Uterine sparing management in patients with endometrial cancer: a narrative literature review

References

• Alcazar JL, Gaston B, Navarro B, Salas R, Aranda J, Guerriero S. 2017. Transvaginal ultrasound versus magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative assessment of myometrial infiltration in patients with endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 28:e86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso S, Castellanos T, Lapuente F, Chiva L. 2015. Hysteroscopic surgery for conservative management in endometrial cancer: a review of the literature. Ecancermedicalscience 9:505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker J, Obermair A, Gebski V, Janda M. 2012. Efficacy of oral or intrauterine device-delivered progestin in patients with complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia or early endometrial adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Gynecologic Oncology 125:263–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casadio P, Guasina F, Paradisi R, Leggieri C, Caprara G, Seracchioli R. 2018. Fertility-sparing treatment of endometrial cancer with initial infiltration of myometrium by resectoscopic surgery: a pilot study. The Oncologist 23:478–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casadio P, La rosa M, Alletto A, Magnarelli G, Arena A, Fontana E, et al. 2020. Fertility sparing treatment of endometrial cancer with and without initial infiltration of myometrium: a single center experience. Cancers 12:3571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae SH, Shim SH, Lee SJ, Lee JY, Kim SN, Kang SB. 2019. Pregnancy and oncologic outcomes after fertility-sparing management for early stage endometrioid endometrial cancer. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 29:77–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandra V, Kim JJ, Benbrook DM, Dwivedi A, Rai R. 2016. Therapeutic options for management of endometrial hyperplasia. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 27:e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi MC, Jung SG, Park H, Cho YH, Lee C, Kim SJ. 2013. Fertility preservation via photodynamic therapy in young patients with early-stage uterine endometrial cancer: a long-term follow-up study. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 23:698–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu D, Wu J, Wang K, Zhao M, Wang C, Li L, Guo R. 2018. Effect of metformin use on the risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 18:438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concin N, Matias-Guiu X, Vergote I, Cibula D, Mirza MR, Marnitz S, et al. 2021. ESGO/ESTRO/ESP guidelines for the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 31:12–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Spiezio Sardo A, De Angelis MC, Della Corte L, Carugno J, Zizolfi B, Guadagno E, et al. 2020. Should endometrial biopsy under direct hysteroscopic visualization using the grasp technique become the new gold standard for the preoperative evaluation of the patient with endometrial cancer? Gynecologic Oncology 158:347–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkhuizen FPHLJ, Mol BWJ, Brölmann HAM, Heintz APM. 2000. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. Cancer 89:1765–1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duska LR, Garrett A, Rueda BR, Haas J, Chang Y, Fuller AF. 2001. Endometrial cancer in women 40 years old or younger. Gynecologic Oncology 83:388–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkanli S, Ayhan A. 2010. Fertility-sparing therapy in young women with endometrial cancer: 2010 update. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer : official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society 20:1170–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone F, Laurelli G, Losito S, Di Napoli M, Granata V, Greggi S. 2017. Fertility preserving treatment with hysteroscopic resection followed by progestin therapy in young women with early endometrial cancer. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 28:e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone F, Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Di Donato V, Perrone AM, Frigerio L, Bifulco G, et al. 2020. Fertility-sparing treatment for intramucous, moderately differentiated, endometrioid endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Cancer Inter-Group (GCIG) study. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 31:e74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faubion SS, Kuhle CL, Shuster LT, Rocca WA. 2015. Long-term health consequences of premature or early menopause and considerations for management. Climacteric: The Journal of the International Menopause Society 18:483–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei KA, Kinkel K, Bonel HM, Lu Y, Zaloudek C, Hricak H. 2000. Prediction of deep myometrial invasion in patients with endometrial cancer: clinical utility of contrast-enhanced MR imaging-a meta-analysis and Bayesian analysis. Radiology 216:444–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallos ID, Yap J, Rajkhowa M, Luesley DM, Coomarasamy A, Gupta JK. 2012. Regression, relapse, and live birth rates with fertility-sparing therapy for endometrial cancer and atypical complex endometrial hyperplasia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 207:266 e1-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson CC, Fader AN, Carson KA, Bristow RE. 2012. Oncologic and reproductive outcomes with progestin therapy in women with endometrial hyperplasia and grade 1 adenocarcinoma: a systematic review. Gynecologic Oncology 125:477–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MK, Seong SJ, Kang SB, Bae DS, Kim JW, Nam JH, et al. 2019. Six months response rate of combined oral medroxyprogesterone/levonorgestrel-intrauterine system for early-stage endometrial cancer in young women: a Korean Gynecologic-Oncology Group Study. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 30:e47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MK, Seong SJ, Kim JW, Jeon S, Choi HS, Lee IH, et al. 2016. Management of endometrial hyperplasia with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: a korean gynecologic-oncology group study. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 26:711–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MK, Seong SJ, Kim YS, Song T, Kim ML, Yoon BS, et al. 2013a. Combined medroxyprogesterone acetate/levonorgestrel-intrauterine system treatment in young women with early-stage endometrial cancer. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 209:358 e1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MK, Seong SJ, Song T, Kim ML, Yoon BS, Jun HS, et al. 2013b. Comparison of dilatation & curettage and endometrial aspiration biopsy accuracy in patients treated with high-dose oral progestin plus levonorgestrel intrauterine system for early-stage endometrial cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 130:470–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SR, Van der Zanden C, Ikiz H, Kuzelijevic B, Havelock J, Kwon JS. 2018. Fertility-Sparing management using progestin for young women with endometrial cancer from a population-based study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 40:328–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitson S, Ryan N, Mackintosh ML, Edmondson R, Duffy JM, Crosbie EJ. 2018. Interventions for weight reduction in obesity to improve survival in women with endometrial cancer. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2:CD012513.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koskas M, Yazbeck C, Walker F, Clouqueur E, Agostini A, Ruat S, et al. 2011. Fertility-sparing management of grade 2 and 3 endometrial adenocarcinomas. Anticancer Research 31:3047–3049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lago V, Martin B, Ballesteros E, Cardenas-Rebollo JM, Minig L. 2018. Tumor grade correlation between preoperative biopsy and final surgical specimen in endometrial cancer: the use of different diagnostic methods and analysis of associated factors. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 28:1258–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larish A, Kumar A, Weaver A, Mariani A. 2020. Impact of hysteroscopy on course of disease in high-risk endometrial carcinoma. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 30:1513–1519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurelli G, Di Vagno G, Scaffa C, Losito S, Del Giudice M, Greggi S. 2011. Conservative treatment of early endometrial cancer: preliminary results of a pilot study. Gynecologic Oncology 120:43–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee NK, Cheung MK, Shin JY, Husain A, Teng NN, Berek JS, et al. 2007. Prognostic factors for uterine cancer in reproductive-aged women. Obstetrics & Gynecology 109:655–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SI, Atri M. 2019. 2018 FIGO Staging System for Uterine Cervical Cancer: Enter Cross-sectional Imaging. Radiology 292:15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TS, Lee JY, Kim JW, Oh S, Seong SJ, Lee JM, et al. 2013. Outcomes of ovarian preservation in a cohort of premenopausal women with early-stage endometrial cancer: a Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecologic Oncology 131:289–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loiacono RM, Trojano G, Del Gaudio N, Kardhashi A, Deliso MA, Falco G, et al. 2015. Hysteroscopy as a valid tool for endometrial pathology in patients with postmenopausal bleeding or asymptomatic patients with a thickened endometrium: hysteroscopic and histological results. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 79:210–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Z, Chen J. 2014. [Introduction of WHO classification of tumours of female reproductive organs, fourth edition]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi, 43: 649–50.
   Google Scholar
• Mao Y, Wan X, Chen Y, Lv W, Xie X. 2010. Outcomes of conservative therapy for young women with early endometrial adenocarcinoma. Fertility and Sterility 93:283–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzon I, Corrado G, Masciullo V, Morricone D, Ferrandina G, Scambia G. 2010. Conservative surgical management of stage IA endometrial carcinoma for fertility preservation. Fertility and Sterility 93:1286–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meireles CG, Pereira SA, Valadares LP, Rego DF, Simeoni LA, Guerra ENS, Lofrano-Porto A. 2017. Effects of metformin on endometrial cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecologic Oncology 147:167–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minig L, Franchi D, Boveri S, Casadio C, Bocciolone L, Sideri M. 2011. Progestin intrauterine device and GnRH analogue for uterus-sparing treatment of endometrial precancers and well-differentiated early endometrial carcinoma in young women. Annals of Oncology 22:643–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuhashi A, Habu Y, Kobayashi T, Kawarai Y, Ishikawa H, Usui H, Shozu M. 2019. Long-term outcomes of progestin plus metformin as a fertility-sparing treatment for atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer patients. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 30:e90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morice P, Leary A, Creutzberg C, Abu-Rustum N, Darai E. 2016. Endometrial cancer. Lancet (London, England) 387:1094–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park H, Seok JM, Yoon BS, Seong SJ, Kim JY, Shim JY, Park CT. 2012. Effectiveness of high-dose progestin and long-term outcomes in young women with early-stage, well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma of uterine endometrium. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 285:473–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park H, Seong SJ, Yoon BS. 2011. The effect of operative hysteroscopy conducted before progestin treatment in early stage endometrial cancer from the view of fertility. Gynecologic Oncology 123:427–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JY, Kim DY, Kim JH, Kim YM, Kim KR, Kim YT, et al. 2013a. Long-term oncologic outcomes after fertility-sparing management using oral progestin for young women with endometrial cancer (KGOG 2002). European Journal of Cancer. 49:868–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JY, Kim DY, Kim TJ, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kim YM, et al. 2013b. Hormonal therapy for women with stage IA endometrial cancer of all grades. Obstetrics and Gynecology 122:7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JY, Nam JH. 2015. Progestins in the fertility-sparing treatment and retreatment of patients with primary and recurrent endometrial cancer. The Oncologist 20:270–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JY, Seong SJ, Kim TJ, Kim JW, Kim SM, Bae DS, Nam JH. 2013c. Pregnancy outcomes after fertility-sparing management in young women with early endometrial cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology 121:136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyzos NP, Mauri D, Tsioras S, Messini CI, Valachis A, Messinis IE. 2010. Intraperitoneal dissemination of endometrial cancer cells after hysteroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer : official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society 20:261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pronin SM, Novikova OV, Andreeva JY, Novikova EG. 2015. Fertility-sparing treatment of early endometrial cancer and complex atypical hyperplasia in young women of childbearing potential. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 25:1010–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffone A, Catena U, Travaglino A, Masciullo V, Spadola S, Della Corte L, et al. 2021a. Mismatch repair-deficiency specifically predicts recurrence of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial carcinoma after conservative treatment: A multi-center study. Gynecologic Oncology 161:795–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffone A, Travaglino A, Flacco ME, Iasevoli M, Mollo A, Guida M, et al. 2021b. Clinical predictive factors of response to treatment in patients undergoing conservative management of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology 10:193–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffone A, Travaglino A, Saccone G, Di Maio A, Mollo A, Mascolo M, et al. 2019a. Diabetes mellitus and responsiveness of endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer to conservative treatment. Gynecological Endocrinology 35:932–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffone A, Travaglino A, Saccone G, Mollo A, De Placido G, Insabato L, Zullo F. 2019b. Should progesterone and estrogen receptors be assessed for predicting the response to conservative treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 98:976–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffone A, Travaglino A, Zullo FM, Gencarelli A, Micheli M, Miranda S, et al. 2021c. Predictive accuracy of progesterone receptor b in young women with atypical endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer treated with hysteroscopic resection plus LNG-IUD insertion. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 28:1244–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sant M, Chirlaque Lopez MD, Agresti R, Sanchez Perez MJ, Holleczek B, Bielska-Lasota M, EUROCARE-5 Working Group, et al. 2015. Survival of women with cancers of breast and genital organs in Europe 1999-2007: results of the EUROCARE-5 study. European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 51:2191–2205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terakawa N, Kigawa J, Taketani Y, Yoshikawa H, Yajima A, Noda K, Endometrial Hyperplasia Study Group, et al. 1997. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia: a prospective study. Endometrial Hyperplasia Study Group. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 23:223–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tock S, Jadoul P, Squifflet JL, Marbaix E, Baurain JF, Luyckx M. 2018. Fertility sparing treatment in patients with early stage endometrial cancer, using a combination of surgery and GnRH agonist: a monocentric retrospective study and review of the literature. Frontiers in Medicine 5:240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travaglino A, Raffone A, Saccone G, Insabato L, Mollo A, De Placido G, Zullo F. 2018. PTEN as a predictive marker of response to conservative treatment in endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 231:104–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travaglino A, Raffone A, Saccone G, Insabato L, Mollo A, De Placido G, Zullo F. 2019. Immunohistochemical predictive markers of response to conservative treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer: A systematic review. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 98:1086–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimble CL, Kauderer J, Zaino R, Silverberg S, Lim PC, Burke JJ, et al. 2006. Concurrent endometrial carcinoma in women with a biopsy diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 106:812–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimble CL, Method M, Leitao M, Lu K, Ioffe O, Hampton M, Society of Gynecologic Oncology Clinical Practice Committee, et al. 2012. Management of endometrial precancers. Obstetrics and Gynecology 120:1160–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojano G, Damiani GR, Casavola VC, Loiacono R, Malvasi A, Pellegrino A, et al. 2018. The role of hysteroscopy in evaluating postmenopausal asymptomatic women with thickened endometrium. Gynecology and Minimally Invasive Therapy 7:6–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojano G, Olivieri C, Tinelli R, Damiani GR, Pellegrino A, Cicinelli E. 2019. Conservative treatment in early stage endometrial cancer: a review. Acta Biomed 90:405–410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ushijima K, Yahata H, Yoshikawa H, Konishi I, Yasugi T, Saito T, et al. 2007. Multicenter phase II study of fertility-sparing treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate for endometrial carcinoma and atypical hyperplasia in young women. Journal of Clinical Oncology: official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 25:2798–2803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JD, Buck AM, Shah m, Burke WM, Schiff PB, Herzog TJ. 2009. Safety of ovarian preservation in premenopausal women with endometrial cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 27:1214–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaino RJ, Kauderer J, Trimble CL, Silverberg SG, Curtin JP, Lim PC, Gallup DG. 2006. Reproducibility of the diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 106:804–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Huang H, Feng F, Wang J, Cheng N. 2019. A pilot study of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist combined with aromatase inhibitor as fertility-sparing treatment in obese patients with endometrial cancer. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 30:e61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou H, Cao D, Yang J, Shen K, Lang J. 2017. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist combined with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or letrozole for fertility-preserving treatment of endometrial carcinoma and complex atypical hyperplasia in young women. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 27:1178–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar