Publication Cover
Educational Psychology
An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology
Volume 43, 2023 - Issue 6
684
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The association between teacher–student relationships and school engagement: an investigation of gender differences

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 623-642 | Received 18 Oct 2021, Accepted 11 Jun 2023, Published online: 27 Jun 2023

References

  • Acock, A. C. (2013). Discovering structural equation modeling using Stata. Stata Press Books.
  • Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. The American Psychologist, 44(4), 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.44.4.709
  • Ansari, A., Hofkens, T. L., & Pianta, R. C. (2020). Absenteeism in the first decade of education forecasts civic engagement and educational and socioeconomic prospects in young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(9), 1835–1848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01272-4
  • Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., & Furlong, M. J. (2008). Student engagement with school: Critical conceptual and methodological issues of the construct. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20303
  • Archambault, I., Kurdi, V., Olivier, E., & Goulet, M. (2016). The joint effect of peer victimization and conflict with teachers on student engagement at the end of elementary school. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 62(2), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.62.2.0207
  • Archambault, I., Pagani, L. S., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2013). Transactional associations between classroom engagement and relations with teachers from first through fourth grade. Learning and Instruction, 23, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.09.003
  • Archambault, I., Vandenbossche-Makombo, J., & Fraser, S. L. (2017). Students’ oppositional behaviors and engagement in school: The differential role of the student-teacher relationship. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(6), 1702–1712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0691-y
  • Birch, S. H., & Ladd, G. W. (1997). The teacher-child relationship and children’s early school adjustment. Journal of School Psychology, 35(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(96)00029-5
  • Bosacki, S. L. (2000). Theory of mind and self-concept in preadolescents: Links with gender and language. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(4), 709–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.4.709
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. I attachment (2nd ed.). Basic Books.
  • Cadima, J., Doumen, S., Verschueren, K., & Buyse, E. (2015). Child engagement in the transition to school: Contributions of self-regulation, teacher–child relationships and classroom climate. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 32, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.01.008
  • Chang, H. (2008). Help-seeking for stressful events among Chinese college students in Taiwan: Roles of gender, prior history of counseling, and help-seeking attitudes. Journal of College Student Development, 49(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2008.0003
  • Chaplin, T. M., & Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030737
  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  • Chiu, M. M., Pong, S. L., Mori, I., & Chow, B. W. Y. (2012). Immigrant students’ emotional and cognitive engagement at school: A multilevel analysis of students in 41 countries. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(11), 1409–1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9763-x
  • Collie, R. J., Martin, A. J., Papworth, B., & Ginns, P. (2016). Students’ interpersonal relationships, personal best (PB) goals, and academic engagement. Learning and Individual Differences, 45, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.002
  • Connell, J. P., & Wellborn, J. G. (1991). Competence, autonomy, and relatedness: A motivational analysis of self-system processes. In M. R. Gunnar & L. A. Sroufe (Eds.), Self-processes and development (pp. 43–77). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627
  • Decker, D. M., Dona, D. P., & Christenson, S. L. (2007). Behaviorally at-risk African American students: The importance of student–teacher relationships for student outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 45(1), 83–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.004
  • De Laet, S., Colpin, H., Vervoort, E., Doumen, S., Van Leeuwen, K., Goossens, L., & Verschueren, K. (2015). Developmental trajectories of children’s behavioral engagement in late elementary school: Both teachers and peers matter. Developmental Psychology, 51(9), 1292–1306. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039478
  • Doumen, S., Koomen, H. M., Buyse, E., Wouters, S., & Verschueren, K. (2012). Teacher and observer views on student–teacher relationships: Convergence across kindergarten and relations with student engagement. Journal of School Psychology, 50(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2011.08.004
  • Emmer, E. T., & Stough, L. M. (2001). Classroom management: A critical part of educational psychology and teacher education. Educational Psychologist, 36(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3602_5
  • Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015808
  • Finn, J. D., & Zimmer, K. S. (2012). Student engagement: What is it? Why does it matter?. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 97–131). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_5
  • Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59–109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059
  • Friedman, I. A. (1995). Student behavior patterns contributing to teacher burnout. The Journal of Educational Research, 88(5), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654307400105
  • Fung, W. K., Chung, K. K. H., & Cheng, R. W. Y. (2019). Gender differences in social mastery motivation and its relationships to vocabulary knowledge, behavioral self-regulation, and socioemotional skills. Early Education and Development, 30(2), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1544004
  • Furrer, C., & Skinner, E. (2003). Sense of relatedness as a factor in children’s academic engagement and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.148
  • Gagne, J. R., Miller, M. M., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2013). Early—but modest—gender differences in focal aspects of childhood temperament. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.006
  • Granié, M. A. (2007). Gender differences in preschool children’s declared and behavioral compliance with pedestrian rules. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 10(5), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2007.02.002
  • Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacher–child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72(2), 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00301
  • Heatly, M. C., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2017). Parent- and teacher-child relationships and engagement at school entry: Mediating, interactive, and transactional associations across contexts. Developmental Psychology, 53(6), 1042–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000310
  • Hosan, N. E., & Hoglund, W. (2017). Do teacher–child relationship and friendship quality matter for children’s school engagement and academic skills? School Psychology Review, 46(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR-2017-0043.V46-2
  • Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hughes, J. N. (2011). Longitudinal effects of teacher and student perceptions of teacher-student relationship qualities on academic adjustment. The Elementary School Journal, 112(1), 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1086/660686
  • Jones, M. G., & Wheatley, J. (1990). Gender differences in teacher‐student interactions in science classrooms. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 27(9), 861–874. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660270906
  • Kang, D., Stough, L. M., Yoon, M., & Liew, J. (2021). The structural association between teacher-student relationships and school engagement: Types and informants. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100072
  • Kit, P. L., Liem, G. A. D., & Chong, W. H. (2022). Teacher-student relationship and student engagement: The moderating role of educational hope. Educational Psychology, 42(9), 1180–1197. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2022.2108766
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Publications.
  • Lai, M. H., & Kwok, O. M. (2015). Examining the rule of thumb of not using multilevel modeling: The “design effect smaller than two” rule. The Journal of Experimental Education, 83(3), 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2014.907229
  • Lee, G., & Schallert, D. L. (2008). Meeting in the margins: Effects of the teacher–student relationship on revision processes of EFL college students taking a composition course. Journal of Second Language Writing, 17(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.11.002
  • León, J., & Liew, J. (2017). Profiles of adolescents’ peer and teacher relatedness: Differences in well-being and academic achievement across latent groups. Learning and Individual Differences, 54, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.01.009
  • Lin, L. F. (2011). Gender differences in L2 comprehension and vocabulary learning in the video-based CALL program. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 2(2), 295–301. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n7p76
  • Merrett, F., & Wheldall, K. (1992). Teachers’ use of praise and reprimands to boys and girls. Educational Review, 44(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013191920440106
  • Morris-Rothschild, B. K., & Brassard, M. R. (2006). Teachers’ conflict management styles: The role of attachment styles and classroom management efficacy. Journal of School Psychology, 44(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.01.004
  • Murray, C. (2009). Parent and teacher relationships as predictors of school engagement and functioning among low-income urban youth. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(3), 376–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608322940
  • Pianta, R. C. (2001). Student–teacher relationship scale: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Pianta, R. C., Hamre, B. K., & Allen, J. P. (2012). Teacher-student relationships and engagement: Conceptualizing, measuring, and improving the capacity of classroom interactions. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 97–131). Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Pianta, R. C., Stuhlman, M. W., & Hamre, B. K. (2002). How schools can do better: Fostering stronger connections between teachers and students. New Directions for Youth Development, 2002(93), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.23320029307
  • Quin, D. (2017). Longitudinal and contextual associations between teacher–student relationships and student engagement: A systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 87(2), 345–387. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465431666943
  • Raufelder, D., Sahabandu, D., Martínez, G. S., & Escobar, V. (2015). The mediating role of social relationships in the association of adolescents’ individual school self-concept and their school engagement, belonging and helplessness in school. Educational Psychology, 35(2), 137–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.849327
  • Reeve, J. (2012). A self-determination theory perspective on student engagement. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 149–172). Springer.
  • Reschly, A. M., & Christenson, S. L. (2012). Jingle, jangle, and conceptual haziness: Evolution and future directions of the engagement construct. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 3–21). Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Baroody, A. E., Larsen, R. A., Curby, T. W., & Abry, T. (2015). To what extent do teacher–student interaction quality and student gender contribute to fifth graders’ engagement in mathematics learning? Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(1), 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037252
  • Roorda, D. L., Koomen, H. M., Spilt, J. L., & Oort, F. J. (2011). The influence of affective teacher–student relationships on students’ school engagement and achievement: A meta-analytic approach. Review of Educational Research, 81(4), 493–529. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311421
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
  • Ryan, R. M., Stiller, J. D., & Lynch, J. H. (1994). Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 14(2), 226–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/027243169401400207
  • Skinner, E. A., & Belmont, M. J. (1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(4), 571–581. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.85.4.571
  • Skinner, E. A., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012840
  • Spilt, J. L., Vervoort, E., & Verschueren, K. (2018). Teacher-child dependency and teacher sensitivity predict engagement of children with attachment problems. School Psychology Quarterly, 33(3), 419–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000215
  • Tehseen, S., Ramayah, T., & Sajilan, S. (2017). Testing and controlling for common method variance: A review of available methods. Journal of Management Sciences, 4(2), 142–168. https://doi.org/10.20547/jms.2014.1704202
  • Thompson, A. E., & Voyer, D. (2014). Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 28(7), 1164–1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.875889
  • Trost, S. G., Pate, R. R., Sallis, J. F., Freedson, P. S., Taylor, W. C., Dowda, M., & Sirard, J. (2002). Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(2), 350–355. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200202000-00025
  • Tsai, S. F., & Cheney, D. (2012). The impact of the adult–child relationship on school adjustment for children at risk of serious behavior problems. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 20(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426611418974
  • van Uden, J. M., Ritzen, H., & Pieters, J. M. (2014). Engaging students: The role of teacher beliefs and interpersonal teacher behavior in fostering student engagement in vocational education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 37, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.08.005
  • Verschueren, K. (2015). Middle childhood teacher–child relationships: Insights from an attachment perspective and remaining challenges. In G. Bosmans & K. A. Kerns (Eds.), Attachment in middle childhood: Theoretical advances and new directions in an emerging field. New directions for child and adolescent development (pp.77–91). Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20097
  • Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2012). Social support matters: Longitudinal effects of social support on three dimensions of school engagement from middle to high school. Child Development, 83(3), 877–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01745.x
  • Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2013). School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective. Learning and Instruction, 28, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.04.002
  • Wentzel, K. R., Battle, A., Russell, S. L., & Looney, L. B. (2010). Social supports from teachers and peers as predictors of academic and social motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.03.002
  • Wu, J., & Kwok, O. (2012). Using structural equation modeling to analyze complex survey data: A comparison between design-based single-level and model-based multi-level approaches. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 19(1), 16–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2012.634703
  • Yang, C., Bear, G. G., & May, H. (2018). Multilevel associations between school-wide social–emotional learning approach and student engagement across elementary, middle, and high schools. School Psychology Review, 47(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR-2017-0003.V47-1
  • Yousaf, O., Popat, A., & Hunter, M. S. (2015). An investigation of masculinity attitudes, gender, and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(2), 234–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036241

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.