Is the Poor Performance of Self‐Worth Protective Students Linked with Social Comparison Goals?

References

• Bandura , M. and Dweck , C. Self‐conceptions and motivation: Conceptions of intelligence, choice of achievement goals and patterns of cognition, affect and behaviour , Unpublished manuscript. (1985)
   Google Scholar
• Beery , R. G. 1975 . Fear of failure in the student experience . Personnel and Guidance Journal , 54 : 191 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Bouffard , T. , Boisvert , J. , Vezeau , C. and Larouche , C. 1995 . The impact of goal orientation on self regulation and performance among college students . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 65 : 317 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouffard , T. , Vezeau , C. and Bordeleau , L. 1998 . A developmental study of the relation between combined learning and performance goals and students’ self‐regulated learning . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 65 : 317 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Braten , I. and Olaussen , B. S. 1998 . The relationship between motivational beliefs and learning strategy use among Norwegian college students . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 23 : 182 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. 1984a . “ The motive for self‐worth ” . In Research on motivation in education , Edited by: Ames , R. and Ames , C. 77 – 105 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. 1984b . The self‐worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications . Elementary School Journal , 85 : 5 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. 1992 . “ Making the grade: A self‐worth perspective on motivation and school reform ” . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. and Omelich , C. L. 1979a . Are causal attributions causal? A path analysis of the cognitive model of achievement motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1487 – 1504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. and Omelich , C. L. 1979b . Effort: The double‐edge sword in school achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 169 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. and Omelich , C. L. 1981 . As failures mount: Affective and cognitive consequences of ability demotion in the classroom . Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 769 – 808 .
   Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. and Omelich , C. L. 1985 . Ability and effort valuation among failure‐avoiding and failure‐accepting students . Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 : 446 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. and Omelich , C. L. 1988 . Achievement dynamics: The interaction of motives, cognitions and emotions over time . Anxiety Research , 1 : 165 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. and Omelich , C. L. 1991 . “ Need achievement revisited: Verification of Atkinson’s original 2 × 2 model ” . In Stress and emotion: Anxiety, anger, curiosity , Edited by: Spielberger , C. D. , Sarason , I. G. , Kulcsar , Z. and Heck , G. L. Vol. 14 , 85 – 105 . New York : Hemisphere .
   Google Scholar
• Craske , M. L. 1985 . Improving persistence through observational learning and attribution retraining . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 55 : 138 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craske , M. L. 1988 . Learned helplessness, self‐worth motivation and attribution retraining for primary school children . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 58 : 152 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. 1986 . Motivational processes affecting learning . American Psychologist , 41 : 1040 – 1048 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. and Leggett , E. L. 1988 . A social–cognitive approach to motivation and personality . Psychological Review , 95 : 256 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , E. S. and Dweck , C. S. 1998 . Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 256 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , R. N. and Snyder , C. R. 1986 . The role of uncertain self‐esteem in self‐handicapping . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 451 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , A. and Midgley , C. 1997 . The effect of achievement goals: Does level of perceived academic competence make a difference? . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 22 : 415 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernis , M. H. , Brockner , J. and Frankel , B. S. 1989 . Self‐esteem and reactions to failure: The mediating role of overgeneralization . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 707 – 714 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernis , M. H. , Granneman , B. D. and Mathias , L. C. 1991 . Stability of self‐esteem as a moderator of the relationship between level of self‐esteem and depression . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 80 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , M. 1966 . Hypothesis behavior by humans during discrimination learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 71 : 331 – 338 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , R. B. , Behrens , J. T. , Greene , B. A. and Newman , D. 1993 . Goals and perceived ability: Impact on student valuing, self‐regulation, and persistence . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 18 : 2 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodewalt , F. 1994 . Conceptions of ability, achievement goals, and individual differences in self‐handicapping behavior: On the application of implicit theories . Journal of Personality , 62 : 67 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodel , T. , Scraw , G. and Plake , B. S. 1994 . Validation of a measure of learning and performance goal orientations . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 54 : 1013 – 1021 .
   Google Scholar
• Schraw , G. and Alpin , B. 1998 . Teacher preferences for mastery oriented students . The Journal of Educational Research , 91 : 215 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley , P. A. and Dweck , C. S. 1994 . Individual differences in achievement goals among young children . Child Development , 65 : 1723 – 1743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. , Gorsuch , R. , Lushene , R. , Vagg , P. and Jacobs , G. 1983 . The State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults , CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. 1993 . Characteristics of self‐worth protection in achievement behaviour . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 63 : 469 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. 1994 . Self‐worth protection: Review and implications for the classroom . Educational Review , 46 : 259 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. 1999 . Underachieving to protect self‐worth: Theory, research and interventions Aldershot, Asgate
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. 2004 . Re‐examining the effects of noncontingent success in relation to self‐handicapping behaviour . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 72 : 239 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. , Davidson , J. A. and Barber , J. G. 1995 . Self‐worth protection in achievement motivation: Performance effects and attributional behaviour . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 598 – 610 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. and Dinnel , D. L. 2003 . A validation and reliability study of the Self‐Worth Protection Scale . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 89 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. and Hepburn , J. 2003 . Links between trait causal uncertainty, claimed and behavioural handicaps . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 247 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. and Richardson , A. 2001 . Self‐handicapping status, claimed self‐handicaps and reduced practice effort following success and failure feedback . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 151 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. , Clark , L. A. and Tellegen , A. 1988 . Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 1063 – 1070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar