12
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Pregnancy-related thrombosis and thrombophilia update: a case for prevention

Pages 550-554 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

References

  • Atrash H.K., Koonin L.M., Lawson H.W., Franks A.L. and Smith J.C. (1990) Maternal morality in the United States, 1979-1986. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 76, 1055–1060.
  • Berg C.J., Atrash H.K., Koonin L.M. and Tucker M. (1996) Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1987 — 1990. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 88, 161–167.
  • Brenner B., Hoffman R., Blumenfeld Z., Weiner Z. and Younis J.S. (2000) Gestational outcome in thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy. Thrombosis and Haemo-stasis, 83, 693–697.
  • Brill-Edwards P., Ginsberg J.S., Gent M., Hirsh J., Burrows R., Kearon C., Geerts W., Kovacs M., Weitz J.I., Robinson KS., Whittom R. and Couture G. (2000) Safety of with-holding heparin in pregnant women with a history of venous thromboembolism. Recurrence of clot in this pregnancy study group. New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 1439 — 1444.
  • Casele H.L., Laifer S.A., Woelkers D.A. and Venkataramanan R. (1999) Changes in the pharmacokinetics of the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin sodium during preg-nancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 181, 1113–1117.
  • Collaborative Low-dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy Colla-borative Group (CLASP). (1994) CLASP: a randomized trail of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women. Lancet, 343, 619 — 629.
  • Cowchock F.S., Reece E.A., Balaban D., Branch D.E. and Pflouffe L. (1992) Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 166, 1318–1323.
  • Crowther M.A. and Kelton J.G. (2003) Congenital thrombo-philic states associated with venous thrombosis: a qualitative overview and proposed classification system. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138, 128— 131.
  • Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Home and Health Department and Department of Health and Social Service Northern Ireland (1998) Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1994–96. London: HMSO.
  • Dulicek P., Mal J. and Saffivorva M. (2000) Risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous and heterozygous for factor V Leiden in the East Bohemian Region. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 6, 87–89.
  • Empson M., Lassere M., Craig J.C. and Scott J.R. (2002) Recurrent pregnancy loss with antiphospholipid antibody: a systematic review of therapeutic trials. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 99, 135–144.
  • Enson M.H. and Stephenson M.D. (1999) Low-molecular-weight heparins in pregnancy. Pharmacotherapy, 19(9): 1013–1025.
  • Gibson P.S. and Rosene-Montella K. (2001) Best practices and research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 15, 848.
  • Grandone E., Brancaccio V., Colaizzo D., Scianname N., Pavone G., Di Minno G. and Margaglione M. (2002) Preventing adverse obstetric outcome in women with genetic thrombophilia. American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 78, 371 — 375.
  • Greer I.A. (1999) Thrombosis in pregnancy; maternal and fetal issues. Lancet, 353, 1258.
  • Kupferminc M.J., Eldor A., Steinman N., Manu A., Bar-Am A., Jaffa A., Fait G. and Lessing J.B. (1999) Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilia in women with complica-tions of pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 7, 9 — 13.
  • Kupferminc M.J., Fait G., Many A., Gordon G., Eldor A. and Lessing J.B. (2000) Severe preeclampsia and high frequency of genetic thrombophilia mutations. Obstetrics and Gynecol-ogy, 96, 45–49.
  • Lepercq J., Conard J., Borel-Derlon A., Darmon J.Y., Boudignant O., Francoual C., Priollet P., Cohen C., Yvelin N., Schved J.F., Tournaire M. and Borg J.Y. (2001) Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy: a retrospective study of enoxaparin safety in 624 pregnancies. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 108, 1134–1140.
  • Lindqvist P., Dahlback B. and Marsal K. (1999) Thrombotic risk during pregnancy: a population study. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 94, 595–599.
  • Many A., Elad R., Yuval Y., Amran E., Lessing J.B. and Kupferminc M.J. (2002) Third-trimester unexplained intrau-terine fetal death is associated with inherited thrombophilia. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 99, 684— 687.
  • Martinelli I., Mannucci P.M., De Stefano V., Taioli E., Rossi V., Crosti F., Paciaroni K., Leone G. and Faioni E.M. (1998) Different risk of thrombosis in four coagulation defects associated with inherited thrombopilia: a study of 150 families. Blood, 92, 2353–2358.
  • McColl M.D., Walker I.D. and Greer I.A. (1999) The role of inherited thrombophilia in venous thromboembolism asso-ciated with pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 106, 756–766.
  • Musset D., Parent F., Meyer G., Maitre S., Girard P., Leroyer C., Revel, M.P., Carette ML., Charbonnier B., Laurent F., Mal H., Nonent M., Lancar R., Grenier P. and Simonneau G. (2002) Diagnostic strategy for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a prospective multicentre outcome study. Lancet, 360, 1914— 1920.
  • Panel and Scientific Roundtable. (October 2002) Anticoagula-tion and enoxaparin use in patients with prosthetic heart valves and/or pregnancy. Clinical Cardiology Consensus Reports. Atlanta, GA, American Health Consultants.
  • Powrie R.O., Larson L., Rosene-Montella K., Abarca M., Barbour L. and Trujillo N. (1998) Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in acute pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Amer-ican Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 178, 394–396.
  • Pradoni P., Lensing A.W., Prins M.H., Bernardi E., Marchiori A., Bagatella P., Frulla M., Masena L., Tormene D., Piccioli A., Simioni P. and Girolami A. (2002) Residual venous thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous tremboembolism. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 955–960.
  • Raziel A., Kornberg Y., Friedler S., Schachter M., Sela BA. and Ron-El R. (2001) Hypercoagulable thrombophilic defects and hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. American Journal of Reproductive Immunol-ogy, 45, 65–71.
  • Rey E., Khan SR., David N. and Shrier I. (2003) Thrombo-philic disorders and fetal loss: a meta-analysis. Lancet, 361, 901— 108.
  • Ridker P.M., Goldhaber S.Z., Danielson E., Rosenberg Y., Eby CS., Deitcher SR., Cushman M., Moll S., Kessler CM., Elliott C.G., Paulson R., Wong T., Bauer K.A.K., Schwartz B.A., Miletich J.P., Bounameaus H. and Glynn R.J. (2003) Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1425— 1433.
  • Rodeghiero F. and Tosetto A. (1999) Activated protein C resistance and factor V Leiden mutation are independent risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130, 643–650.
  • Ros H.S., Lichtenstein P., Bellocco R., Petersson G. and Cnattingius S. (2002) Pulmonary embolism and stroke in relation to pregnancy: how can high-risk women be identified? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 186, 198 — 203.
  • Sanson B.J., Lensing A.W., Prins M.H., Ginsberg J.S., Barkagan Z.S., Lavenne-Pardonge E., Brenner B., Dulitzky M., Nielsen J.D., Boda Z., Turi S., MacGillavry MR., Hamulyak K., Theunissen I.M., Hunt B.J. and Buller H.R. (1999) Safety of low molecular weight heparin in pregnancy: a systematic review. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 81, 668 — 672.
  • Tengborn L., Bergvist D., Matzsch T., Bergvist A. and Hedner U. (1989) Recurrent thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium. Is there a need for thromboprophylaxis? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 160, 90–94.
  • van Pampas M.G., Dekker GA., Wolf H., Huijgens P.C., Koopman MM., von Blomberg B.M. and Buller H.R. (1999) High prevalence of hemostatic abnormalities in women with a history of severe preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 180, 1146— 1150.
  • van Strijen M.J.L., Wouter M., Schiereck J., Kieft G.J., Prins M.H., Huisman M.V. and Pattynama P.M.T. (2003) Single-detector helical computed tomography as the primary diagnostic test in suspected pulmonary embolism: a multi-center clinical management study of 510 patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138, 307–314
  • Walker MC., Garner P.R., Keely E.J., Rock G.A. and Reis M.D. (1997) Changes in activated protein C resistance during normal pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 177, 162 — 169.
  • Walker MC., Smith G.N., Perkins S.L., Keely E.J. and Garner P.R. (1999) Changes in homocysteine levels during normal pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 180, 660–664.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.