References
- Armitage, L. 2020. “Positive Non-binary and/or Genderqueer Sexual Ethics and Politics.” Journal of the International Network for Sexual Ethics & Politics 8: 11–35.
- Australian Human Rights Commission. 2007. “Stories of Discrimination Experienced by the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Community.” https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/stories-discrimination.
- Bade, R., and J. Dawsey. 2017. “Inside Trump’s Snap Decision to Ban Transgender Troops.” Politico. Accessed July 26.https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/26/trump-transgender-military-ban-behind-the-scenes-240990.
- Barnes, R., A. E. Marimow, A. Goldstein, and P. W. Cunningham. 2020. “Supreme Court Appears Ready to Uphold Affordable Care Act Over Latest Challenge From Trump, GOP.” Washington Post. Accessed November 10. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/10/scotus-hearing-aca-live-updates/.
- Baumgartner, M. P. 2008. “Moral Entrepreneurs.” In Encyclopedia of Social Problems, edited by V. N. Parrillo, 596–597. New York: SAGE Publications.
- Becker, H. S. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. London: The Free Press.
- Bonn, S. A. 2015. “Moral Panic: Who Benefits from Public Fear?” Psychology Today. Accessed July 20. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/wicked-deeds/201507/moral-panic-who-benefits-public-fear.
- Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U. S. 2020. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/17-1618_hfci.pdf.
- Burns, R., and C. Crawford. 1999. “School Shootings, the Media, and Public Fear: Ingredients for a Moral Panic.” Crime, Law and Social Change 32: 147–168.
- Calmes, J. 2015. “They Don’t Give a Damn About Governing: Conservative Media’s Influence on the Republican Party.” Harvard Kennedy School, Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy. Accessed July 27. https://shorensteincenter.org/conservative-media-influence-on-republican-party-jackie-calmes/.
- Cohen, S. 1972. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. London: MacGibbon and Kee.
- Colliver, B., A. Coyle, and M. Silvestri. 2019. “The ‘Online Othering’ of Transgender People in Relation to ‘Gender Neutral Toilets.” In Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web, edited by K. Lumsden, and E. Harmer, 215–237. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Cook, C. 2016. “Trump Shows He's a Bully with a Pulpit.” The Cook Political Report. Accessed December 6. https://cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics.
- Crenshaw, K. 1990. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43: 1241.
- Delli Carpini, M. X. 2016. “The New Normal? Campaigns & Elections in the Contemporary Media Environment.” In US Election Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign, edited by D. Lilliker, D. Jackson, E. Thorsen, and A. Veneti. Poole: Bournemouth University. https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/24976/.
- de Young, M. 2007. “Moral Entrepreneur.” In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, edited by G. Ritzer, 3086–3088. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Downs, A. 1972. “Up and Down with Ecology – The ‘Issue-Attention Cycle.’” https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/students/envs_5720/downs_1972.pdf.
- Duncombe, C. 2019. “The Politics of Twitter: Emotions and the Power of Social Media.” International Political Sociology 13 (4): 409–429.
- Duncombe, C. 2020. “Social Media and the Visibility of Horrific Violence.” International Affairs 96 (3): 609–629.
- Edwards, G. C. 2020. “The Bully in the Pulpit.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 50 (2): 286–324.
- Elders, J., and A. M. Steinman. 2014. Report of the Transgender Military Service Commission. Palm Center. https://www.palmcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Transgender-Military-Service-Report_1.pdf.
- Exec. Order No. 12866, 24 CFR 5.105. 2019. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/ENF/documents/SexBasedAdminPlace.pdf.
- Garland, D. 2008. “On the Concept of Moral Panic.” Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 4 (1): 9–30.
- Goode, E., and N. Ben-Yehuda. 1994. “Moral Panics: Culture, Politics, and Social Construction.” Annual Review of Sociology 20: 149–171.
- Goode, E., and N. Ben-Yehuda. 2009. Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Green, E. L., K. Benner, and R. Pear. 2018. “‘Transgender’ Could be Defined Out of Existence Under Trump Administration.” New York Times. Accessed October 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/us/politics/transgender-trump-administration-sex-definition.html.
- Hartzler Amendment to National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018, H.R. 2810, 115th Congress. H.Amdt. 183. 2017. https://www.congress.gov/amendment/115th-congress/house-amendment/183?r=1&s=1.
- Hood, C. 1986. The Tools of Government. London: Chatham House.
- Hudson, J. 2012. “How Justice Souter Almost Left the Supreme Court in a Blaze of Glory.” The Atlantic. Accessed May 14. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/05/how-justice-souter-almost-left-supreme-court-blaze-glory/328163/.
- Jones, J. 2017. “Mark Latham Suggests Australia Should Ban Trans Military Personnel.” Star Observer. Accessed July 28. https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/national-news/mark-latham-called-transphobic-language-andrew-bolt/160456.
- Joosse, P. 2018. “Expanding Moral Panic Theory to Include the Agency of Charismatic Entrepreneurs.” The British Journal of Criminology 58 (4): 993–1012.
- Kahn, C. 2017. “Exclusive: Majority of Americans Support Transgender Military Service – Poll.” Reuters. Accessed July 28.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-military-transgender-poll/exclusive-majority-of-americans-support-transgender-military-service-idUSKBN1AD2BL.
- Kube, C. 2017. “Pentagon to Pay for Surgery for Transgender Soldier.” NBC News. Accessed November 15. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pentagon-oks-surgery-transgender-soldier-military-hospital-n820721
- Kupfer Schneider, A. 2019. “Negotiating from the Bully Pulpit: Teaching Trump, Tactics, and Turmoil.” Negotiation Journal 35 (1): 215–218.
- Levenson, M., and N. Vigdor. 2020. “Inclusion of Transgender Student Athletes Violates Title IX, Trump Administration Says.” Accessed May 29. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/us/connecticut-transgender-student-athletes.html.
- Marsh, I., and G. Melville. 2011. “Moral Panics and the British Media – A Look at Some Contemporary ‘Folk Devils.’.” Internet Journal of Criminology Online only edition. https://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/peer-reviewed-articles.
- Military Service by Transgender Individuals, 82 F.R. 41319. 2017. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/08/30/2017-18544/military-service-by-transgender-individuals.
- Nondiscrimination in Health and Health Education Programs or Activities, Delegation of Authority, 85 F.R. 37160. 2020. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/06/19/2020-11758/nondiscrimination-in-health-and-health-education-programs-or-activities-delegation-of-authority.
- Office of the Attorney General. 2017. “Memorandum: Revised Treatment of Transgender Employment Discrimination Claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.” Accessed October 4. https://www.justice.gov/archives/ag/page/file/1006981/download.
- Olutokunbo, A. S., T. Suandi, O. R. Cephas, and I. H. Abu-Samah. 2015. “Bring Back Our Girls, Social Mobilization: Implications for Cross-cultural Research.” Journal of Education and Practice 6 (6): 64–75. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/20044.
- Ott, B. L., and G. Dickinson. 2019. The Twitter Presidency: Donald J. Trump and the Politics of White Rage. London: Routledge.
- Patrick, A. O. 2016. “Transgender Australians Can Choose any Bathroom They Want, But Not Everyone Is Happy About It.” Washington Post. Accessed June 18.https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/18/transgender-australians-face-ingrained-biases-even-if-the-bathroom-issue-hasnt-spawned-legal-debate/.
- PBS News Hour. 2017. “After Trump Announces Ban, Trans Soldiers Wonder What Comes Next.” Accessed July 26.https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/trump-transgender-what-comes-next.
- Pepin-Neff, C. L. 2021. LGBTQ Lobbying in the United States. London: Routledge.
- Pepin-Neff, C. L., and K. Caporale. 2018. “Funny Evidence: Female Comics Are the New Policy Entrepreneurs.” Gender, Power and Use of Evidence in Policy 77 (4): 554–567.
- Pierce, J. J., S. Siddiki, M. D. Jones, K. Schumacher, A. Pattison, and H. Peterson. 2014. “Social Construction and Policy Design: A Review of Past Applications.” Policy Studies Journal 42 (1): 1–29.
- Poynting, S., and G. Morgan. 2007. Outrageous! Moral Panics in Australia. Hobart: ACYS Publishing.
- Reed, I. A. 2015. “Deep Culture in Action: Resignification, Synecdoche, and Metanarrative in the Moral Panic of the Salem Witch Trials.” Theory and Society 44: 65–94.
- Rochefort, D. A., and R. W. Cobb. 1993. “Problem Definition, Agenda Access, and Policy Choice.” Policy Studies Journal 21 (1): 56–71.
- Rocheleau, M. 2017. “Why Are Whitehouse.gov Web Pages Disappearing?” Boston Globe. Accessed January 20. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/20/why-are-whitehouse-gov-web-pages-disappearing/gd0HEAAU49hrLZMCiOQwuN/story.html?event=event12.
- Ross, A. A. G. 2014. Mixed Emotions: Beyond Fear & Hatred in International Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Sanger-Katz, M., and N. Weiland. 2020. “Trump Administration Erases Transgender Civil Rights Protections in Health Care.” New York Times. Accessed June 12. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/politics/trump-transgender-rights.html.
- Schaefer, G. A., R. I. Plumb, S. Kadiyala, J. Kavanagh, C. C. Engel, K. M. Williams, and A. M. Kress. 2016. “Assessing the Implications of Allowing Transgender Personnel to Serve Openly (Report No. RR-1530-OSD).” RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1530.html.
- Schneider, A., and H. Ingram. 2005. Deserving and Entitled: Social Constructions and Public Policy. New York: State University of New York Press.
- Shane, T. 2018. “The Semiotics of Authenticity: Indexicality in Donald Trump’s Tweets.” Social Media + Society 4 (3): 1–14.
- Southern Poverty Law Center. 2021. Family Research Council. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/family-research-council.
- Sprigg, P. 2016. “Transgender Policy Could Cost Military Billions Over Ten Years (Issue Brief IF17F01).” Family Research Council. https://downloads.frc.org/EF/EF17F52.pdf.
- Stolee, G., and S. Caton. 2018. “Twitter, Trump, and the Base: A Shift to a New Form of Presidential Talk?” Signs and Society 6 (1): 147–165.
- Stone, M. H. 1993. “Long-term Outcome in Personality Disorders.” British Journal of Psychiatry 162: 299–313.
- Stone, D. A. 1997. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (Vol. 13). New York: Norton.
- Taylor, D. R. 2019. “Adoption Groups Could Turn Away L.G.B.T. Families Under Proposed Rule.” New York Times. Accessed November 2.https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/us/trump-hhs-lgbtq-rule.html.
- Thompson, M. 2019. “How to Spark Panic and Confusion in Three Tweets.” The Atlantic. Accessed January 13. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/01/donald-trump-tweets-transgender-military-service-ban/579655/.
- Timberg, C., and E. Dwoskin. 2020. “Trump’s Power on Twitter, Facebook Will Outlive His Presidency.” Washington Post. Accessed November 7. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/11/06/trump-twitter-megaphone/.
- Trump, D. J. 2017. “Remarks Following a Security Briefing and an Exchange with Reporters in Bedminster, New Jersey.” Accessed August 10.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201700566/html/DCPD-201700566.htm.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2017. Dear Colleague Letter (OCR-000108). https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201702-title-ix.pdf.
- U.S. Department of Justice. 2018. “Transgender Offender Manual (No. 5200.04 CN-1).” Bureau of Prisons. https://www.bop.gov/policy/progstat/5200-04-cn-1.pdf.
- Vanden Brook, T. 2019. “Exclusive: Pentagon Spent Nearly $8 Million to Treat 1,500 Transgender Troops Since 2016.” USA Today. Accessed February 27. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/27/exclusive-report-shows-8-million-spent-more-than-1-500-transgender-troops-pentagon-dysphoria/2991706002/.
- Victor, J. S. 1998. “Moral Panics and the Social Construction of Deviant Behavior: A Theory and Application to the Case of Ritual Child Abuse.” Sociological Perspectives 41 (3): 541–565.
- Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2018. “The Emotional Architecture of Social Media.” In A Networked Self and Platforms, Stories, Connections, edited by Z. Papacharissi, 77–93. London: Routledge.
- Walsh, J. P. 2020. “Social Media and Moral Panics: Assessing the Effects of Technological Change on Societal Reaction.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 23 (6): 840–859.
- Warren, T. C. 2014. “Not by the Sword Alone: Soft Power, Mass Media, and the Production of State Sovereignty.” International Organization 68 (1): 111–141.
- Wisner, M. 2017. “Trump’s Transgender Ban Tweets Were a Good Distraction from His Sessions Tweets: Ann Coulter.” Fox Business. Accessed July 27. https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/trumps-transgender-ban-tweets-were-a-good-distraction-from-his-sessions-tweets-ann-coulter.
- Wolf, R. 2018. “From Guns to Gay Rights, Justice Anthony Kennedy was the Supreme Court's Swing Vote.” USA Today. Accessed June 27. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/06/27/justice-anthony-kennedy-supreme-courts-most-important-member/545973001/.
- Young, J. 2009. “Moral Panic: Its Origins in Resistance, Ressentiment and the Translation of Fantasy Into Reality.” British Journal of Criminology 49 (1): 4–16.
- Zarda v. Altitude Express, Inc., 883 F.3d 100. 2018. https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1623.html.
- Zeitzoff, T. 2018. “Does Social Media Influence Conflict? Evidence from the 2012 Gaza Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62 (1): 29–63.
- Zeitzoff, T., J. Kelly, and G. Lotan. 2015. “Using Social Media to Measure Foreign Policy Dynamics.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (3): 368–383.