11,417
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Loneliness, life satisfaction, problematic internet use and security behaviours: re-examining the relationships when working from home during COVID-19

, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 3161-3175 | Received 12 Jan 2021, Accepted 21 Aug 2021, Published online: 11 Sep 2021

References

  • Action Fraud. 2020. COVID-19 Related Scams - News and Resources: Action Fraud. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.actionfraud.police.uk/covid19.
  • Ahmad, T. 2020. Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Work from Home: Challenges of Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3568830 or http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3568830.
  • Aivazpour, Z., and V. S. Rao. 2018. "Impulsivity and Risky Cybersecurity Behaviors: A replication." Americas Conference on Information Systems 2018: Digital Disruption, AMCIS 2018.
  • Allington, D., B. Duffy, S. Wessely, N. Dhavan, and J. Rubin. 2020. “Health-protective Behaviour, Social Media Usage and Conspiracy Belief During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency.” Psychological Medicine 9: 1–7.
  • Alotaibi, M. K. N. 2019. “A Hypothesised Model to Examine Susceptibility to Cyber-Social Engineering Through LinkedIn in the Workplace.” HAISA, 203–214. https://dblp.org/db/conf/haisa/haisa2019.html.
  • Anwar, M., W. He, I. Ash, X. Yuan, L. Li, and L. Xu. 2017, April 1. “Gender Difference and Employees’ Cybersecurity Behaviors.” Computers in Human Behavior 69: 437–443.
  • Ayas, T., and M. Horzum. 2013, April 1. “Relation Between Depression, Loneliness, Self-Esteem and Internet Addiction.” Education 133 (3): 283–290.
  • Bada, M., A. M. Sasse, and J. R. Nurse. 2019. “Cyber Security Awareness Campaigns: Why do They Fail to Change Behaviour?” Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre: Draft Working Paper 2014. 118–131. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.02672.
  • Banks, J., and X. Xu. 2020. The Mental Health Effects of the First two Months of Lockdown and Social Distancing During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the UK. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. 10
  • Baumeister, R. F. 1990. “Suicide as Escape from Self.” Psychological Review 97 (1): 90.
  • Baumeister, R. F., and M. R. Leary. 1995. “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.” Psychological Bulletin 117 (3): 497.
  • BBC News. 2020. Coronavirus: Amazon Removes Overpriced Goods and Fake Cures. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-51675183.
  • Benson, T. 2020. Facebook Announces How It Plans to Help Fight the Coronavirus. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.inverse.com/innovation/facebook-is-giving-the-world-healthorganization-free-ads-to-combat-the-coronavirus.
  • Benson, V., C. Hand, and R. Hartshorne. 2019. “How Compulsive Use of Social Media Affects Performance: Insights from the UK by Purpose of Use.” Behaviour & Information Technology 38 (6): 549–563.
  • Berg, B., T. Kaczmarek, A. Kobsa, and G. Tsudik. 2017, July 10. "Lights, Camera, Action! Exploring Effects of Visual Distractions on Completion of Security Tasks." In International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security, edited by D. Gollmann, A. Miyaji, and H. Kikuchi, 124–144. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61204-1_7.
  • Bollen, K. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. London: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Breslau, J., E. Aharoni, E. R. Pedersen, and L. L. Miller. 2015. “A Review of Research on Problematic Internet Use and Well-Being: With Recommendations for the US Air Force.” Rand Health Quarterly 5: 1.
  • British Broadcasting Corporation. 2020. Coronavirus: The World in Lockdown in Maps and Charts. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52103747.
  • Brown, T. 2015. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Caplan, S. E. 2005. "Refining the Cognitive Behavioral Model of Problematic Internet Use." In Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
  • Çelik, ÇB, and H. Odacı. 2013. “The Relationship Between Problematic Internet use and Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions and Life Satisfaction in University Students.” Children and Youth Services Review 35 (3): 505–508.
  • Cellini, N., N. Canale, G. Mioni, and S. Costa. 2020. “Changes in Sleep Pattern, Sense of Time and Digital Media Use During COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy.” Journal of Sleep Research 13074.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. CERC: Psychology of a Crisis. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Chou, W. Y. S., A. Oh, and W. M. Klein. 2018. “Addressing Health-Related Misinformation on Social Media.” Jama 320 (23): 2417–2418.
  • Chung, S. K., X. W. Chan, P. Lanier, and P. Wong. 2020. Associations Between Work-family Balance, Parenting Stress, and Marital Conflicts During COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore.
  • Coutlee, C. G., C. S. Politzer, R. H. Hoyle, and S. A. Huettel. 2014. “An Abbreviated Impulsiveness Scale Constructed Through Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11.” Archives of Scientific Psychology 2 (1): 1.
  • David, C. C., M. R. S. San Pascual, and M. E. S. Torres. 2019. “Reliance on Facebook for News and its Influence on Political Engagement.” PloS one 14 (3): e0212263.
  • de Jong Gierveld J. 1998. “A Review of Loneliness: Concept and Definitions, Determinants and Consequences.” Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 8 (1): 73–80.
  • De Leo, J. A., and E. Wulfert. 2013. “Problematic Internet Use and Other Risky Behaviors in College Students: An Application of Problem-Behavior Theory.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 27 (1): 133.
  • Demetrovics, Z., O. Király, B. Koronczai, M. D. Griffiths, K. Nagygyörgy, Z. Elekes, D. Tamás, B. Kun, G. Kökönyei, and R. Urbán. 2016. “Psychometric Properties of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire Short-Form (PIUQ-SF-6) in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents.” PLoS One 11 (8): e0159409.
  • Department of Health and Social Care. 2021. Government Sets Out New Action to Tackle B1.617.2 Variant. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-sets-out-new-action-to-tackle-b16172-variant.
  • Dhir, A., S. Chen, and M. Nieminen. 2015. “A Repeat Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) with Adolescents from Public and Private Schools.” Computers & Education 86 (86): 172–181.
  • Diener, E., R. A. Emmons, R. J. Larsen, and S. Griffin. 1985. “The Satisfaction with Life Scale.” Journal of Personality Assessment 49 (1): 71–75.
  • Donaldson, S. I., and E. J. Grant-Vallone. 2002. “Understanding Self-Report Bias in Organizational Behavior Research.” Journal of Business and Psychology 17 (2): 245–260.
  • Duddu, P. 2020. COVID-19 Coronavirus: Top Ten Most-affected Countries. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/covid-19-coronavirus-top-ten-most-affected-countries/.
  • Egelman, S., M. Harbach, and E. Peer. 2016. "Behavior Ever Follows Intention? A Validation of the Security Behavior Intentions Scale (SeBIS)." Proceedings of the 2016 Chi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 5257–5261.
  • Egelman, S., and E. Peer. 2015. "Scaling the Security Wall: Developing a Security Behavior Intentions Scale (SEBIS)." Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2873–2882.
  • Europol. 2020. Catching the Virus Cybercrime, Disinformation and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/catching-virus-cybercrime-disinformation-and-covid-19-pandemic.
  • FBI National Press Office. 2020. FBI Warns Health Care Professionals of Increased Potential for Fraudulent Sales of COVID-19-Related Medical Equipment. Washington, D.C.: FBI. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-warns-health-care-professionals-of-increased-potential-for-fraudulent-sales-of-covid-19-related-medical-equipment.
  • Felstead, A., and G. Henseke. 2017. “Assessing the Growth of Remote Working and its Consequences for Effort, Well-Being and Work-Life Balance.” New Technology Work and Employment 32 (3): 195–212.
  • Fischer, M. 2020. Maintaining Employee Morale in a Remote Work Environment. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/martifischer/2020/03/17/maintaining-employee-morale-in-a-remote-work-environment/#1498b98d5472.
  • Foroughi, B., M. Iranmanesh, D. Nikbin, and S. S. Hyun. 2019, October 1. “Are Depression and Social Anxiety the Missing Link Between Facebook Addiction and Life Satisfaction? The Interactive Effect of Needs and Self-Regulation.” Telematics and Informatics 43 (101247). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736585319302345.
  • Forrest, K. 2020. Lambeth Trading Standards Tackle Price Gouging and Unsafe PPE. Accessed August 13 2021. https://love.lambeth.gov.uk/trading-standards-tackle-price-gouging/.
  • Gao, W., Z. Liu, and J. Li. 2017. “How Does Social Presence Influence SNS Addiction? A Belongingness Theory Perspective.” Computers in Human Behavior 77: 347–355.
  • Garfin, D. R. 2020. “Technology as a Coping Tool During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications and Recommendations.” Stress and Health 36 (4): 555–559.
  • Greenfield, D. N., and R. A. Davis. 2002. “Lost in Cyberspace: The Web Work.” CyberPsychology & Behavior 5 (4): 347–353.
  • Griffiths, M. 2010. “Internet Abuse and Internet Addiction in the Workplace.” Journal of Workplace Learning 22 (7): 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665621011071127.
  • Gundu, T. 2019. "Acknowledging and Reducing the Knowing and Doing Gap in Employee Cybersecurity Complaince." In ICCWS 2019 14th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 94–102.
  • Hadlington, L. 2017. “Human Factors in Cybersecurity; Examining the Link Between Internet Addiction, Impulsivity, Attitudes Towards Cybersecurity, and Risky Cybersecurity Behaviours.” Heliyon 3 (7): e00346.
  • Hadlington, L., and K. Murphy. 2018. “Is Media Multitasking Good for Cybersecurity? Exploring the Relationship Between Media Multitasking and Everyday Cognitive Failures on Self-Reported Risky Cybersecurity Behaviors. Cyberpsychology.” Behavior, and Social Networking 21 (3): 168–172.
  • Hadlington, L., and K. Parsons. 2017. “Can Cyberloafing and Internet Addiction Affect Organizational Information Security?. Cyberpsychology.” Behavior, and Social Networking 20 (9): 567–571.
  • Hair, J., W. Black, B. Y. A. Babin, R. Anderson, and R. Tatham. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Hayes, S., J. L. Priestley, N. Ishmakhametov, and H. E. Ray. 2020. “I’m not Working from Home, I’m Living at Work”: Perceived Stress and Work-Related Burnout Before and During COVID-19. Kennesaw State University: Kennesaw, GA, USA, 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vnkwa.
  • Herath, T., and H. R. Rao. 2009 Apr. “Protection Motivation and Deterrence: A Framework for Security Policy Compliance in Organisations.” European Journal of Information Systems 18 (2): 106–125.
  • Hern, A. 2020. Covid-19 Could Cause Permanent Shift Towards Home Working. The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/13/covid-19-could-cause-permanent-shift-towards-home-working Accessed 13 Aug 2021.
  • Hu, L. T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus new Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1–55.
  • Hughes, M. E., L. J. Waite, L. C. Hawkley, and J. T. Cacioppo. 2004. “A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results from two Population-Based Studies.” Research on Aging 26 (6): 655–672.
  • Jessor, R., and S. L. Jessor. 1977. Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth 1977 New York.
  • Kagan, D., G. F. Alpert, and M. Fire. 2020. Zooming into Video Conferencing Privacy and Security Threats. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.01059.
  • Karahanna, E., S. X. Xu, Y. Xu, and N. A. Zhang. 2018. “The Needs–Affordances–Features Perspective for the Use of Social Media.” Mis Quarterly 42 (3): 737–756.
  • Kim, J., R. LaRose, and W. Peng. 2009. “Loneliness as the Cause and the Effect of Problematic Internet Use: The Relationship Between Internet Use and Psychological Well-Being.” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 12 (4): 451–455.
  • Kumar, P., N. Kumar, P. Aggarwal, and J. A. Yeap. 2021. “Working in Lockdown: The Relationship Between COVID-19 Induced Work Stressors, Job Performance, Distress, and Life Satisfaction.” Current Psychology 14: 1–6.
  • Lallie, H. S., L. A. Shepherd, J. R. Nurse, A. Erola, G. Epiphaniou, C. Maple, and X. Bellekens. 2021. “Cyber Security in the Age of Covid-19: A Timeline and Analysis of Cyber-Crime and Cyber-Attacks During the Pandemic.” Computers & Security 105: 102248.
  • Li, S., Y. Wang, J. Xue, N. Zhao, and T. Zhu. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (6): 2032.
  • Ling, C., U. Balcı, J. Blackburn, and G. Stringhini. 2020. A First Look at Zoombombing. In 2021 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP), San Francisco, CA, US. 2021: 1452–1467. doi: 10.1109/SP40001.2021.00061.
  • Lopez-Fernandez, O., and D. J. Kuss. 2020. “Preventing Harmful Internet Use-Related Addiction Problems in Europe: A Literature Review and Policy Options.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (11): 3797.
  • Mahapatra, S. 2019. “Smartphone Addiction and Associated Consequences: Role of Loneliness and Self-Regulation.” Behaviour & Information Technology 38 (8): 833–844.
  • Marshall, M., J. Bibby, and I. Abbs. 2020. Emerging Evidence on COVID-19’s Impact on Mental Health and Health Inequalities. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/blogs/emerging-evidence-on-covid-19s-impact-on-mental-health-and-health.
  • McBride, M., L. Carter, and M. Warkentin. 2012. “Exploring the Role of Individual Employee Characteristics and Personality on Employee Compliance with Cybersecurity Policies.” RTI International-Institute for Homeland Security Solutions 5 (1): 1.
  • Meerkerk, G. J., R. J. Van Den Eijnden, A. A. Vermulst, and H. F. Garretsen. 2009, February 1. “The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS): Some Psychometric Properties.” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 12 (1): 1–6.
  • Moretta, T., and G. Buodo. 2020. “Problematic Internet Use and Loneliness: How Complex is the Relationship? A Short Literature Review.” Current Addiction Reports 7 (2): 125–136.
  • Morphisec. 2020. Morphisec's 2020 WFH Employee Cybersecurity Threat Index. Accessed August 13 2021. https://engage.morphisec.com/wfh-employee-cybersecurity-threat-index.
  • Mustajab, D., A. Bauw, A. Rasyid, A. Irawan, M. A. Akbar, and M. A. Hamid. 2020, April 30. “Working from Home Phenomenon as an Effort to Prevent COVID-19 Attacks and its Impacts on Work Productivity.” The International Journal of Applied Business 4 (1): 13–21.
  • Nunnally, J. C. 1994. Psychometric Theory 3E. Tata McGraw-Hill education. https://books.google.com.qa/books/about/Psychometric_Theory_3E.html?id=_6R_f3G58JsC&redir_esc=y.
  • Office for National Statistics. 2020a. Coronavirus and Homeworking in the UK: April 2020. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/coronavirusandhomeworkingintheuk/april2020.
  • Office for National Statistics. 2020b. Coronavirus and Loneliness, Great Britain: 3 April to 3 May 2020. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/coronavirusandlonelinessgreatbritain/3aprilto3may2020.
  • Ohno, S. 2016, October 1. “Internet Escapism and Addiction among Japanese Senior High School Students.” International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 9 (4): 399–406.
  • Özdemir, Y., Y. Kuzucu, and Ş Ak. 2014. “Depression, Loneliness and Internet Addiction: How Important is Low Self-Control?” Computers in Human Behavior 34: 284–290.
  • Panda Security. 2020. 43 COVID-19 Cybersecurity Statistics. Panda Security. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.pandasecurity.com/mediacenter/news/covid-cybersecurity-statistics.
  • Pham, H. C., L. Brennan, and S. Furnell. 2019. “Information Security Burnout: Identification of Sources and Mitigating Factors from Security Demands and Resources.” Journal of Information Security and Applications 46: 96–107.
  • Reeves, A., P. Delfabbro, and D. Calic. 2021, March. “Encouraging Employee Engagement With Cybersecurity: How to Tackle Cyber Fatigue.” SAGE Open 11 (1): 21582440211000049.
  • Richtel, M. 2020. W.H.O. Fights a Pandemic Besides Coronavirus: An ‘Infodemic’. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/health/coronavirus-misinformationsocial-media.html.
  • Rubin, O., A. Nikolaeva, S. Nello-Deakin, and M. te Brömmelstroet. 2020. What Can we Learn from the COVID-19 Pandemic About How People Experience Working from Home and Commuting? Centre for Urban Studies. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.
  • Sadler, T. 2020. State of Data Loss Prevention: 2020 Tessian Report. Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.tessian.com/resources/#report/.
  • Shappie, A. T., C. A. Dawson, and S. M. Debb. 2020. “Personality as a Predictor of Cybersecurity Behavior.” Psychology of Popular Media 9 (4): 475–480. doi:10.1037/ppm0000247.
  • Shinkins, A. 2016. Examination of the Relationship Between Online Cognition, Predictor Variables of Psychosocial Well-being and Personality Traits. Dissertation, Dublin Business School.
  • Smith, B. J., and M. H. Lim. 2020. How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Focusing Attention on Loneliness and Social Isolation. Public Health Research and Practice, 30, e3022008.
  • Suldo, S. M., and E. S. Huebner. 2004. “Does Life Satisfaction Moderate the Effects of Stressful Life Events on Psychopathological Behavior During Adolescence?” School Psychology Quarterly 19 (2): 93.
  • Sun, Y., and Y. Zhang. 2020. “A Review of Theories and Models Applied in Studies of Social Media Addiction and Implications for Future Research.” Addictive Behaviors 10: 106699.
  • Turel, O., M. Mouttapa, and E. Donato. 2015. “Preventing Problematic Internet Use Through Video-Based Interventions: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Test.” Behaviour & Information Technology 34 (4): 349–362.
  • Uebelacker, S., and S. Quiel. 2014. The Social Engineering Personality Framework, 2014 Workshop on Socio-Technical Aspects in Security and Trust. IEEE, 24-30.
  • Walburg, V., A. Mialhes, and D. Moncla. 2016. “Does School-Related Burnout Influence Problematic Facebook Use?” Children and Youth Services Review 61: 327–331.
  • World Health Organization. 2020. Rolling Updates on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Accessed August 13 2021. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
  • Yoo, C. W., J. Goo, and H. R. Rao. 2020. “Is Cybersecurity a Team Sport? A Multilevel Examination of Workgroup Information Security Effectiveness.” MIS Quarterly 44: 2.
  • Young, K. S., and C. J. Case. 2004. “Internet Abuse in the Workplace: new Trends in Risk Management.” CyberPsychology & Behavior 7 (1): 105–111.
  • Zhang, S. X., Y. Wang, A. Rauch, and F. Wei. 2020. “Unprecedented Disruption of Lives and Work: Health, Distress and Life Satisfaction of Working Adults in China one Month Into the COVID-19 Outbreak.” Psychiatry Research 288: 112958.
  • Zhou, Y., F. C. Lin, Y. S. Du, Z. M. Zhao, J. R. Xu, and H. Lei. 2011. “Gray Matter Abnormalities in Internet Addiction: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study.” European Journal of Radiology 79 (1): 92–95.
  • Zulkurnain, A. U., A. Hamidy, A. B. Husain, and H. Chizari. 2015. “Social Engineering Attack Mitigation.” International Journal of Mathematics and Computational Science 1 (4): 188–198.