Effects of online incivility and emotions toward in-groups on cross-cutting attention and political participation

References

• Anderson, A. A., D. Brossard, D. A. Scheufele, M. A. Xenos, and P. Ladwig. 2014. “The “Nasty Effect:” Online Incivility and Risk Perceptions of Emerging Technologies.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 (3): 373–387. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt, H. 1968. Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought. New York: Viking Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arpan, L. M., and R. L. Nabi. 2011. “Exploring Anger in the Hostile Media Process: Effects on News Preferences and Source Evaluation.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 88 (1): 5–22. doi:10.1177/107769901108800101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, I. V., B. Park, and J. Bachelor. 2003. “Understanding Intergroup Anxiety: Are Some People More Anxious Than Others?” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 6 (2): 151–169. doi:10.1177/1368430203006002002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borah, P. 2014. “Does it Matter Where you Read the News Story? Interaction of Incivility and News Frames in the Political Blogosphere.” Communication Research 41 (6): 809–827. doi:10.1177/0093650212449353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee, S. H., and J. Schleuder. 1986. “Measurement and Effects of Attention to Media News.” Human Communication Research 13 (1): 76–107. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00096.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G. M. 2017. Online Incivility and Public Debate: Nasty Talk. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G. M., and S. Lu. 2017. “Online Political Discourse: Exploring Differences in Effects of Civil and Uncivil Disagreement in News Website Comments.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 61 (1): 108–125. doi:10.1080/08838151.2016.1273922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J. 2021. “Cross-cutting Scanning, Integrating, and Interacting: Dimensions of Cross-Cutting Exposure on Social Media and Political Participation.” International Journal of Communication 15: 22. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J., J. K. Lee, and E. T. Metzgar. 2017. “Investigating Effects of Social Media News Sharing on the Relationship Between Network Heterogeneity and Political Participation.” Computers in Human Behavior 75: 25–31. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, K., K. Kenski, and S. A. Rains. 2014. “Online and Uncivil? Patterns and Determinants of Incivility in Newspaper Website Comments.” Journal of Communication 64 (4): 658–679. doi:10.1111/jcom.12104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, D. A., and S. E. Maxwell. 2003. “Testing Mediational Models with Longitudinal Data: Questions and Tips in the use of Structural Equation Modeling.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112 (4): 558–577. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, M. X. D., F. L. Cook, and L. R. Jacobs. 2004. “Public Deliberation, Discursive Participation, and Citizen Engagement: A Review of the Empirical Literature.” Annual Review of Political Science 7: 315–344. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., and E. Peck. 2000. “Affect and Persuasion: Emotional Responses to Public Service Announcements.” Communication Research 27 (4): 461–495. doi:10.1177/009365000027004003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, M., and A. Smith. 2016. “The Political environment on Social Media.” Pew Research Center. http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/25/political-content-on-social-media/.
   Google Scholar
• Eveland, Jr., W. P. 2001. “The Cognitive Mediation Model of Learning from the News: Evidence from Nonelection, off-Year Election, and Presidential Election Contexts.” Communication Research 28 (5): 571–601. doi:10.1177/009365001028005001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, Jr., W. P. 2002. “News Information Processing as Mediator of the Relationship Between Motivations and Political Knowledge.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (1): 26–40. doi:10.1177/107769900207900103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, R. K. 2009. “Echo Chambers Online?: Politically Motivated Selective Exposure among Internet News Users.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14 (2): 265–285. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, B. T. 2015. “Incivility Online: Affective and Behavioral Reactions to Uncivil Political Posts in a web-Based Experiment.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12 (2): 167–185. doi:10.1080/19331681.2014.997416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, J. L. 2007. “Political Intolerance in the Context of Democratic Theory.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, edited by R. Dalton, and H.-D. Klingermann, 323–341. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., A. Veenstra, E. Vraga, and D. Shah. 2010. “Digital Democracy: Reimagining Pathways to Political Participation.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1080/19331680903316742.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. 1 ed. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heatherly, K. A., Y. Lu, and J. K. Lee. 2017. “Filtering out the Other Side? Cross-Cutting and Like-Minded Discussions on Social Networking Sites.” New Media & Society 19 (8): 1271–1289. doi:10.1177/1461444816634677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst, S. 2010. Rude Democracy: Civility and Incivility in American Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, H., Y. Kim, and C. U. Huh. 2014. “Seeing is Believing: Effects of Uncivil Online Debate on Political Polarization and Expectations of Deliberation.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 58 (4): 621–633. doi:10.1080/08838151.2014.966365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, H., Y. Kim, and Y. Kim. 2018. “Influence of Discussion Incivility on Deliberation: An Examination of the Mediating Role of Moral Indignation.” Communication Research 45 (2): 213–240. doi:10.1177/0093650215616861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, H., Z. Pan, and Y. Sun. 2008. “Influence of Hostile Media Perception on Willingness to Engage in Discursive Activities: An Examination of Mediating Role of Media Indignation.” Media Psychology 11 (1): 76–97. doi:10.1080/15213260701813454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacobucci, D., M. J. Schneider, D. L. Popovich, and G. A. Bakamitsos. 2016. “Mean Centering Helps Alleviate “Micro” but not “Macro” Multicollinearity.” Behavior Research Methods 48: 1308–1317. doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0624-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin, J. R., and G. H. McClelland. 2001. “Misleading Heuristics and Moderated Multiple Regression Models.” Journal of Marketing Research 38 (1): 100–109. doi:10.1509/jmkr.38.1.100.18835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, C. D., H. Lavine, and B. Woodson. 2015. “Emotion and Political Judgment: Expectancy Violation and Affective Intelligence.” Political Research Quarterly 68 (3): 474–492. doi:10.1177/1065912915593644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellermann, K., and R. Reynolds. 1990. “When Ignorance is Bliss: The Role of Motivation to Reduce Uncertainty in Uncertainty Reduction Theory.” Human Communication Research 17 (1): 5–75. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1990.tb00226.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, T., and S. Hollbach. 2005. “Group-based Emotions as Determinants of Ingroup.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41 (6): 677–685. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. W. 2018. “Online Incivility in Comment Boards: Partisanship Matters-But What I Think Matters More.” Computers in Human Behavior 85: 405–412. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. W., and G. M. Chen. 2020. “Exploring the Influence of Comment Tone and Content in Response to Misinformation in Social Media News.” Journalism Practice 15 (4): 1–15. doi:10.1080/17512786.2020.1739550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., and Y. Kim. 2019. “Incivility on Facebook and Political Polarization: The Mediating Role of Seeking Further Comments and Negative Emotion.” Computers in Human Behavior 99: 219–227. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, N., A. E. Williams, X. Wang, and H. Lee. 2005. “Talking Politics and Engaging Politics: An Examination of the Interactive Relationships Between Structural Features of Political Talk and Discussion Engagement.” Communication Research 32 (1): 87–111. doi:10.1177/0093650204271400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. 1991. Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. S., and D. Keltner. 2000. “Beyond Valence: Toward a Model of Emotion-Specific Influences on Judgement and Choice.” Cognition and Emotion 14 (4): 473–493. doi:10.1080/026999300402763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, A. C., and S. J. Sherman. 2010. “Perceived Entitativity and the Black-Sheep Effect: When Will we Denigrate Negative Ingroup Members?” The Journal of Social Psychology 150 (2): 211–225. doi:10.1080/00224540903366388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, J., and A. Sokhey. 2014. “Emotion, Motivation, and Social Information Seeking About Politics.” Political Communication 31 (2): 237–258. doi:10.1080/10584609.2013.828138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, D. M., T. Devos, and E. R. Smith. 2000. “Intergroup Emotions: Explaining Offensive Action Tendencies in an Intergroup Context.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (4): 602–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, D. M., A. T. Maitner, and E. R. Smith. 2016. “Intergroup Emotions Theory.” In Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination, edited by T. D. Nelson, 149–174. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, G. E., W. R. Neuman, and M. MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Massaro, T. M., and R. Stryker. 2012. “Freedom of Speech, Liberal Democracy, and Emerging Evidence on Civility and Effective Democratic Engagement.” Arizona Law Review 54: 375–411.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, A. K. 2011. “Does Education Increase Political Participation?” The Journal of Politics 73 (3): 633–645. doi:10.1017/S002238161100034X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, N. D., and Z. L. Tormala. 2010. ““Think” Versus “Feel” Framing Effects in Persuasion.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36 (4): 443–454. doi:10.1177/0146167210362981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. M., D. A. Scheufele, P. Moy, E. M. Horowitz, R. L. Holbert, W. Zhang, S. Zubric, and J. Zubri. 1999. “Understanding Deliberation: The Effects of Discussion Networks on Participation in a Public Forum.” Communication Research 26 (6): 743–774. doi:10.1177/009365099026006005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo, D. F., and D. Stockemer. 2014. “Age and Political Participation in Germany, France and the UK: A Comparative Analysis.” Comparative European Politics 12: 33–53. doi:10.1057/cep.2012.31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muddiman, A. 2017. “Personal and Public Levels of Political Incivility.” International Journal of Communication 11: 3182–3202. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C. 2006. Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative Versus Participatory Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C. 2016. In-your-face Politics: The Consequences of Uncivil Media. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C., and J. J. Mondak. 2006. “The Workplace as a Context for Cross-Cutting Political Discourse.” Journal of Politics 68 (1): 140–155. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00376.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C., and B. Reeves. 2005. “The new Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust.” American Political Science Review 99: 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. 1999. “A Cognitive-Functional Model for the Effects of Discrete Negative Emotions on Information Processing, Attitude Change, and Recall.” Communication Theory 9 (3): 292–320. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00172.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. 2002. “The Theoretical Versus the lay Meaning of Disgust: Implications for Emotion Research.” Cognition & Emotion 16 (5): 695–703. doi:10.1080/02699930143000437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. 2004. “Democracy Online: Civility, Politeness, and the Democratic Potential of Online Political Discussion Groups.” New Media & Society 6 (2): 259–283. doi:10.1177/1461444804041444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, V., J. N. Cappella, and L. Nir. 2002. “Does Disagreement Contribute to More Deliberative Opinion?” Political Communication 19 (1): 95–112. doi:10.1080/105846002317246506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, V., and J. Zaller. 1993. “Who Gets the News? Alternative Measures of News Reception and Their Implications for Research.” Public Opinion Quarterly 57 (2): 133–164. doi:10.1086/269363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossini, P. 2020. “Beyond Incivility: Understanding Patterns of Uncivil and Intolerant Discourse in Online Political Talk.” Communication Research 0093650220921314. doi:10.1177/0093650220921314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santana, A. D. 2014. “Virtuous or Vitriolic: The Effect of Anonymity on Civility in Online Newspaper Reader Comment Boards.” Journalism Practice 8 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1080/17512786.2013.813194.
   Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A., M. C. Nisbet, D. Brossard, and E. C. Nisbet. 2004. “Social Structure and Citizenship: Examining the Impacts of Social Setting, Network Heterogeneity, and Informational Variables on Political Participation.” Political Communication 21 (3): 315–338. doi:10.1080/10584600490481389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., M. L. Finucane, E. Peters, and D. G. MacGregor. 2007. “The Affect Heuristic.” European Journal of Operational Research 177 (3): 1333–1352. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2005.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. R. 1993. “Social Identity and Social Emotions: Toward new Conceptualizations of Prejudice.” In Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception, edited by D. M. Mackie, and D. L. Hamilton, 297–315. San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, H. J., and T. R. Tyler. 1997. “Choosing the Right Pond: The Impact of Group Membership on Self-Esteem and Group-Oriented Behavior.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33 (2): 146–170. doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.1318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobieraj, S., and J. M. Berry. 2011. “From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News.” Political Communication 28 (1): 19–41. doi:10.1080/10584609.2010.542360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, H. 2017. “Why do People (Sometimes) Become Selective About News? The Role of Emotions and Partisan Differences in Selective Approach and Avoidance.” Mass Communication and Society 20 (1): 47–67. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1187755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotirovic, M., and J. M. McLeod. 2001. “Values, Communication Behavior, and Political Participation.” Political Communication 18 (3): 273–300. doi:10.1080/10584600152400347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenbergen, M. R., and C. Ellis. 2006. “Fear and Loathing in American Elections: Context, Traits, and Negative Candidate Affect.” In Feeling Politics, edited by D. P. Redlawsk, 109–133. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Storbeck, J., and G. L. Clore. 2007. “On the Interdependence of Cognition and Emotion.” Cognition and Emotion 21 (6): 1212–1237. doi:10.1080/02699930701438020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydnor, E. 2018. “Platforms for Incivility: Examining Perceptions Across Different Media Formats.” Political Communication 35 (1): 97–116. doi:10.1080/10584609.2017.1355857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydnor, E. 2019. Disrespectful Democracy: The Psychology of Political Incivility. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taber, C. S., and M. Lodge. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 755–769. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1985. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by S. Worchel, and W. G. Austin, 7–24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., and I. Bachmann. 2015. “Pride, Anger, and Cross-Cutting Talk: A Three-Country Study of Emotions and Disagreement in Informal Political Discussions.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 27 (4): 544–564. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edv040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojcieszak, M. E., Y. M. Baek, and M. X. D. Carpini. 2010. “Deliberative and Participatory Democracy? Ideological Strength and the Processes Leading from Deliberation to Political Engagement.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 22 (2): 154–180. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edp050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar