad Network Information System . Proceedings of Coal Transportation Modeling Workshop . July 1982 , Argonne, Ill.. Argonne National Laboratory . report ANL/EES‐TM‐190,
   Google Scholar
• Kresge , D. T. and Roberts , P. O. 1971 . “ Systems Analysis and Simulation Models ” . In Techniques of Transport Planning. , Edited by: Meyer , John D. Vol. v. II , Washington, D.C. : The Brookings Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Ladenson , M. L. and Stoga , J. 1974 . Returns to Scale in the U.S. Trucking Industry . Southern Economic Journal , : 390 – 396 .
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster , K. J. 1966 . A New Approach to Consumer Theory. . Journal of Political Economy , 7 : 132 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansdowne , Z. F. 1981 . Rail Freight Traffic Assignment . Transportation Research , 15A : 183 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , M. L. Economics of Scale in the General Freight Motor Common Carrier Industry: Additional Evidence . Proceedings — Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Forum . pp. 169 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• LeBlanc , L. J. , Morlok , E. K. and Pierskalla , S. K. 1975 . An Efficient Approach to Solving the Road Network Equilibrium Traffic Assignment Problem . Transportation Research , 9 : 309 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , R. C. 1981 . Railroad Rates, Profitability, and Welfare Under Deregulation. . Bell Journal of Economics , 12 : 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• McFadden , D. and Winston , C. Joint Estimation of Discrete and Continuous Choices in Freight Transportation . presented at the 1981 Meeting of the Econometric Society .
   Google Scholar
• McFarland , H. B. 1978 . The Estimation of Railroad Cost Functions , Northwestern University . unpublished Ph. D. dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , J. G. 1975 . An algorithm for the Generalized Transportation Problem. . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 5 : 445 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , J. G. 1976 . A Technique for the Solution of Spatial Equilibrium Models. . Journal of Regional Science , 16 : 293 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J. R. , Peck , M. J. , Stenason , J. and Zwick , C. 1959 . The Economics of Competition in the Transportation Industries. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nagy , J. G. , Furtar , W. A. and Kulshreshta , S. N. 1980 . The Implications of a Change in the Crownest Pass Freight Rate on the Canadian Prairie Wheat Economy. . The Logistics and Transportation Review , 15 : 547 – 560 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , R. A. 1956 . The Economic Structure of the Highway Carrier Industry in New England , submitted to the New England Governor's Committee on Public Transportation Boston, Mass. : July . 1956
   Google Scholar
• Oum , T. H. 1979 . A Cross‐Sectional Study of Freight Transport Demand and Rail‐Truck Competition in Canada. . Bell Journal of Economics , 10 : 463 – 482 .
   Google Scholar
• Pang , J.‐S. 1981 a . A Hybrid Method for the Solution of Some Multi‐Commodity Spatial Equilibrium Problems. . Management Science , 27 : 1142 – 1157 .
   Google Scholar
• Pang , J.‐S . 1981b . A Linearized Block Gauss‐Seidel Relaxation Method for Variational Inequalities Over Product Sets with Application to Computing Network Equilibria unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Pang , J.‐S. and Lee , P. S. 1981 . A Parametric Linear Complementarity Technique for the Computation of Equilibrium Prices in a Single Commodity Spatial Model. . Mathematical Programming , 20 : 81 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , E. L. 1981 . The Conical Duality and Complementarity of Price and Quantity for Multicommodity Spatial and Temporal Network Allocation Problems , Northwestern University . discussion paper 207
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , E. R. and Fullerton , H. V. , eds. 1975 . The Railcar Network Models , Ontario, , Canada : Canadian Institute of Guided Ground Transport, Queen's University, Kingston . report 75–11
   Google Scholar
• Plessner , Y. 1965 . Quadratic Programming Competitive Equilibrium Models for the U.S. Agricultural Sector , Iowa State University . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Polak , G. and Koshal , R. K. Cost Functions and Changing Technology for Water Transport: Some Empirical Results . presented at the meeting of the Eastern Economic Association . April 17 1976 .
   Google Scholar
• Polito , J. , McCarl , B. A. and Morin , T. L. 1980 . Solution of Spatial Equilibrium Problems with Bender's Decomposition. . Management Science , 26 : 593 – 605 .
   Google Scholar
• Ponsard , C. 1982 . Partial Spatial Equilibria with Fuzzy Constraints. . Journal of Regional Science , 22 : 159 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Quandt , R. W. and Baumol , W. J. 1966 . The Demand for Abstract Transport Modes. . Journal of Regional Science , 6 : 13 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , M. J. 1956 . Some Aspects of Motor Carrier Costs: Firm Size, Efficiency and Financial Health . Land Economics , : 228 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , P. O. 1966 . Transport Planning: Models for Developing Countries , Northwestern University . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , P. O. 1976 . Forecasting Freight Flows Using a Disaggregate Freight Demand Model , Center for Transportation Studies, MIT . CTS report 76–1
   Google Scholar
• Safwat , K. N. A. 1982 . The Simultaneous Prediction of Equilibrium on Large‐Scale Networks: A Unified Consistent Methodology for Transportation Planning , MIT . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Safwat , K. N. A. and Magnanti , T. L. 1982 . A Combined Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Modal Split and Traffic Assignment Modal , Operations Research Center, MIT . report OP‐112–82
   Google Scholar
• Samuelson , P. A. 1952 . Spatial Price Equilibrium and Linear Programming . American Economic Review , 42 : 283 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P. L. 1975 . Forecasting Freight Transport Demand, The State of the Art. . The Logistics and Transportation Review , 10 : 236 – 311 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , T. E. 1984 . A Solution Condition for Complementarity Problems: With an Application to Spatial Price Equilibrium, to appear in . Applied Mathematics and Computation ,
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , B. H. 1968 . Location Theory and Planning Models: The von Thünen Case. . Papers, Regional Science Association , 21 : 19 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Stoeker , A. 1974 . A Quadratic Programming Model of United States Agriculture in 1980 , Iowa State University . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Swerdloff , C. Developing a National Network Model of Intercity Freight Movement in the United States . Proceedings of the International Symposium on Freight Traffic Models .
   Google Scholar
• Takayama , T. and Judge , G. G. 1964 a . Equilibrium Among Spatially Separated Markets: A Reformulation. . Econometrica , 32 : 510 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama , T. and Judge , G. C. 1964b . An Interregional Activity Analysis Model of the Agricultural Sector. . Journal of Farm Economics , 46 : 349 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Takayama , T. and Judge , G. C. 1970 . Alternative Spatial Equilibrium Models. . Journal of Regional Science , 10 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Takayama , T. and Judge , G. G. 1971 . Spatial and Temporal Price and Allocation Models. , New York, N.Y. : North‐Holland/American Elsevier Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Takayama , T. and Judge , G. G. 1973 . Studies in Economic Planning Over Space and Time. , New York, N.Y. : North‐Holland/American Elsevier Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Terziev , M. N. 1976 . Modeling the Demand for Freight Transportation , MIT . unpublished M.S.E. thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Thore , S. 1982 . The Takayama‐Judge Spatial Equilibrium Model with Endogenous Income. . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 12 : 351 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin , R. L. and Friesz , T. L. 1983 . Formulating and Solving the Derived Demand Network Equilibrium Problem in Terms of Arc Variables. . Journal of Regional Science , 23 : 187 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Tobin , R. L. , Jastrow , J. D. and Meleski , S. A. 1983 . The Statewide Florida Coal Conversion Study , Report DOE/RG — 0063 Environmental Research Division Argonne, Illinois : Argonne National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Uri , N. D. 1975 . A Spatial Equilibrium Model for Electrical Energy. . Journal of Regional Science , 15 : 323 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Varian , H. R. 1978 . Microeconomic Analysis. , New York, N.Y. : W. W. Norton and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Warner , S. L. 1965 . “ Cost Models, Measurement Errors, and Economics of Scale in Trucking ” . In The Cost of Trucking: Econometric Analysis , Edited by: Burstein , M. L. 1 – 46 . Dubuque : Wm. C. Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Waverman , L. 1973 . Natural Gas and National Policy , Toronto, , Canada : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• West , D. A. and Brandow , G. E. 1964 . Space‐Product Equilibrium in the Dairy Industry of the Northeastern and North Central Regions. . Journal of Farm Economics , 46 : 719 – 731 .
   Google Scholar
• Winston , C. 1981 . A Disaggregate Model of the Demand for Intercity Freight Transportation . Econometrica. , 49 : 981 – 1006 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston , C. 1983 . The Demand for Freight Transportation: Models and Applications . Transportation Research , 17A : 419 – 428 .
   Google Scholar