Expert-novice knowledge organization: an empirical investigation using computer program recall

References

• ADELSON , B. , 1981 Problem solving and the development of abstract categories in programming languages . Memory and Cognition , 9 , 422 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADELSON , B. , and SOLOWAY , E. , 1984 Methodology revisited: the cognitive underpinnings of programmers’ behavior. Human-Computer Interaction , ed. G. Salvendy ( Amsterdam : Elsevier ), 181 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• ATWOOD , M. E. , and RAMSEY , H. R. , 1978 , Cognitive structures in the comprehension and memory of computer programs : an investigation of computer program debugging . NTIS , AD-A060522/0.
   Google Scholar
• BARFIELD , W. , 1986 Expert-novice differences for software: implications for problem-solving and knowledge acquisition . Behaviour and Information Technology , 5 , 15 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELL , D. , 1976 Programmer selection and programming errors . The Computer Journal , 19 , 202 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOWER , G. H. , BLACK , J. , and TURNER , T. J. , 1979 Scripts in memory for text . Cognitive Psychology , 11 , 177 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUWMAN , M. J. , 1978 , Financial diagnosis: a cognitive model of the processes involved . Unpublished doctoral dissertation , Carnegie-Mellon University .
   Google Scholar
• BROOKS , R. E. , 1977 Towards a theory of the cognitive processes in computer programming . International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , 9 , 737 – 751 .
   Google Scholar
• CHASE , W. G. , and SIMON , H. A. , 1973 a Perception in chess . Cognitive Psychology , 4 , 55 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHASE , W. G. , and SIMON , H. A. , 1973 b , The mind's eye in chess . Visual Information Processing , ed. W. G. Chase ( New York : Academic Press ).
   Google Scholar
• DE GROOT , A. D. , 1965 , Thought and Choice in Chess ( The Hague : Mouton ).
   Google Scholar
• DE GROUT , A. D. , 1966 , Perception and memory vs. thought : some old ideas and recent findings. Problem Solving: Research, Method, and Theory , ed. B. Kleinmuntz ( New York : Wiley ).
   Google Scholar
• Di PERSIO , T. , ISBISTER , D. , and SHNEIDERMAN , B. , 1980 An experiment using memorization/reconstruction as a measure of programmer ability . International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , 13 , 339 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• CHi , M. T. H. , GLASER , R. , and REES , E. , 1982 , Expertise in problem solving . Advances in the Psychology of Human Intelligence , Volume 1 , ed. R. J. Sternberg ( Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum Associates ).
   Google Scholar
• ERICSSON , K. A. , and SIMON , H. A. , 1980 Verbal reports as data . Psychological Review , 87 , 215 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FLOYD , R. W. , 1979 The paradigms of programming . Communications of the ACM , 22 , 455 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIOIA , D. A. , and MANZ , C. C. , 1985 Linking cognition and behavior: a script processing interpretation of vicarious learning . Academy of Management Review , 10 , 527 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOVE , L. T. , 1977 a , Relating individual differences in computer programming performance to human information processing abilities . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington .
   Google Scholar
• LOVE , L. T. , 1977 b An experimental investigation of program understanding . Sigplan Notices , 12 , 105 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• MALHOTRA , A. , THOMAS , J. C. , CARROLL , J. M. , and MILLER , L. A. , 1980 Cognitive processes in design . International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , 12 , 119 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• MAYER , D. B. , and STALNAKER , A. W. , 1968 Selection and evaluation of computer personnel – the history of SIG/CPR Proceedings of the 23rd ACM National Conference , 657 – 670 .
   Google Scholar
• MCKEITHEN , K. B. , REITMAN , J. S. , RUETER , H. H. , and HIRTLE , S. C. , 1981 Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programmers . Cognitive Psychology , 13 , 307 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCNAMARA , W. J. , and HUGHES , J. L. , 1961 A review of research on the selection of computer programmers . Personnel Psychology , 14 , 39 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORCIO , A. F. , and KERST , S. M. , 1983 Human memory organization for computer programs . Journal of the American Society for Information Science , 34 , 109 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN , D. A. , 1978 , Notes toward a theory of complex learning . Cognitive Psychology and Instruction , ed. A. M. Lesgold , J. W. Pelligrino , S. Fokkema and R. Glaser ( New York : Plenum Press ).
   Google Scholar
• PENNINGTON , N. , 1982 , Cognitive components of expertise in computer programming: a review of the literature . Technical Report No. 46, University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• PENNINGTON , N. , 1986, Stimulus structures and mental representations in expert comprehension of computer programs. Working Paper, Center for Decision Research, University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• et al. ,. 1975 , In The Use of Expert Judgment in the Assessment of Experimental Learning . CAEL Working Paper No. 10.
   Google Scholar
• SCHANK , R. C. , and ABELSON , R. B. , 1977 , Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding ( Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ).
   Google Scholar
• SHEIL , B. A. , 1981 The psychological study of programming . Computing Surveys , 13 , 101 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEPPARD , S. B. , CURTIS , B. , MILLIMAN , P. , and LOVE , T. , 1979 Modern coding practices and programmer performance . Computer , 12 , 41 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHNEIDERMAN , B. , 1976 Exploratory experiments in programmer behavior . International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences , 5 , 123 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• SHNEIDERMAN , B. , 1977 Measuring computer program quality and comprehension . International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , 9 , 465 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• SIMON , H. A. , 1981 , Sciences of the Artificial. 2nd edition . Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• VESSEY , I. , 1984 , An investigation of the psychological processes underlying the debugging of computer programs . Unpublished doctoral dissertation ( University of Queensland ).
   Google Scholar
• WEBER , R. A. , 1982 , EDP Auditing . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• WIEDENBECK , S. , 1986 Processes in computer program comprehension. Empirical Studies of Programmers , ed. E. Soloway and S. lyengar ( Norwood , NJ : Ablex Publishing Corporation ), 48 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• YOURDON , E. , GANE , C. , SARSON , T. , and LISTER , T. R. , 1976 , Learning to Program in Structured COBOL ( New York : Yourdon Inc ).
   Google Scholar