The academic engagement of White and ethnic minority students in distance education

References

• Babbie , E.R. 1990 . Survey research methods , (2nd ed.) , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Broecke , S. and Nicholls , T. 2007 . Ethnicity and degree attainment (Research Report RW92) , London : Department for Education and Skills . Retrieved from http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/rw92.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cattell , R.B. 1966 . The scree test for the number of factors . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 1 : 245 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cliff , N. 1988 . The eigenvalues‐greater‐than‐one rule and the reliability of components . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 276 – 279 . doi: doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor , H. , Pearson , R. , Pollard , E. , Tyers , C. and Willison , R. 2001 . The right choice? A follow‐up to making the right choice , London : Universities UK . Retrieved from http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/Publications/Documents/rightchoicereportmastertext.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Connor , H. , Tyers , C. , Modood , T. and Hillage , J. 2004 . Why the difference? A closer look at higher education minority ethnic students and graduates (Research Report No. 552) , London : Department for Education and Skills . Retrieved from http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR552.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L.J. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika , 16 : 297 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias , P. , Jones , P. and McWhinnie , S. 2006 . Representation of ethnic groups in chemistry and physics , London : Royal Society of Chemistry & Institute of Physics . Retrieved from http://www.rsc.org/images/Ethnic%20Web_tcm18-53629.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Engaging Students, Challenging the Odds: 2005 Findings . 2005 . Austin, TX : University of Texas at Austin, Community College Leadership Program . Retrieved from http://www.ccsse.org/publications/CCSSE_reportfinal2005.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fenton , S. 1996 . “ Counting ethnicity: Social groups and official categories ” . In Interpreting official statistics , Edited by: Levitas , R. and Guy , W. 143 – 165 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Foster , S. , Long , G. and Snell , K. 1999 . Inclusive instruction and learning for deaf students in postsecondary education . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , 4 : 225 – 235 . doi: doi:10.1093/deafed/4.3.225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horn , L. , Peter , K. and Rooney , K. 2002 . Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary institutions (Report No. 2002‐168) , Washington, DC : US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002168.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Hu , S. and Kuh , G.D. 2002 . Being (dis)engaged in educationally purposeful activities: The influences of student and institutional characteristics . Research in Higher Education , 43 : 555 – 575 . doi: doi:10.1023/A:1020114231387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keegan , D. 1990 . “ A theory for distance education ” . In Contemporary issues in American distance education , Edited by: Moore , M. 327 – 332 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kember , D. 1989 . A longitudinal‐process model of drop‐out from distance education . Journal of Higher Education , 60 : 278 – 301 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1982251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kember , D. 1995 . Open learning courses for adults: A model of student progress , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Educational Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Kidder , L.H. 1981 . Selltiz, Wrightsman and Cook’s research methods in social relations , (4th ed.) , New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Kuh , G.D. , Hayek , J.C. , Carini , R.M. , Ouimet , J.A. , Gonyea , R.M. and Kennedy , J. 2001 . NSSE technical and norms report , Bloomington : Indiana University, Center for Postsecondary Research and Planning . Retrieved from http://cpr.iub.edu/uploads/Norms!%20i-44.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Leslie , D. 2005 . Why people from the UK’s minority ethnic communities achieve weaker degree results than whites . Applied Economics , 37 : 619 – 632 . doi: doi:10.1080/0003684042000313172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milem , J.F. and Berger , J.B. 1997 . A modified model of college student persistence: Exploring the relationship between Astin’s theory of involvement and Tinto’s theory of student departure . Journal of College Student Development , 38 : 387 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , M.G. 1980 . “ Independent study ” . In Redefining the discipline of adult education , Edited by: Boyd , R.D. , Apps , J.W. and Associates . 16 – 31 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Naylor , R.A. and Smith , J. 2004 . “ Determinants of educational success in higher education ” . In International handbook on the economics of higher education , Edited by: Johnes , G. and Johnes , J. 415 – 461 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Nettles , M.T. , ed. 1988 . Toward Black undergraduate student equality in American higher education , New York : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nora , A. 1993 . “ Two‐year colleges and minority students’ educational aspirations: Help or hindrance? ” . In Higher education: Handbook of theory and research , Edited by: Smart , J.C. Vol. IX , 212 – 247 . New York : Agathon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nora , A. and Cabrera , A.F. 1996 . The role of perceptions of prejudice and discrimination on the adjustment of minority students to college . Journal of Higher Education , 67 : 119 – 148 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2943977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NSSE 2001 . 2001 . Improving the college experience: National benchmarks of effective educational practice (Report) , Bloomington : Indiana University, Center for Postsecondary Research and Planning . Retrieved from http://nsse.iub.edu/2001_annual_report/index.html
   Google Scholar
• NSSE 2002 . 2002 . From promise to progress: How colleges and universities are using student engagement results to improve collegiate quality (Annual Report) , Bloomington : Indiana University, Center for Postsecondary Research and Planning . Retrieved from http://nsse.iub.edu/2002_annual_report/html/pdf/1055-0108%20Report.3.comb.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NSSE 2004 . 2004 . Student engagement: Pathways to college success (Annual Survey Results) , Bloomington : Indiana University, Center for Postsecondary Research . Retrieved from http://nsse.iub.edu/pdf/NSSE2005_annual_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NSSE 2005 . 2005 . Exploring different dimensions of student engagement (Annual Survey Results) , Bloomington : Indiana University, Center for Postsecondary Research . Retrieved from http://nsse.iub.edu/pdf/NSSE2005_annual_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J.C. 1978 . Psychometric theory , (2nd ed.) , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor , B.P. 2000 . SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , 32 : 396 – 402 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogbu , J.U. 1978 . Minority education and caste: The American system in cross‐cultural perspective , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Osler , A. 1999 . The educational experiences and career aspirations of black and ethnic minority undergraduates . Race Ethnicity and Education , 2 : 39 – 58 . doi: doi:10.1080/1361332990020104
   Google Scholar
• Owen , D. , Green , A. , Pitcher , J. and Maguire , M. 2000 . Minority ethnic participation and achievements in education, training and the labour market (Research Report No. 225) , London : Department for Education and Skills . Retrieved from http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR225.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Pedhazur , E.J. and Schmelkin , L.P. 1991 . Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , J.T.E. 2004 . The National Student Survey: Final report from the 2003 pilot project , Milton Keynes : The Open University, Institute of Educational Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , J.T.E. 2008 . The attainment of ethnic minority students in UK higher education . Studies in Higher Education , 33 : 33 – 48 . doi: doi:10.1080/03075070701794783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , J.T.E. 2009 . The role of ethnicity in the attainment and experiences of graduates in distance education . Higher Education , 58 : 321 – 338 . doi: doi:10.1007/s10734-008-9196-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , J.T.E. , Long , G.L. and Foster , S.B. 2004 . Academic engagement in students with a hearing loss in distance education . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , 9 : 68 – 85 . doi: doi:10.1093/deafed/enh009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson , J.P. , Shaver , P.R. and Wrightsman , L.S. 1991 . “ Criteria for scale selection and evaluation ” . In Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes , Edited by: Robinson , J.P. , Shaver , P.R. and Wrightsman , L.S. 1 – 16 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Severiens , S. , ten Dam , G. and Blom , S. 2006 . Comparison of Dutch ethnic minority and majority engineering students: Social and academic integration . International Journal of Inclusive Education , 10 : 75 – 89 . doi: doi:10.1080/13603110500221651
   Google Scholar
• Severiens , S. and Wolff , R. 2008 . A comparison of ethnic minority and majority students: Social and academic integration, and quality of learning . Studies in Higher Education , 33 : 253 – 266 . doi: doi:10.1080/03075070802049194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiner , M. and Modood , T. 2002 . Help or hindrance? Higher education and the route to ethnic equality . British Journal of Sociology of Education , 23 : 209 – 232 . doi: doi:10.1080/01425690220137729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , J. 1996 . “ Ethnicity ” . In The social science encyclopedia , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Kuper , A. and Kuper , J. 260 – 263 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , B. 2004 . Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Tinto , V. 1975 . Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research . Review of Educational Research , 45 : 89 – 125 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1170024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinto , V. 1987 . Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tobias , P.V. 1996 . “ Race ” . In The social science encyclopedia , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Kuper , A. and Kuper , J. 711 – 715 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar