The Effects of Person Versus Performance Praise on Children’s Motivation: Gender and age as moderating factors

References

• Ackerman , B. P. 1981 . Young children’s understanding of a speaker’s intentional use of a false utterance . Developmental Psychology , 17 : 472 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , G. P. and Graham , S. 1987 . Developmental study of praise and blame as attributional cues . Journal of Educational Psychology , 79 : 62 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaman , R. and Wheldall , K. 2000 . Teachers’ use of approval and disapproval in the classroom . Educational Psychology , 20 : 431 – 446 .
   Google Scholar
• Birch , L. L. , Marlin , D. W. and Rotter , J. 1984 . Eating as the “means” activity in a contingency: Effects on young children’s food preference . Child Development , 55 : 431 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brophy , J. 1981 . Teacher praise: A functional analysis . Review of Educational Research , 51 : 5 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , P. and Elliott , R. 1965 . Control of aggression in a nursery school class . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 2 : 103 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett , P. C. 2002 . Teacher praise and feedback and students’ perceptions of the classroom environment . Educational Psychology , 22 : 5 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Covington , M. V. 1984 . The self‐worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications . The Elementary School Journal , 85 : 5 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. 1972 . Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reinforcement, and inequity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 22 : 113 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. 1975 . Intrinsic motivation , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 1980 . “ The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes ” . In Advanced in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 12 , 39 – 80 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 1985 . Intrinsic motivation and self‐determination in human behavior , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. and Bush , E. S. 1976 . Sex differences in learned helplessness: I. Differential debilitation with peer and adult evaluators . Developmental Psychology , 12 : 147 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. , Davidson , W. , Nelson , S. and Enna , B. 1978 . Sex differences in learned helplessness: II. The contingencies of evaluative feedback in the classroom and III. An experimental analysis . Developmental Psychology , 14 : 268 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. and Reppucci , N. D. 1973 . Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 25 : 109 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginott , H. G. 1965 . Between parent and child , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Good , T. L. and Brophy , J. E. 1984 . Looking in classrooms , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Harari , O. and Covington , M. V. 1981 . Reactions to achievement behavior from a teacher and student perspective: A developmental analysis . American Educational Research Journal , 18 : 15 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , R. R. , Wolf , M. M. and Baer , D. M. 1967 . “ Effects of adult social reinforcement of child behavior ” . In The young child: Reviews of research , Edited by: Hartup , W. W. and Smothergill , N. L. 13 – 26 . Washington, DC : National Association for the Education of Young Children .
   Google Scholar
• Henderlong , J. and Lepper , M. R. 2002 . The effects of praise on children’s intrinsic motivation: A review and synthesis . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 774 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamins , M. L. and Dweck , C. S. 1999 . Person versus process praise and criticism: Implications for contingent self‐worth and coping . Developmental Psychology , 35 : 835 – 847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanouse , D. E. , Gumpert , P. and Canavan‐Gumpert , D. 1981 . “ The semantics of praise ” . In New directions in attribution research , Edited by: Harvey , J. H. , Ickes , W. and Kidd , R. F. Vol. 3 , 97 – 115 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Karniol , R. and Ross , M. 1979 . Children’s use of a causal attribution schema and the inference of manipulative intentions . Child Development , 50 : 463 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kast , A. and Connor , K. 1988 . Sex and age differences in responses to informational and controlling feedback . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 14 : 514 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastelen , L. , Nickel , M. and McLaughlin , T. F. 1984 . A performance feedback system: Generalization of effects across tasks and time with eighth‐grade English students . Education and Treatment of Children , 7 : 141 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. 1981 . Behavior modification in education: Contributions and limitations . Developmental Review , 1 : 34 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Kempner , S. G. , McDonald , M. A. and Pomerantz , E. M. Mothers’ responses to children’s academic success: The moderating role of children’s gender . Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development . April , Tampa, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Koestner , R. , Zuckerman , M. and Koestner , J. 1989 . Attributional focus of praise and children’s intrinsic motivation: The moderating role of gender . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 15 : 61 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn , A. 1993 . Punished by rewards: The trouble with gold stars, incentive plans, As, praise, and other bribes , New York : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , C. C. 1995 . Educating hearts and minds: Reflections on Japanese preschool and elementary education , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Madsen , C. H. , Becker , W. C. and Thomas , D. R. 1968 . Rules, praise, and ignoring: Elements of elementary classroom control . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 1 : 139 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister , L. W. , Stachowiak , J. G. , Baer , D. M. and Conderman , L. 1969 . The application of operant conditioning techniques in a secondary school classroom . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 2 : 277 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , W.‐U. , Bachmann , M. , Biermann , U. , Hempelmann , M. , Ploger , F.‐O. and Spiller , H. 1979 . The informational value of evaluative behavior: Influences of praise and blame on perceptions of ability . Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 259 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , A. T. and Hom , H. L. Jr. 1997 . Conceptions of ability and the interpretation of praise, blame, and material rewards . Journal of Experimental Education , 65 : 163 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller , C. M. and Dweck , C. S. 1998 . Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 33 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1975 . Causal attributions and other achievement‐related cognitions: Effects of task outcomes, attainment value, and sex . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 31 : 379 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1978 . The development of the concepts of effort and ability, perception of academic attainment, and the understanding that difficult tasks require more ability . Child Development , 49 : 800 – 814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary , K. D. and O’Leary , S. G. 1977 . Classroom management: The successful use of behavior modification , (2nd ed.) , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , J. E. , Kaczala , C. M. and Meece , J. L. 1982 . Socialization of achievement attitudes and beliefs: Classroom influences . Child Development , 53 : 322 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quattrone , G. A. 1985 . On the congruity between internal states and action . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 3 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , T.‐A. 1991 . Gender and the influence of evaluations on self‐assessments in achievement settings . Psychological Bulletin , 109 : 297 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salili , F. 1996 . Learning and motivation: An Asian perspective . Psychology and Developing Societies , 8 : 55 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Steele , C. M. 1997 . A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance . American Psychologist , 52 : 613 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , M. H. and Baker , B. L. 1968 . Reinforcement therapy in the classroom . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 1 : 323 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winner , E. 1988 . The point of words: Children’s understanding of metaphor and irony , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zinser , O. , Young , J. G. and King , P. E. 1982 . The influence of verbal reward on intrinsic motivation in children . The Journal of General Psychology , 106 : 85 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar