Memory for Expository Text: the effects of verbal and pictorial enhancements

REFERENCES

• Brewer , W.F. 1980 . “ Literary theory, rhetoric and stylistics: implications for psychology ” . In Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension: perspectives from cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and education , Edited by: Spiro , R. J. , Bruce , B. C. and Brewer , W. F. 221 – 239 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F.I.M. 1986 . “ Paradigms in human memory research ” . In Perspectives on Human Learning and Memory , Edited by: Nilsson , L. and Archer , T. 197 – 221 . Hillside, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Tardif , T. 1987 . “ Working memory and reading skill re‐examined ” . In Attention and Performance , Edited by: Colt‐heart , M. Vol. 12 , 491 – 508 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . General Aptitude Test Battery Scarborough, Ontario, , Nelson Canada
   Google Scholar
• Glenburg , A.M. and Kruley , P. 1992 . Pictures and anaphora: evidence for independent processes . Memory & Cognition , 20 : 461 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenberg , A.M. and McDaniel , M.A. 1992 . Mental models, pictures, and text: integration of spatial and verbal information . Memory & Cognition , 20 : 458 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haring , M.J. and Fry , M.A. 1979 . Effect of pictures on children's comprehension of written text . Educational Communication & Technology , 27 : 185 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackendoff , R. and Landau , B. 1991 . “ Spatial language and spatial cognition ” . In Bridges between Psychology and Linguistics: a Swarthmore Festschrift for Lila Gleitman , Edited by: Napoli , D. J. and Kegl , J. A. 145 – 169 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Kulhavy , R.W. , Lee , B.J. and Caterino , L.C. 1985 . Conjoint retention of maps and related discourse . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 10 : 28 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulhavy , R.W. , Stock , W.A. , Peterson , S.E. , Pridemore , D.R. and Klein , J.D. 1992 . Using maps to retrieve text: a test of conjoint retention . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 17 : 56 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin , J.H. and Simon , H.A. 1987 . Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words . Cognitive Science , 11 : 65 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , J.R. 1981 . “ On functions of pictures in prose ” . In Neuropsychologial and Cognitive Processes in Reading , Edited by: Pirozzolo , F. J. and Witrock , M. C. 203 – 228 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , J.R. 1983 . “ Pictorial strategies for school learning: practical illustrations ” . In Cognitive Strategy Research: educational applications , Edited by: Pressley , M. and Levin , J. R. 213 – 237 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , J.R. , Anglin , G.J. and Carney , R.N. 1987 . “ On empirically validating functions of pictures in prose ” . In The Psychology of Illustration Vol. 1, Basic Research , Edited by: Willows , D. M. and Houghton , H. A. 51 – 85 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , B.A. 1981 . “ Interactive processes during reading ” . In Interactive Processes in Reading , Edited by: Lesgold , A. M. and Perfetti , C.A . 1 – 35 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Lyle , D.S. 1976 . Modern Textiles , 247 – 255 . New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , R.E. 1989 . Models for understanding . Review of Educational Research , 59 : 43 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , R.E. and Gallini , J.K. 1990 . When is an illustration worth ten thousand words? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 715 – 726 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talmy , L. 1983 . “ How language structures space ” . In Spatial Orientation: theory, research, and application , Edited by: Pick , H. and Acredolo , L. 225 – 282 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Waddill , P.J. and McDaniel , M.A. 1992 . Pictorial enhancement of text memory: limitations imposed by picture type and comprehension skill . Memory & Cognition , 20 : 472 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddill , P.J. , McDaniel , M.A. and Einstein , G.O. 1988 . Illustrations as adjuncts to prose: a text‐appropriate processing approach . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 457 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Willows , D.M. and Houghton , H.A. 1987 . The Psychology of Illustration Vol. 1, Basic Research , New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar