Pictures as Feedback in Single Word Learning

REFERENCES

• Adams , M.J. 1990 . Beginning to Read: thinking and learning about print , Cambridge : Massachusetts: MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arum , M. , Scott , M. and Webster , J. 1978‐79 . The effects of pictures on rate of learning right words: a critique of the focal attention hypothesis . Reading Research Quarterly , 14 : 645 – 660 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biemiller , A. 1970 . The development of the use of graphic and contextual information as children learn to read . Reading Research Quarterly , 6 : 75 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceprano , M.A. 1981 . Context versus isolation methods of word instruction: efficiency assessed by paralleling assessment modes . Journal of Reading Behavior , 13 : 381 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey , J.R. and Shamow , J. 1972 . The effects of fading on the acquisition and retention of oral reading . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 5 : 311 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik , F.I.M. and Lockhart , R.S. 1972 . Levels of processing: a framework for memory research . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 11 : 671 – 684 .
   Google Scholar
• Denberg , S.D. 1976‐1977 . The interaction of picture and print in reading instruction . Reading Research Quarterly , : 176 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolltnger , R.A. and Walker , D.N. 1978 . The effect of three methods of presentation and socioeconomic class on recognition performance in the presentation of low frequency words to kindergarteners . Journal of Reading Behavior , 10 : 303 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donald , D.R. 1979 . Effects of illustrations on early oral reading accuracy, strategies and comprehension . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 49 : 282 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorry , G.W. 1973 . The use of a fading technique in paired‐associate teaching of a reading vocabulary with retardates . Mental Retardation , 11 : 3 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorry , G.W. 1976 . Attentional model for the effectiveness of fading in training reading‐vocabulary with retarded persons . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 81 : 271 – 279 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorry , G.W. and Zeaman , D. 1975 . Teaching a simple reading vocabulary to retarded children: effectiveness of fading and nonfading procedures . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 79 : 711 – 716 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duell , O.K. 1968 . An analysis of prompting procedures for teaching a sight vocabulary . American Educational Research Journal , 5 : 675 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger , M.C. and Miller , N.E. 1962 . Secondary reinforcement in rats as a function of information value and reliability of the stimulus . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 64 : 97 – 104 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehri , L.C. and Wilice , L.S. 1980 . Do beginners learn to read function words better in sentences or in lists? . Reading Research Quarterly , 15 : 451 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehri , L.C. and Roberts , K.T. 1979 . Do beginners learn printed words better in contexts or in isolation? . Child Development , 50 : 675 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , A.E. , Watson , C. and Willows , D.M. 1987 . “ A naturalistic inquiry into illustrations in instructional issues ” . In The Psychology of Illustration Vol. 2: instructional issues , Edited by: Houghton , H.A. and Willows , D.M. 87 – 111 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Gormezano , I. and Kehoe , E.J. 1981 . “ Classical conditioning and the law of contiguity ” . In Advances in Analysis of Behavior Vol. 2: predictability correlation and contiguity , Edited by: Harzem , P. and Zeiler , M.D. New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Harzem , P. , Lee , I. and Miles , T.R. 1976 . The effects of pictures on learning to read . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 46 : 318 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juel , C. 1980 . Comparison of word identification strategies with varying context, word type, and reader skill . Reading Research Quarterly , 15 : 358 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamin , L.J. 1968 . “ ‘Attention‐like’ processes in classical conditioning ” . In Miami Symposium on the Prediction of Behavior, 1967: aversive stimulation , Edited by: Johns , M.R. 9 – 31 . Coral Gables, Florida : University of Miami Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kamin , L.J. 1969 . “ Predictability, surprise, attention and conditioning ” . In Punishment and Aversive Behavior , Edited by: Campbell , B.A. and Church , R.M. New York : Appleton‐Century‐Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Kau , A.M. and Winer , G.A. 1987 . Incidental learning in young children tested with words or words plus pictures as stimuli . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 43 : 359 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehoe , E.T. 1987 . “ Selective association in compound stimulus conditioning with the rabbit ” . In Classical Conditioning , 3rd edn , Edited by: Gormezano , E. , Prokasy , W.F. and Thompson , R.F. 161 – 196 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Kibby , M.W. 1979 . The effects of certain instructional conditions and response modes on initial word learning . Reading Research Quarterly , 15 : 147 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibby , M.W. 1989 . Teaching sight vocabulary with and without context before silent reading: a field test of the ‘focus of attention’ hypothesis . Journal of Reading Behavior , 21 : 261 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , R.J. and Solman , R.T. 1979 . Effect of pictures on learning to read common nouns . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 49 : 138 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levie , W.H. and Lentz , R. 1982 . Effects of text illustrations: a review of research . Educational Communication and Technology Journal , 30 : 195 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , J.R. , Anglin , G.J. and Carney , R.N. 1987 . “ On empirically validating functions of pictures in prose ” . In The Psychology of Illustration Vol. 1: basic research , Edited by: Willows , D.M. and Houghton , H.A. New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Mackintosh , N.J. 1975 . A theory of attention: variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement . Psychological Review , 82 : 276 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisto , A.A. and Queen , D.E. 1992 . Memory for pictorial information and the picture superiority effect . Educational Gerontology , 18 : 213 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchbanks , G. and Levin , H. 1965 . Cues by which children recognise words . Journal of Educational Psychology , 56 : 57 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathewson , G.C. 1985 . “ Toward a comprehensive model of affect in the reading process ” . In Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading , 3rd edn , Edited by: Singer , H. and Ruddell , R. 841 – 856 . Delaware : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , R.E. and Anderson , R.B. 1992 . The instructive animation: helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 444 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell , E.E. 1968 . A programed method of reading instruction for use with kindergarten children . The Psychological Record , 18 : 233 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell , E.E. , Nunn , L.K. and McCutcheon , B.A. 1969 . Comparison of a programed method of beginning reading instruction with the look‐and‐say method . The Psychological Record , 19 : 319 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell , E.E. 1982 . Specific Aspects of prompting and fading procedures in teaching beginning reading . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 55 : 1103 – 1108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montare , A. , Elman , E. and Cohen , J. 1977 . Words and pictures: a test of Samuels’ findings . Journal of Reading Behaviour , 9 : 269 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovitch , M. and Craik , F.I.M. 1976 . Depth of processing, retrieval cues, and uniqueness of encoding as factors in recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 15 : 447 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Nemko , B. 1984 . Context versus isolation: another look at beginning readers . Reading Research Quarterly , 19 : 461 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson , T. 1991 . Do children read words better in context or in lists? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 83 : 444 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent , G.C. 1982 . Pictures, audio, and print: symbolic representation and effect on learning . Educational Communication and Technology: A Journal of Theory, Research and Development , 30 : 163 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Ollila , L.O. and Olson , J. 1972 . The effect on learning rate of pictures and realia in the presentation of words to kindergarteners . The Journal of Educational Research , 65 : 312 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patvio , A. 1969 . Mental imagery in associative learning and memory . Psychological Review , 76 : 241 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patvio , A. 1971 . Imagery and Verbal Processes , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Patvio , A. 1986 . Mental Representation: a dual coding approach , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , P.D. and Studt , A. 1975 . Effects of word frequency and contextual richness on children's word identification abilities . Journal of Educational Psychology , 67 : 80 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeck , J. 1987 . “ The role of illustrations in processing and remembering illustrated text ” . In The Psychology of Illustration Vol. 1: basic research , Edited by: Willows , D.M. and Houghton , H.A. New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Purnell , K.N. and Solman , R.T. 1991 . The influence of technical illustrations on students’ comprehension in geography . Reading Research Quarterly , 26 : 277 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla , R.A. and Wagner , A.R. 1972 . “ A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variation in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement ” . In Classical Conditioning , Edited by: Black , A.H. and Prokasy , W.F. Vol. II , 64 – 99 . New York : Appleton‐Century‐Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Rigney , J.W. and Lutz , K.A. 1976 . Effects of graphic analogies of concepts in chemistry on learning and attitude . Journal of Educational Psychology , 68 : 305 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchey , G.H. 1982 . Pictorial detail and recall in adults and children . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 8 : 139 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusted , J. and Coltheart , V. 1979 . The effect of pictures on the retention of novel words and prose passage . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 28 : 516 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels , S.J. 1967 . Attentional process in reading: the effect of pictures on the acquisition of reading responses . Journal of Educational Psychology , 58 : 337 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels , S.J. 1970 . Effects of pictures on learning to read, comprehension and attitudes . Review of Educational Research , 40 : 397 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels , S.J. , Besbrock , E. and Terry , P.R. 1974 . The effect of pictures on children's attitudes toward presented stories . The Journal of Educational Research , 67 : 243 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , R.J. and Solman , R.T. 1984 . The effect of pictures on the acquisition of a small vocabulary of similar sight‐words . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 54 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schallert , D.L. 1980 . “ The role of illustrations in reading comprehension ” . In Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension , Edited by: Spiro , R.T. , Bruce , B.C. and Brewer , W.F. 503 – 524 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , J.A. and Ehri , L.C. 1990 . Sight word reading in prereaders: use of logographic vs. alphabetic access routes . Journal of Reading Behavior , 22 : 149 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , H.D. and Elster , C. 1990 . Picture dependence in first‐grade basal texts . Journal of Educational Research , 84 : 86 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , H. 1980 . Sight word learning with and without pictures: a critique of Arlin, Scott and Webster's research . Reading Research Quarterly , 15 : 290 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , H. , Samuels , S.J. and Spiroff , J. 1973‐1974 . The effect of pictures and contextual conditions on learning responses to printed words . Reading Research Quarterly , 9 : 555 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , N.N. and Solman , R.T. 1990 . A stimulus control analysis of the picture—word problem in children who are mentally retarded: the blocking effect . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 23 : 525 – 532 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M.C., Magee, L.E. (eds) (1980)
   Google Scholar
• Solman , R.T. 1986 . Teaching sight‐words . SET , Item 10
   Google Scholar
• Solman , R.T. , Singh , N.N. and Kehoe , E.J. 1992 . Pictures block the learning of sight words . Educational Psychology , 12 : 143 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Spoehr , K.T. and Schuberth , R.E. 1981 . “ Processing words in context ” . In Perception of Print: reading research in experimental psychology , Edited by: Tzeng , O.J.L. and Singer , H. 103 – 121 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K.E. 1980 . Toward an interactive‐compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency . Reading Research Quarterly , 14 : 32 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler , S.W. , Hertel , P.T. , McCullum , M.C. and Ellis , H.C. 1979 . Cognitive effort and memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 5 : 607 – 617 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Daal , V.H. and Reitma , P. 1990 . Effects of independent word practice with segmented and whole‐word sound feedback in disabled readers . Journal of Research in Reading , 13 : 133 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Vernon , M.D. 1953 . The value of pictorial illustration . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 23 : 180 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , B.F. and Lamberts , F. 1979 . Errorless discrimination and picture fading as techniques for teaching sight words to TMR students . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 83 : 473 – 479 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West , R.F. and Stanovich , K.E. 1978 . Automatic contextual facilitation in readers of three ages . Child Development , 49 : 717 – 727 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J.P. , Blumberg , E.L. and Williams , D.V. 1970 . Cues used in visual word recognition . Journal of Educational Psychology , 61 : 310 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willows , D.M. 1978a . A picture is not always worth a thousand words: pictures as distractors in reading . Journal of Educational Psychology , 70 : 255 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willows , D.M. 1978b . Individual differences in distraction by pictures in a reading situation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 70 : 837 – 847 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , A. 1989 . Pictures for Language Learning , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , H.M. and Solman , R.T. 1993 . Effective use of pictures as extra stimulus prompts . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 63 : 144 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar