1,308
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Examining the effects of power status of an explainable artificial intelligence system on users’ perceptions

, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 946-958 | Received 31 Oct 2019, Accepted 30 Oct 2020, Published online: 19 Nov 2020

References

  • Aggarwal, P., and A. L. McGill. 2011. “When Brands Seem Human, do Humans Act Like Brands? Automatic Behavioral Priming Effects of Brand Anthropomorphism.” Journal of Consumer Research 39 (2): 307–323.
  • Ahn, W.-k., and J. Bailenson. 1996. “Causal Attribution as a Search for Underlying Mechanisms: An Explanation of the Conjunction Fallacy and the Discounting Principle.” Cognitive Psychology 31 (1): 82–123.
  • Almaraz, S. M., K. Hugenberg, and S. G. Young. 2017. “Perceiving Sophisticated Minds Influences Perceptual Individuation.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44 (2): 143–157.
  • Ang, L., and M. Eisend. 2017. “Single Versus Multiple Measurement of Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis of Advertising Studies Validates the Single-Item Measure Approach.” Journal of Advertising Research 58 (2): 218–227.
  • Bartneck, C., D. Kulić, E. Croft, and S. Zoghbi. 2009. “Measurement Instruments for the Anthropomorphism, Animacy, Likeability, Perceived Intelligence, and Perceived Safety of Robots.” International Journal of Social Robotics 1 (1): 71–81.
  • Bem, D. J. 1967. “Self-perception: An Alternative Interpretation of Cognitive Dissonance Phenomena.” Psychological Review 74 (3): 183.
  • Betancourt, H. 1990. “An Attribution-Empathy Model of Helping Behavior: Behavioral Intentions and Judgments of Help-Giving.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16 (3): 573–591.
  • Bradley, G. W. 1978. “Self-serving Biases in the Attribution Process: A Reexamination of the Fact or Fiction Question.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1): 56–71.
  • Carney, D. R., A. J. Cuddy, and A. J. Yap. 2010. “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance.” Psychological Science 21 (10): 1363–1368.
  • Chazette, L., O. Karras, and K. Schneider. 2019. “Do End-Users Want Explanations? Analyzing the Role of Explainability as an Emerging Aspect of Non-Functional Requirements.” Paper presented at the 2019 IEEE 27th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE).
  • Child, D. 1990. The Essentials of Factor Analysis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Cassell Educational.
  • Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Critchlow, B. 1985. “The Blame in the Bottle: Attributions About Drunken Behavior.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 11 (3): 258–274.
  • de Visser, E. J., S. S. Monfort, R. McKendrick, M. A. Smith, P. E. McKnight, F. Krueger, and R. Parasuraman. 2016. “Almost Human: Anthropomorphism Increases Trust Resilience in Cognitive Agents.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 22 (3): 331–349.
  • Elangovan, A., W. Auer-Rizzi, and E. Szabo. 2007. “Why Don’t I Trust You Now? An Attributional Approach to Erosion of Trust.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 22 (1): 4–24.
  • Epley, N., A. Waytz, and J. T. Cacioppo. 2007. “On Seeing Human: a Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism.” Psychological Review 114 (4): 864–886.
  • Folkes, V. S., S. Koletsky, and J. L. Graham. 1987. “A Field Study of Causal Inferences and Consumer Reaction: The View from the Airport.” Journal of Consumer Research 13 (4): 534–539.
  • Fugelsang, J. A., and V. A. Thompson. 2001. “Belief-Based and Covariation-Based Cues Affect Causal Discounting.” Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale 55 (1): 70–76.
  • Gilbert, D. T., and P. S. Malone. 1995. “The Correspondence Bias.” Psychological Bulletin 117 (1): 21–38.
  • Gunning, D. 2017. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
  • Hair, J. F., R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black. 1995. Multivariate Data Analysis. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Hayes, A. F. 2018a. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (2nd ed). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Hayes, A. F. 2018b. “Partial, Conditional, and Moderated Moderated Mediation: Quantification, Inference, and Interpretation.” Communication Monographs 85 (1): 4–40.
  • Heider, F. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbraum Associates Publishers.
  • Hess, R. L., S. Ganesan, and N. M. Klein. 2003. “Service Failure and Recovery: The Impact of Relationship Factors on Customer Satisfaction.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 31 (2): 127–145.
  • Hoff, K. A., and M. Bashir. 2015. “Trust in Automation: Integrating Empirical Evidence on Factors That Influence Trust.” Human Factors 57 (3): 407–434.
  • Iatridis, T., and K. Fousiani. 2009. “Effects of Status and Outcome on Attributions and Just-World Beliefs: How the Social Distribution of Success and Failure may be Rationalized.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (2): 415–420.
  • Jiang, Y., L. Zhan, and D. D. Rucker. 2014. “Power and Action Orientation: Power as a Catalyst for Consumer Switching Behavior.” Journal of Consumer Research 41 (1): 183–196.
  • Jones, E. E. 1979. “The Rocky Road from Acts to Dispositions.” American Psychologist 34 (2): 107–117.
  • Jones, E. E., and R. E. Nisbett. 1971. “The Actor and the Observer: Divergent Perceptions of the Causes of Behavior.” In Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, edited by E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, and B. Weiner, 79–94. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
  • Kelley, H. H. 1967. “Attribution Theory in Social Psychology.” In Nebraska Symposium on MotivationD. Levine, 192–238. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Kelley, H. H. 1972. “Attribution in Social Interaction.” In Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, edited by E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanhouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, and B. Weiner, 1–26. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
  • Kelley, H. H. 1973. “The Processes of Causal Attribution.” American Psychologist 28 (2): 107–128.
  • Kim, S., and A. L. McGill. 2011. “Gaming with Mr. Slot or Gaming the Slot Machine? Power, Anthropomorphism, and Risk Perception.” Journal of Consumer Research 38 (1): 94–107.
  • Koda, T., and P. Maes. 1996. “Agents with Faces: The Effect of Personification.” Paper presented at the Robot and Human Communication, 1996, 5th IEEE International Workshop on.
  • Koo, J., J. Kwac, W. Ju, M. Steinert, L. Leifer, and C. Nass. 2015. “Why Did My Car Just Do That? Explaining Semi-Autonomous Driving Actions to Improve Driver Understanding, Trust, and Performance.” International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) 9 (4): 269–275.
  • Lake, B. M., R. Salakhutdinov, and J. B. Tenenbaum. 2015. “Human-level Concept Learning Through Probabilistic Program Induction.” Science 350 (6266): 1332–1338.
  • Lim, B. Y., A. K. Dey, and D. Avrahami. 2009. “Why and Why Not Explanations Improve the Intelligibility of Context-Aware Intelligent Systems.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
  • Lyons, J. B., K. S. Koltai, N. T. Ho, W. B. Johnson, D. E. Smith, and R. J. Shively. 2016. “Engineering Trust in Complex Automated Systems.” Ergonomics in Design 24 (1): 13–17.
  • Magee, J. C., and A. D. Galinsky. 2008. “8 Social Hierarchy: The Self-Reinforcing Nature of Power and Status.” Academy of Management Annals 2 (1): 351–398.
  • Malle, B. F. 2006. “The Actor-Observer Asymmetry in Attribution: A (Surprising) Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 132 (6): 895–919.
  • McCarthy, J., M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, and C. E. Shannon. 1955. “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.” Retrieved from http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html.
  • Mu, R., and X. Zeng. 2019. “A Review of Deep Learning Research.” KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS) 13 (4): 1738–1764.
  • Munyon, T. P., M. T. Jenkins, T. R. Crook, J. Edwards, and N. P. Harvey. 2019. “Consequential Cognition: Exploring How Attribution Theory Sheds new Light on the Firm-Level Consequences of Product Recalls.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 40 (5): 587–602.
  • Musto, C., G. Rossiello, M. de Gemmis, P. Lops, and G. Semeraro. 2019. “Combining Text Summarization and Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis of Users’ Reviews to Justify Recommendations.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender systems.
  • Nass, C., and J. Steuer. 1993. “Voices, Boxes, and Sources of Messages.” Human Communication Research 19 (4): 504–527.
  • Niels, A., S. R. Guczka, and M. Janneck. 2016. “The Impact of Causal Attributions on System Evaluation in Usability Tests.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
  • Niels, A., and M. Janneck. 2015. Computer-related Attribution Styles: Typology and Data Collection Methods. Paper presented at the Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2015, Bamberg, Germany.
  • Nikbin, D., I. Ismail, M. Marimuthu, and I. Younis Abu-Jarad. 2011. “The Impact of Firm Reputation on Customers’ Responses to Service Failure: The Role of Failure Attributions.” Business Strategy Series 12 (1): 19–29.
  • Nowak, K. L. 2004. “The Influence of Anthropomorphism and Agency on Social Judgment in Virtual Environments.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 9 (2), JCMC925.
  • Nowak, K. L., and C. Rauh. 2005. “The Influence of the Avatar on Online Perceptions of Anthropomorphism, Androgyny, Credibility, Homophily, and Attraction.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 (1): 153–178.
  • Pettigrew, T. F. 1979. “The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport’s Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 5 (4): 461–476.
  • Pöllänen, E., G. J. Read, B. R. Lane, J. Thompson, and P. M. Salmon. 2020. “Who is to Blame for Crashes Involving Autonomous Vehicles? Exploring Blame Attribution Across the Road Transport System.” Ergonomics 63 (5): 525–537.
  • Pop, V. L., A. Shrewsbury, and F. T. Durso. 2015. “Individual Differences in the Calibration of Trust in Automation.” Human Factors 57 (4): 545–556.
  • Ring, K. 1964. “Some Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction in Hierarchical Relationships: A Motivational Analysis.” Journal of Personality 32 (4): 651–665.
  • Robins, R. W., H. M. Hendin, and K. H. Trzesniewski. 2001. “Measuring Global Self-Esteem: Construct Validation of a Single-Item Measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2): 151–161.
  • Rucker, D. D., and A. D. Galinsky. 2008. “Desire to Acquire: Powerlessness and Compensatory Consumption.” Journal of Consumer Research 35 (2): 257–267.
  • Sadler, G., H. Battiste, N. Ho, L. Hoffmann, W. Johnson, R. Shively, … D. Smith. 2016. “Effects of Transparency on Pilot Trust and Agreement in the Autonomous Constrained Flight Planner.” Paper presented at the 2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC).
  • Sah, Y. J., and W. Peng. 2015. “Effects of Visual and Linguistic Anthropomorphic Cues on Social Perception, Self-Awareness, and Information Disclosure in a Health Website.” Computers in Human Behavior 45: 392–401.
  • Schmidt, G., and B. Weiner. 1988. “An Attribution-Affect-Action Theory of Behavior: Replications of Judgments of Help-Giving.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14 (3): 610–621.
  • Si, Z., and S.-C. Zhu. 2013. “Learning and-or Templates for Object Recognition and Detection.” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 35 (9): 2189–2205.
  • Sichtmann, C., and M. Micevski. 2018. “Attributions of Service Quality: Immigrant Customers’ Perspective.” Journal of Services Marketing 32 (5): 559–569.
  • Specht, N., S. Fichtel, and A. Meyer. 2007. “Perception and Attribution of Employees’ Effort and Abilities: The Impact on Customer Encounter Satisfaction.” International Journal of Service Industry Management 18 (5): 534–554.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., L. S. Fidell, and J. B. Ullman. 2006. Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Taylor, S. E., and J. D. Brown. 1988. “Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health.” Psychological Bulletin 103 (2): 193–210.
  • Thibaut, J. W., and H. W. Riecken. 1955. “Some Determinants and Consequences of the Perception of Social Causality.” Journal of Personality 24 (2): 113–133.
  • Tsai, S.-P. 2009. “Modeling Strategic Management for Cause-Related Marketing.” Marketing Intelligence & Planning 27 (5): 649–665.
  • Tsang, N. K., B. Prideaux, and L. Lee. 2016. “Attribution of Inappropriate Visitor Behavior in a Theme Park Setting – a Conceptual Model.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 33 (8): 1088–1105.
  • Van Vaerenbergh, Y., C. Orsingher, I. Vermeir, and B. Larivière. 2014. “A Meta-Analysis of Relationships Linking Service Failure Attributions to Customer Outcomes.” Journal of Service Research 17 (4): 381–398.
  • Vaswani, A., N. Shazeer, N. Parmar, J. Uszkoreit, L. Jones, A. N. Gomez, … I. Polosukhin. 2017. “Attention is all you Need.” Paper presented at the advances in neural information Processing systems.
  • Voosen, P. 2017. “The AI Detectives.” Science 357 (6346): 22–27.
  • Waytz, A., K. Gray, N. Epley, and D. M. Wegner. 2010. “Causes and Consequences of Mind Perception.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (8): 383–388.
  • Waytz, A., J. Heafner, and N. Epley. 2014. “The Mind in the Machine: Anthropomorphism Increases Trust in an Autonomous Vehicle.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 52: 113–117.
  • Weiner, B. 1979. “A Theory of Motivation for Some Classroom Experiences.” Journal of Educational Psychology 71 (1): 3–25.
  • Weiner, B. 1995. Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social Conduct. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Weiner, B. 2000. “Attributional Thoughts About Consumer Behavior.” Journal of Consumer Research 27 (3): 382–387.
  • Weiner, B. 2010. “The Development of an Attribution-Based Theory of Motivation: A History of Ideas.” Educational Psychologist 45 (1): 28–36.
  • Wexelblat, A. 1998. “Don’t Make That Face: A Report on Anthropomorphizing an Interface.” AAAI Technical Report (SS-98-02), 173–179.
  • Yang, X. J., V. V. Unhelkar, K. Li, and J. A. Shah. 2017. “Evaluating Effects of User Experience and System Transparency on Trust in Automation.” Paper presented at the 2017 12th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction.
  • Zhang, L. 2015. “Online Reviews: The Impact of Power and Incidental Similarity.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 24 (6): 633–651.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.