The raising of the normal retirement age (NRA) in the ageing era in the advanced countries: the dilemma between securing the stability of the pension system versus the risk of increasing unemployment

References

• Abraham, K. G., and L. F. Katz. 1986. “Cyclical Unemployment: Sectoral Shifts or Aggregate Disturbances?” Journal of Political Economy 94 (3): 507–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amit, R., and P. J. H. Schoemaker. 1993. “Strategic Assets and Organizational Rent.” Strategic Management Journal 14 (1): 33–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonucci, T., and M. Pianta. 2002. “Employment Effects of Product and Process Innovation in Europe.” International Review of Applied Economics 16 (3): 295–307.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, C. 2012. Digital Wars: Apple, Google, Microsoft and the Battle for the Internet. London: Kogan Page.
   Google Scholar
• Asiedu, E. 2004. “The Determinants of Employment of Affiliates of US Multinational Enterprises in Africa.” Development Policy Review 22 (4): 371–379.
   Google Scholar
• Bartel, A. P., and N. Sicherman. 1993. “Technological Change and Retirement Decisions of Older Workers.” Journal of Labor Economics 11 (1): 162–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogliacino, F., and M. Pianta. 2010. “Innovation and Employment: A Reinvestigation Using Revised Pavitt Classes.” Research Policy 39 (6): 799–809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boockmann, B. 2001. “The Ratification of ILO Conventions: A Hazard Rate Analysis.” Economics and Politics 13 (3): 281–309.
   Google Scholar
• Breyer, F., and M. Kifmann. 2002. “Incentives to Retire Later – A Solution to the Social Security Crisis?” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 1 (2): 111–130.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, C. S., P. P. Maglio, and M. M. Davis. 2011. “From Self-Service to Super-Service: A Resource Mapping Framework for Co-creating Value by Shifting the Boundary Between Provider and Customer.” Information Systems and E-Business Management 9 (2): 173–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caves, R. E. 1996. Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S., and B. Price. 1991. Regression Diagnostics. New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhry, M. T., E. Marelli, and M. Signorelli. 2012. “Youth Unemployment Rate and Impact of Financial Crises.” International Journal of Manpower 33 (1): 76–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Gimenez, J., and J. Diaz-Saavedra. 2009. “Delaying Retirement in Spain.” Review of Economic Dynamics 12 (1): 147–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driffield, N., and P. C. (Michelle) Chiang. 2009. “The Effects of Offshoring to China: Reallocation, Employment and Productivity in Taiwan.” International Journal of the Economics of Business 16 (1): 19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Driffield, N., and K. Taylor. 2000. “FDI and the Labour Market: A Review of the Evidence and Policy Implications.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 16 (3): 90–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning, J. H., and S. M. Lundan. 2008. Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Evangelista, R., and M. Savona. 2003. “Innovation, Employment and Skills in Services. Firm and Sectoral Evidence.” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 14 (4): 449–474.
   Google Scholar
• Fehr, H., M. Kallweit, and F. Kindermann. 2012. “Pension Reform with Variable Retirement age: a Simulation Analysis for Germany.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 11 (3): 389–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann, H. 2013. “Technological Unemployment in Industrial Countries.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 23 (5): 1099–1126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 1994. Work for All or Mass Unemployment? Computerized Technical Change Into the Twenty-First Century. London: Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Groshen, E. L., and S. Potter. 2003. “Has Structural Change Contributed to a Jobless Recovery?” Current Issues in Economics and Finance 9 (8): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber, J., and D. A. Wise. 2004. Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World. Micro Estimation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guichard, S., and E. Rusticelli. 2010. “ Assessing the Impact of the Financial Crisis on Structural Unemployment in OECD Countries.” OECD Publishing No. 767.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. E., M. S. McMillan, and C. Null. 2007. “U.S. Multinational Activity Abroad and U.S. Jobs: Substitutes or Complements?” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 46 (2): 347–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier, S., and M. B. Georgia. 2011. Aging, the Individual, and Society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. W., and C. Mommaerts. 2011. Age Differences in Job Loss, Job Search, and Reemployment. The Program on Retirement Policy Discussion Paper 11-01. Washington, DC, The Urban Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Jousten, A., M. Lefèbvre, S. Perelman, and P. Pestieau. 2010. “The Effects of Early Retirement on Youth Unemployment: The Case of Belgium.” In Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment, edited by J. Gruber, and D. A. Wise, 47–76. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, T. 2010. The Importance of Startups in Job Creation and Job Destruction. Kauffman Foundation Research Series: Firm Formation and Economic Growth.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, L. 2010. Long-term Unemployment in the Great Recession. In Testimony for the Joint Economic Committee US Congress April, 29.
   Google Scholar
• Kooij, D. T. 2015. “Successful Aging at Work: The Active Role of Employees.” Work, Aging and Retirement 1 (4): 309–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry, B. J., S. Mahesh, and S. Hartman. 2005. “The Changing Nature of Work in the age of e-Business.” Journal of Organizational Change Management 18 (2): 132–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, L. 2012. Economic Growth and the Unemployment Rate. Congressional Research Service 7- 5700.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Q., and A. Resnick. 2003. “Reversal of Fortunes: Democratic Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Developing Countries.” International Organization 57 (1): 175–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwin, H., L. Achdut, and I. Youssim. 2009. “Who Supports Delayed Retirement? A Study of Older Workers in Israel.” Journal of European Social Policy 19 (3): 245–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes, M. 2011. “Will the Dismantlement of Early Retirement Schemes Increase Older Unemployment? A Competing-Risk Analysis for Belgium.” Labour (committee. on Canadian Labour History) 25 (2): 252–267.
   Google Scholar
• Mariotti, S., M. Mutinelli, and L. Piscitello. 2003. “Home Country Employment and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence From the Italian Case.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 27 (3): 419–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuter, M. L., A. L. Ostrom, M. J. Bitner, and R. Roundtree. 2003. “The Influence of Technology Anxiety on Consumer Use and Experiences with Self-Service Technologies.” Journal of Business Research 56 (11): 899–906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michello, F., and W. Ford. 2006. “The Unemployment Effects of Proposed Changes in Social Security’s “Normal Retirement Age”.” Business Economics 41 (2): 38–46.
   Google Scholar
• Morath, E., and H. Torry. 2018. October 5). “U.S. Unemployment Rate Falls to Lowest Level Since 1969.” The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-unemployment-rate-falls-to-lowest-level-since-1969-1538742766.
   Google Scholar
• Nickell, S. 1997. “Unemployment and Labor Market Rigidities: Europe Versus North America.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (3): 55–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrickson, M., and R. Ranzijn. 2005. “Workforce Ageing: the Challenges for 21st Century Management.” International Journal of Organisational Behaviour 10 (4): 729–739.
   Google Scholar
• Penner, R. G., P. Perun, and E. Steuerle. 2002. Legal and Institutional Impediments to Partial Retirement and Part-Time Work by Older Workers. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Pianta, M. 2005. “Innovation and Employment.” In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, edited by J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery, and R. Nelson, 568–598. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, J. L. 2010. “The Power of Global Aging.” Ageing International 35 (1): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Psimitis, M. 2011. “The Protest Cycle of Spring 2010 in Greece.” Social Movement Studies 10 (2): 191–197.
   Google Scholar
• Remmer, K. L. 1991. “The Political Impact of Economic Crisis in Latin America in the 1980s.” The American Political Science Review 85 (3): 777–800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin, J. 1995. The End of Work. The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Rozen-Bakher, Z. 2017. “Impact of Inward and Outward FDI on Employment: the Role of Strategicasset-Seeking FDI.” Transnational Corporations Review 9 (1): 16–30. doi:10.1080/19186444.2017.1290919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rui, H., and G. S. Yip. 2008. “Foreign Acquisitions by Chinese Firms: A Strategic Intent Perspective.” Journal of World Business 43 (2): 213–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarfati, H. 2013. “Coping with the Unemployment Crisis in Europe.” International Labour Review 152 (1): 145–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpetta, S., A. Sonnet, and T. Manfredi. 2010. “Rising Youth Unemployment During the Crisis. .” OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers Paris 106: 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Sethi, D., S. E. Guisinger, S. E. Phelan, and D. M. Berg. 2003. “Trends in Foreign Direct Investment Flows: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.” Journal of International Business Studies 34 (4): 315–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzi, N. 2011. “The Impact of E-Commerce on International Trade and Employment.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 24: 745–753.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dalen, H. P., K. Henkens, and J. Schippers. 2009. “Dealing with Older Workers in Europe: a Comparative Survey of Employers’ Attitudes and Actions.” Journal of European Social Policy 19 (1): 47–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivarelli, M. 2014. “Innovation, Employment and Skills in Advanced and Developing Countries: A Survey of Economic Literature.” Journal of Economic Issues 48 (1): 123–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivarelli, M., R. Evangelista, and M. Pianta. 1996. “Innovation and Employment in Italian Manufacturing Industry.” Research Policy 25 (7): 1013–1026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Nordheim, F. 1999. “Responding Well to the Challenge of an Ageing and Shrinking Workforce. European Union Policies in Support of Member State Efforts to Retain, Reinforce Re-Integrate Older Workers in Employment.” Social Policy and Society 3 (2): 145–153.
   Google Scholar