- BLOOM , A. J. and HAUTALUOMA , J. E. 1990 . Anxiety management training as a strategy for enhancing computer use performance . Computers in Human Behavior , 6 : 337 – 349 .
- BOHLIN , R. M. and HUNT , N. P. 1995 . Course structure effects on students' computer anxiety, confidence and attitudes . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 13 : 263 – 270 .
- CARVER , C. S. and SCHEIER , M. F. 1981 . Attention and Self-Regulation: a Control Theory Approach to Human Behavior , New York : Springer .
- CARVER , C. S. and SCHEIER , M. F. 1984 . “ Self-focused attention in test-anxiety: A general theory applied to a specific phenomenon ” . In Advances in Test Anxiety Research , Edited by: Van der Ploeg , H.M. , Schwarzer , R. and Spielberger , C.D. Vol. 3 , 3 – 20 . Hillsdale, NJ : Swets and Zeitlinger .
- CARVER , C. S. and SCHEIER , M. F. 1986 . “ Functional and dysfunctional responses to anxiety: the interaction between expectancies and self-focused attention ” . In Self Related Cognitions in Anxiety and Motivation , Edited by: Schwarzer , R. 111 – 141 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- CARVER , C. S. and SCHHER , M. F. 1991 . “ A control-process perspective on anxiety ” . In Anxiety and Self Focused Attention , Edited by: Schwarzer , R. and Wicklund , R. A. 3 – 8 . New York : Harwood .
- CHIN , C. H. L. , DONN , J. S. and CONROY , R.F. 1991 . Effects of computer-based tests on the achievement, anxiety, and attitudes of grade 10 science students . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 51 : 735 – 745 .
- DEANE , F. , HENDERSON , R. D. , BARRELLE , K. , SALIBA , A. and MAHAR , D. 1995 . “ Construct validity of computer anxiety as measured by the Computer Attitude Scale ” . In Advances in Human Factors ergonomics 20A symbiosis of human and artefact , Edited by: Anzai , Y. , Ogawa , K. and Mori , H. 581 – 586 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
- EYSENCK , M. W. 1992 . Anxiety: the Cognitive Perspective , Hove, , UK : Erlbaum .
- EYSENCK , M. W. and CALVO , M. G. 1992 . Anxiety and performance: the processing efficiency theory . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 409 – 434 .
- GLASS , C. R. and KNIGHT , L. A. 1988 . Cognitive factors in computer anxiety . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 12 : 351 – 366 .
- HEINSSEN , R. K. , GLASS , C. R. and KNIGHT , L. A. 1987 . Assessing computer anxiety: Development and validation of the computer anxiety rating scale . Computers in Human Behaviour , 3 : 49 – 59 .
- LANKFORD , J. S. , BELL , R. W. and ELIAS , J. W. 1994 . Computerized versus standard personality measures: equivalency, computer anxiety and gender differences . Computers in Human Behavior , 10 : 497 – 510 .
- MAHAR , D. , HENDERSON , R. and DEANE , F. 1997 . The effect of computer anxiety, state anxiety, and computer anxiety on users' performance of computer based tasks . Personality and Individual Deferences , 22 : 683 – 692 .
- MEAD , A. D. and DRASGOW , F. 1993 . Equivalence of computerized and paper-and-pencfl cognitive ability tests: a meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 114 : 449 – 458 .
- McINERNEY , V. , MARSH , H. W. and MCINERNEY , D. M. 1999 . The designing of the computer anxiety and learning measure (CALM): validation of scores on a multidimensional measure of anxiety and cognitions relating to adult learning of computing skills using structural equation modelling . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 59 : 451 – 470 .
- McINERNEY , V. , McINERNEY , D. M. and SINCLAIR , K. 1994 . Student teachers, computer anxiety and computer experience . Journal of Educational Computing Research , 11 : 27 – 50 .
- MILLER , M. D. and RAINER , R. K. 1995 . Assessing and improving the dimensionality of the computer anxiety rating scale . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 55 : 652 – 657 .
- POWERS , D. E. and O'NEILL , K. 1992 . Inexperience and anxious computer users: coping with a computer-administered test of academic skills , The praxis series: Professional assessments for beginning teachers, ED384679
- ROSEN , L. D. and MAGUIRE , P. 1990 . Myths and realities of computer phobia: a meta-analysis . Anxiety Research , 3 : 175 – 191 .
- ROSEN , L. D. , SEARS , D. C. and WEIL , M. M. 1987 . Computerphobia . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers , 19 : 167 – 179 .
- ROSEN , L. D. and WEIL , M. M. 1992 . Measuring technophobia: a manual for the administration and scoring of the Computer Anxiety Rating Scale. Computer Thoughts Survey, General Attitudes Towards Computers , Dominguez Hills : Chapman University .
- ROSEN , L. D. and WEIL , M. M. 1995 . Computer anxiety: a cross cultural comparison of university students in ten countries . Computers in Human Behavior , 11 : 45 – 64 .
- SARASON , I. G. 1984 . Stress, anxiety and cognitive interference: reactions to tests . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 46 : 929 – 938 .
- SARASON , I. G. 1988 . Anxiety, self-preoccupation and attention . Anxiety Research , 1 : 3 – 7 .
- SARASON , I.G. , SARASON , B. R. and PIERCE , G. R. 1990 . Anxiety, cognitive interference, and performance . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 5 : 1 – 18 .
- SARASON , I. G. , SARASON , B. R. and PIERCE , G. R. 1995 . “ Cognitive interference at the intelligence-personality crossroads ” . In International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence , Edited by: D. H. S. and Zeidner , M. 285 – 296 . New York : Plentum Press .
- SHERMIS , M. D. and LOMBARD , D. 1998 . Effect of computer-based test administration on test anxiety and performance . Computers in Human Behavior , 14 : 111 – 123 .
- SMITH , B. L. , CAPUTI , P. and CRITTENDEN , N. 2000 . Key elements in the computer anxiety process: a transactional model of computer anxiety , New South Wales, , Australia : University of Wollongong . Working Paper,
- SPIELBERGER , C. D. , ed. 1966 . Anxiety and Behavior , New York : Academic Press .
- SPIELBERGER , C. D. 1972 . “ Current trends in theory and research on anxiety ” . In Anxiety and Behavior , Edited by: Spielberger , C. D. 3 – 20 . New York : Academic Press .
- SPIELBERGER , C. D. , GORSUCH , R. L. , LUSHENE , R. , VAGG , P. R. and JACOBS , G. A. 1983 . State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults , California : Mind Garden .
- TODMAN , J. and MONAGHAN , E. 1994 . Qualitative differences in computer experience, computer anxiety, and students use of computers: a path model . Computers in Human Behaviour , 10 : 529 – 539 .
- WEIL , M. M. , ROSEN , L. D. and SEARS , D. C. 1987 . The computer phobia reduction program: Year 1. Program development and preliminary results . Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation and Computers , 19 : 180 – 184 .
- WINE , J. D. 1971 . Test anxiety and the direction of attention . Psychological Bulletin , 76 : 92 – 104 .
- WINE , J. D. 1980 . “ Cognitive-attentional theory of test anxiety ” . In Test Anxiety: Theory, Research and Applications , Edited by: Sarason , I. G. 349 – 358 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- WINE , J. D. 1982 . “ Evaluation anxiety: a cognitive attentional construct ” . In Achievement, Stress and Anxiety , Edited by: Krohne , H.W. and Laux , L. 207 – 219 . Washington, DC : Hemisphere .
- YAGHI , H. M. and ABU-SABA , M. B. 1998 . Teachers' computer anxiety: an international perspective . Computers in Human Behavior , 14 : 321 – 336 .
- ZEIDNER , M. , ed. 1998 . Test Anxiety: the State of the Art , New York : Plentium Press .
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.