Potential stereotype threat and face validity effects on cognitive‐based test performance in the classroom

References

• Aronson , J. , Lustina , M.J. , Good , C. , Keough , K. , Steele , C.M. and Brown , J. 1999 . When White men can’t do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 35 : 29 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson , J. , Quinn , D.M. and Spencer , S.J. 1998 . “ Stereotype threat and the academic underperformance of minorities and women ” . In Prejudice: The target’s perspective , Edited by: Swim , J.K. and Stangor , C. 83 – 103 . San Diego , CA : Academic Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Bandalos , D.L. , Yates , K. and Thorndike‐Christ , T. 1995 . Effects of math self‐concept, perceived self‐efficacy, and attributions for failure and success on test anxiety . Journal of Educational Psychology , 87 : 611 – 623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1984 . Representing personal determinants in causal structures . Psychological Review , 91 : 508 – 511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1992 . “ Exercise of personal agency through the self‐efficacy mechanism ” . In Self‐efficacy: Thought control of action , Edited by: Schwarzer , R. 3 – 38 . Washington , DC : Hemisphere Publishing Corp .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1994 . “ Regulative function of perceived self‐efficacy ” . In Personnel selection and classification , Edited by: Rumsey , M.G. , Walker , C.B. and Harris , J.H. 261 – 271 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. and Cervone , D. 2000 . “ Self‐evaluative and self‐efficacy mechanisms of governing the motivational effects of goal systems ” . In Motivational science: Social and personality perspectives , Edited by: Higgins , E.T. and Kruglanski , A.W. 202 – 214 . New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. , Reese , L. and Adams , N.E. 1982 . Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a function of differential levels of perceived self‐efficacy . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 5 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodas , J. and Ollendick , T.H. 2005 . Test anxiety: A cross‐cultural perspective . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 8 : 65 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger , N. and Eckenrode , J. 1991 . Social relationships, personality, and anxiety during a major stressful event . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 440 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell , R.B. and Cattell , A.K.S. 1998 . Measuring intelligence with the culture fair tests: Manual for scales 2 and 3 , 10 – 11 . Champaign , IL : Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Chan , D. and Schmitt , N. 1997 . Video‐based versus paper‐and‐pencil method of assessment in situational judgment tests: Subgroup differences in test performance and face validity perceptions . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 143 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , D. , Schmitt , N. , DeShon , R.P. , Clause , C.S. and Delbridge , K. 1997 . Reactions to cognitive ability tests: The relationships between race, test performance, face validity perceptions, and test‐taking motivation . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 300 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. and McGregor , H.A. 1999 . Test anxiety and the hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 628 – 644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertl , M.A. and McNamara , J.R. 2000 . Predicting potential client treatment preferences . Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training , 37 : 219 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feather , N.T. and Volkmer , R.E. 1988 . Preference for situations involving effort, time pressure, and feedback in relation to Type A behavior, locus of control, and test anxiety . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 266 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn , J.L. 1968 . Organization of abilities and the development of intelligence . Psychological Review , 75 : 242 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iserman , E.C. and Spencer , S.J. Distraction alleviates the impact of stereotype threat . Paper presented at the 14th annual conference of the American Psychological Society . June , New Orleans , LA .
   Google Scholar
• McGregor , H.A. and Elliot , A.J. 2002 . Achievement goals as predictors of achievement‐relevant processes prior to task engagement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 94 : 381 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton , M.J. and Midgley , C. 1997 . Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An under explored aspect of goal theory . Journal of Educational Psychology , 89 : 710 – 718 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer , M. and Nizan , B. 1988 . Causal attribution, cognitive interference, and the generalization of learned helplessness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 470 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naveh‐Benjamin , M. 1991 . A comparison of training programs intended for different types of test‐anxious students: Further support for an information‐processing model . Journal of Educational Psychology , 83 : 134 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. , Boodoo , G. , Bouchard , T.J. , Boykin , A.W. , Brody , N. Ceci , S.J. 1996 . Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns . American Psychologist , 51 : 77 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum , A.D. and Steele , C.M. 2007 . Situational disengagement and persistence in the face of adversity . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 43 : 127 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P.R. and de Groot , E.V. 1990 . Motivational and self‐regulated learning components of classroom academic performance . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 33 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins , P.J.M. , Groot , M.J.M. and Hanewald , G.J.F.P. 1994 . Cognition in test‐anxious children: The role of on‐task and coping cognition reconsidered . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 404 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffety , B.D. , Smith , R.E. and Ptacek , J.T. 1997 . Facilitating and debilitating trait anxiety, situational anxiety, and coping with an anticipated stressor: A process analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 892 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , R.W. and Neider , L.L. 1979 . A classroom motivation scale illustrating the VIE theory of motivation . Teaching of Psychology , 6 (2) : 94 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett , P.R. and Wilk , S.L. 1994 . Within‐group norming and other forms of score adjustment in pre‐education testing . American Psychologist , 49 : 929 – 954 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapp , M. , Farrell , W. and Durand , H. 1995 . The effects of mathematics, reading, and writing tests in producing worry and emotionality test anxiety with economically and educationally disadvantaged college students . College Student Journal , 29 : 122 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer , T. and Hollis‐Sawyer , L.A. 2005 . Predicting stereotype threat, test anxiety, and cognitive ability test performance: An examination of three models . International Journal of Testing , 5 : 225 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J.L. 2006 . The interplay among stereotypes, performance‐avoidance goals, and women’s math performance expectations . Sex Roles , 54 : 287 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R.E. 1989 . Effects of coping skills training on generalized self‐efficacy and locus of control . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 228 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R.E. and Nye , S.L. 1989 . Comparison of induced affect and covert rehearsal in the acquisition of stress management coping skills . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 36 : 17 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R.J. , Arnkoff , D.B. and Wright , T.L. 1990 . Test anxiety and academic competence: A comparison of alternative models . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 37 : 313 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , S.J. , Steele , C.M. and Quinn , D.M. 1999 . Stereotype threat and women’s math performance . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 35 : 4 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele , C.M. 1997 . A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance . American Psychologist , 52 : 613 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele , C.M. and Aronson , J. 1995 . Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African‐Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 797 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele , C.M. and Aronson , J. 1998 . “ Stereotype threat and the test performance of academically successful African‐Americans ” . In The African‐American–White test score gap , Edited by: Jencks , C. and Phillips , M. 401 – 427 . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Zeidner , M. and Shechter , M. 1994 . Reduction of test anxiety: A first attempt at economic evaluation . Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal , 7 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohar , D. 1998 . An additive model of test anxiety: Role of exam‐specific expectations . Journal of Educational Psychology , 90 : 330 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar