The effects of different drawing materials on children’s drawings of positive and negative human figures

References

• Alschuler , R. and Hattwick , L.A. 1943 . Easel painting as an index of personality in pre‐school children . Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 13 : 616 – 625 .
   Google Scholar
• Alschuler , R. and Hattwick , L.A. 1947 . Painting and personality , Volumes I and II , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arnheim , R. 1956 . Art and visual perception: A psychology of the creative eye , London : Faber & Faber .
   Google Scholar
• Aronsson , K. and Andersson , S. 1996 . Social scaling in children’s drawings of classroom life: A cultural comparative analysis of children’s drawings in Africa and Sweden . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 14 : 301 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrowsmith , C.J. , Cox , M.V. and Eames , E. 1994 . Eliciting partial occlusions in the drawings of 4‐ and 5‐year olds . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 12 : 577 – 584 .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , M.D. and Bridson , A. 1983 . The effect of instruction upon children’s drawings . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 1 : 175 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , M.D. and Eames , K. 1996 . Sequential developments in children’s human figure drawings . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 14 : 219 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , M.D. and Light , P.H. 1976 . Symbolism and intellectual realism in children’s drawings . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 46 : 198 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , M.D. , Sutherland , A. and Lee , F. Visual realism in children’s drawings: The effects of instructions . Paper presented at the British Psychological Society Developmental Section Annual Conference . September . York
   Google Scholar
• Brittain , W.L. 1986 . The effect of materials on young children’s drawings . Visual Arts Research , 12 : 10 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Brittain , W.L. and Chien , Y.C. 1980 . Effect of materials on preschool children’s ability to represent a man . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 51 : 995 – 1000 .
   Google Scholar
• Burkitt , E. and Barnett , N. 2006 . The effects of brief and elaborate mood induction procedures on the size of young children’s drawings . Educational Psychology , 26 : 93 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Burkitt , E. and Barrett , M. 2010 . Children’s graphic flexibility: A response to representational redescription . Journal of Creative Behavior , 44 : 169 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkitt , E. , Barrett , M. and Davis , A. 2003a . The effect of affective characterisations on the size of children’s drawings . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 21 : 565 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkitt , E. , Barrett , M. and Davis , A. 2003b . The effect of affective characterisations on the use of colour within children’s drawings . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 44 (3) : 445 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkitt , E. , Barrett , M. and Davis , A. 2004 . The effect of affective characterizations on the use of size and colour in drawings produced by children in the absence of a model . Educational Psychology , 24 (3) : 315 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Burkitt , E. and Newell , T. 2005 . The impact of topic specificity on children’s depiction of emotional traits . International Journal of Art Therapy , 10 (1) : 15 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghan , T.C. 1999 . Early understanding and production of graphic symbols . Child Development , 70 : 1314 – 1324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , M.J. and Holman , J. 1989 . Emergence of drawing devices for total and partial occlusions: A longitudinal study . Perception , 18 : 445 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleeve , H. and Bradbury , R.J. Children’s Productions and Judgements of Drawings of People of Different Importance . Poster presented at the 5th European Conference of Developmental Psychology . September . Seville
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M.V. 1981 . One thing behind another: Problems of representation in children’s drawings . Educational Psychology , 1 : 275 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M.V. 1985 . “ One object behind another: Young children’s use of array‐specific or view‐specific representation ” . In Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation , Edited by: Freeman , N.H. and Cox , M.V. 188 – 200 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M.V. and Parkin , C. 1986 . Young children’s human figure drawing: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies . Educational Psychology , 6 : 353 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Craddick , R. 1961 . Size of Santa Claus drawings as a function of time before and after Christmas . Journal of Psychological Studies , 12 : 121 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Craddick , R.A. 1963 . Size of Hallowe’en witch drawings prior to, on and after Hallowe’en . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 16 : 235 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , A.M. 1983 . Contextual sensitivity in young children’s drawings . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 35 : 478 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , A.M. 1985a . Conflict between canonicality and array‐specificity in young children’s drawings . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 3 : 363 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , A.M. 1985b . “ The canonical bias: young children’s drawings of familiar objects ” . In Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation , Edited by: Freeman , N.H. and Cox , M.V. 202 – 213 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , A.M. and Arazos , A. Young Children’s Representation of Gender in Drawings . Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society Developmental Section . Guildford : University of Surrey .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , A.M. and Bentley , M. 1984 . Young children’s interpretation of the task demands in a simple experimental situation: An example from drawing . Educational Psychology , 4 : 249 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Fenson , L. 1985 . “ The transition from construction to sketching in children’s drawings ” . In Visual order: The nature and development of pictorial representation , Edited by: Freeman , N.H. and Cox , M.V. 374 – 384 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , T. and Thomas , G.V. 1990 . Children’s drawings of an anxiety‐eliciting topic: Effect on size of the drawing . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 29 : 71 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , N.H. 1985 . Reasonable errors in basic reasoning [Special issue] . Educational Psychology , 5 : 239 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , N.H. 1989 . “ Childlike thinking ” . In Brainpower , Edited by: Beaumont , J.G. 172 – 179 . New York, NY : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , N.H. 1995 . “ The emergence of a framework theory of pictorial reasoning ” . In Drawing and looking: Theoretical approaches to pictorial representation in children , Edited by: Lange‐Kuttner , C. 135 – 146 . Hemel Hempstead : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Gabrielsson , A. and Seeger , P. 1971 . Tests of significance in two‐way designs (mixed model) with dichotomous data . British Journal of Statistical Psychology , 24 : 111 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , H. 1978 . Developmental psychology: An introduction , Boston, MA : Little Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Gelineau , E.P. 1981 . A psychometric approach to the measurement of color preference . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 53 : 163 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb , C. 1973 . Children’s rep of the human figure: Effects of models, media and instruction . Genetic Psychology Monographs , 95 : 36 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodenough , F.L. 1926 . The measurement of intelligence by drawings , New York, NY : World Books .
   Google Scholar
• Goodnow , J. 1977 . Children’s drawings , London : Open Books .
   Google Scholar
• Hammer , E.F. 1953 . Frustration‐aggression hypothesis extended to socio‐racial areas: Comparison of Negro and white children’s H‐T‐P’s . Psychiatric Quarterly , 27 : 597 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer , E.F. 1997 . Advances in projective drawing interpretation , Springfield, IL : C.C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Hammond , S.M. 1988 . CORRES 1.0: A programme for the correspondence analysis of contingency tables on IBM compatible micros , Guildford, Surrey : Department of Psychology, University of Surrey .
   Google Scholar
• Hammond , S. M. 1993 . “ The descriptive analyses of shared representations ” . In Empirical approaches to social representation , Edited by: Breakwell , G. and Canter , D. 205 – 220 . Oxford : Clarendon press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , D.B. 1950 . Intra‐individual vs. inter‐individual consistency in children’s drawings of a man . American Psychologist , 5 : 293
   Google Scholar
• Ives , S.W. 1984 . The development of expressivity in drawing . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 54 : 152 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolley , R. 1995 . Children’s production and perception of visual metaphors for mood and emotion in line drawings and in art , Birmingham : University of Birmingham . (Unpublished doctoral thesis)
   Google Scholar
• Koppitz , E.M. 1968 . Psychological evaluation of children’s human figure drawings , London : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , C. , Russell , C. and Berridge , D. 1993 . When is a mug not a mug? Effects of content, naming, and instructions on children’s drawings . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 56 : 291 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibowitz , M. 1999 . Interpreting projective drawings: A self‐psychological approach , Philadelphia, PA : Brunner/Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Light , P.H. and McEwan , F. 1987 . Drawings as messages: The effect of a communication game upon production of view‐specific drawings . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 5 : 53 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light , P.H. and Simmons , B. 1983 . The effects of a communication task upon the representation of depth relationships in young children’s drawings . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 35 : 81 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunney , G.H. 1970 . Using analysis of variance with a dichotomous dependent variable: An empirical study . Journal of Educational Measurement , 7 : 263 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luquet , G.H. 1913 . Les dessins d’un enfant , Paris : Alcan .
   Google Scholar
• Luquet , G.H. 1927 . Le dessin enfantin , Paris : Alcan .
   Google Scholar
• Machover , K. 1949 . Personality projection in the drawings of the human figure , Springfield, IL : C.C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , T.M. , Allan , D.K. and Nelson , J. 1971 . Cultural Differences in the use of color in NorthWest Canada . International Journal of Psychology , 6 : 283 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson , D.W. 2000 . Layers of experience: Forms of representation in a Waldorf school classroom . Journal of Creative Studies , 32 : 575 – 587 .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , M. 1995 . Young children’s representations of friendship in a drawing and non‐drawing task , Guildford, Surrey : University of Surrey . (Unpublished undergraduate dissertation)
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. and Inhelder , B. 1956 . The child’s conception of space , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. and Inhelder , B. 1969 . The psychology of the child , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Sayil , M. 1996 . Preschool children’s understanding and drawing of facial expression of emotions . Turkish Journal of Psychology , 11 : 61 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Sayil , M. 1998 . The development of emotional facial drawings in children . Journal of Child and Adolescence Mental Health , 4 : 129 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Stefanatou , A. and Bowler , D. 1999 . Depiction of pain in the self‐drawings of children with sickle cell disease . Child Care, Health and Development , 23 : 135 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitton , R. and Light , P. 1992 . Drawing to differentiate: Flexibility in young children’s human figure drawings . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 10 : 25 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner , R. 1974 . The kingdom of childhood , London : Rudolf Steiner Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steiner , R. 1985 . An introduction to Waldorf education , London : Rudolf Steiner Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , G.V. , Chaigne , E. and Fox , T.J. 1989 . Children’s drawings of topics differing in significance: Effects on size of drawing . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 7 : 321 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , G.V. and Jolley , R.P. 1998 . Drawing conclusions: A re‐examination of empirical and conceptual bases for psychological evaluation of children from their drawings . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 37 : 127 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , G.V. and Silk , A.M.J. 1990 . An introduction to the psychology of children’s drawings , Hemel Hempstead : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Winston , A.S. , Kenyon , B. , Stewardson , J. and Lepine , T. 1995 . Children’s sensitivity to expression of emotion in drawings . Visual Arts Research , 21 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Woods , P. , Ashley , M. and Woods , G. 2005 . Steiner schools in England , London : DfES .
   Google Scholar
• Woods , P. and Woods , G. 2002 . Policy on schools diversity: Taking an existential turn in the pursuit of valued learning . British Journal of Educational Studies , 50 : 254 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar