455
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Problematic smartphone use on mental health: a systematic mapping study and taxonomy

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 2808-2831 | Received 30 May 2022, Accepted 10 Nov 2022, Published online: 14 Dec 2022

References

  • Ahmed, M. S., R. J. Rony, T. Hasan, and N. Ahmed. 2020. “Smartphone Usage Behavior Between Depressed and Non-Depressed Students: An Exploratory Study in the Context of Bangladesh.” In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2020 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2020 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, UbiComp-ISWC '20, 675–679. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. doi:10.1145/3410530.3414441.
  • Al-Kandari, Y. Y., and M. M. Al-Sejari. 2021. “Social Isolation, Social Support and Their Relationship with Smartphone Addiction.” Information Communication and Society 24 (13): 1925–1943. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1749698.
  • Alageel, A. A., R. A. Alyahya, Y. A. Bahatheq, N. A. Alzunaydi, R. A. Alghamdi, N. M. Alrahili, R. S. McIntyre, and M. Iacobucci. 2021. “Smartphone Addiction and Associated Factors Among Postgraduate Students in An Arabic Sample: A Cross-sectional Study.” BMC Psychiatry 21 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03285-0.
  • Alan, H., E. Ozen Bekar, and S. Güngör. 2021. “An Investigation of the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Job Performance of Healthcare Employees.” Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 58 (4): 1918–1924. doi:10.1111/ppc.13006.
  • Alavi, S. S., M. Ferdosi, F. Jannatifard, M. Eslami, H. Alaghemandan, and M. Setare. 2012. “Behavioral Addiction Versus Substance Addiction: Correspondence of Psychiatric and Psychological Views.” International Journal of Preventive Medicine 3 (4): 290.
  • Al Battashi, N., O. Al Omari, M. Sawalha, S. Al Maktoumi, A. Alsuleitini, and M. Al Qadire. 2021. “The Relationship Between Smartphone Use, Insomnia, Stress, and Anxiety Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Clinical Nursing Research 30 (6): 734–740. doi:10.1177/1054773820983161.
  • Alhassan, A. A., E. M. Alqadhib, N. W. Taha, R. A. Alahmari, M. Salam, and A. F. Almutairi. 2018, May. “The Relationship Between Addiction to Smartphone Usage and Depression Among Adults: a Cross Sectional Study.” BMC Psychiatry 18: 1–8. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1745-4.
  • Alheneidi, H., L. AlSumait, D. AlSumait, and A. P. Smith. 2021. “Loneliness and Problematic Internet Use During Covid-19 Lock-down.” Behavioral Sciences 11 (1): 5. doi:10.3390/bs11010005.
  • Almarzooqi, M. A., O. A. Alhaj, M. M. Alrasheed, M. Helmy, K. Trabelsi, A. Ebrahim, S. Hattab, H. A. Jahrami, and H. B. Saad. 2022. “Symptoms of Nomophobia, Psychological Aspects, Insomnia and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study of ESports Players in Saudi Arabia.” Healthcare (Switzerland) 10 (2): 257. doi:10.3390/healthcare10020257.
  • Andreetta, J., J. Teh MSc, T. L. Burleigh, R. Gomez, and V. Stavropoulos. 2020. “Associations Between Comorbid Stress and Internet Gaming Disorder Symptoms: Are there Cultural and Gender Variations?.” Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 12 (2): e12387. doi:10.1111/appy.12387.
  • Annoni, A. M., S. Petrocchi, A. L. Camerini, and L. Marciano. 2021. “The Relationship Between Social Anxiety, Smartphone Use, Dispositional Trust and Problematic Smartphone Use: A Moderated Mediation Model.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (5): 1–16. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052452.
  • Arrivillaga, C., L. Rey, and N. Extremera. 2020, September. “Adolescents' Problematic Internet and Smartphone Use is Related to Suicide Ideation: Does Emotional Intelligence Make a Difference?.” Computers in Human Behavior 110: 106375. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106375.
  • Arrivillaga, C., L. Rey, and N. Extremera. 2022. “Psychological Distress, Rumination and Problematic Smartphone Use Among Spanish Adolescents: An Emotional Intelligence-based Conditional Process Analysis.” Journal of Affective Disorders 296 (Feb. 2021): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.021.
  • Augner, C., T. Vlasak, W. Aichhorn, and A. Barth. 2022. “Tackling the ‘digital Pandemic’: The Effectiveness of Psychological Intervention Strategies in Problematic Internet and Smartphone Use–A Meta-analysis.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 56 (3): 219–229. doi:10.1177/00048674211042793.
  • Ayandele, O., O. A. Popoola, and T. O. Oladiji. 2020. “Addictive Use of Smartphone, Depression and Anxiety Among Female Undergraduates in Nigeria: a Cross-sectional Study.” Journal of Health Research34 (5): 443–453. doi:10.1108/JHR-10-2019-0225.
  • Balhara, Y. P. S., D. Kattula, S. Singh, S. Chukkali, and R. Bhargava. 2020. “Impact of Lockdown Following COVID-19 on the Gaming Behavior of College Students.” Indian Journal of Public Health64: S172–S176. doi:10.4103/ijph.IJPH_465_20.
  • Bavaresco, R., J. Barbosa, H. Vianna, P. Büttenbender, and L. Dias. 2020. “Design and Evaluation of a Context-aware Model Based on Psychophysiology.” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine189: Article ID 105299. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105299.
  • Bhatt, S., and A. Gaur. 2019. “Psychological Risk Factors Associated with Internet and Smartphone Addiction Among Students of An Indian Dental Institute.” Indian Journal of Public Health 63 (4): 313–317. doi:10.4103/ijph.IJPH_330_18.
  • Billieux, J., P. Maurage, O. Lopez-Fernandez, D. J. Kuss, and M. D. Griffiths. 2015. “Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research.” Current Addiction Reports 2 (2): 156–162. doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y.
  • Bonnaire, C., and D. Baptista. 2019. “Internet Gaming Disorder in Male and Female Young Adults: The Role of Alexithymia, Depression, Anxiety and Gaming Type.” Psychiatry Research 272: 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.158.
  • Bragazzi, N. L., T. S. Re, and R. Zerbetto. 2019. “The Relationship Between Nomophobia and Maladaptive Coping Styles in a Sample of Italian Young Adults: Insights and Implications From a Cross-sectional Study.” JMIR Mental Health 6 (4): Article ID e13154. doi:10.2196/13154.
  • Brailovskaia, J., J. Stirnberg, D. Rozgonjuk, J. Margraf, and J. D. Elhai. 2021. “From Low Sense of Control to Problematic Smartphone Use Severity During Covid-19 Outbreak: The Mediating Role of Fear of Missing out and the Moderating Role of Repetitive Negative Thinking.” PloS One 16 (Dec. 12): e0261023. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261023.
  • Busch, P. A., and S. McCarthy. 2021. “Antecedents and Consequences of Problematic Smartphone Use: A Systematic Literature Review of An Emerging Research Area.” Computers in Human Behavior 114: Article ID 106414. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414.
  • Canale, N., T. Moretta, L. Pancani, G. Buodo, A. Vieno, M. Dalmaso, and J. Billieux. 2021. “A Test of the Pathway Model of Problematic Smartphone Use.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10 (1): 181–193. doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00103.
  • Chen, H. C., J. Y. Wang, Y. L. Lin, and S. Y. Yang. 2020. “Association of Internet Addiction with Family Functionality, Depression, Self-efficacy and Self-esteem Among Early Adolescents.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (23): 1–13. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238820.
  • Choi, E. H., M. Y. Chun, I. Lee, Y. G. Yoo, and M. J. Kim. 2020. “The Effect of Mind Subtraction Meditation Intervention on Smartphone Addiction and the Psychological Wellbeing Among Adolescents.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (9): 3263. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093263.
  • Choi, M. J., S. J. Lee, H. Kim, D. J. Kim, and I. Y. Choi. 2021. “Effectiveness of An Mhealth Application to Overcome Problematic Smartphone Use: Comparing Mental Health of a Smartphone Control-use Group and a Problematic-use Group.” Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 11 (18): 8716. doi:10.3390/app11188716.
  • Cooper, I. D. 2016. “What is a ‘mapping Study?’.” Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA104 (1): 76. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.104.1.013.
  • Cui, G., Y. Yin, S. Li, L. Chen, X. Liu, K. Tang, and Y. Li. 2021. “Longitudinal Relationships Among Problematic Mobile Phone Use, Bedtime Procrastination, Sleep Quality and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese College Students: A Cross-lagged Panel Analysis.” BMC Psychiatry 21 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03451-4.
  • De-Sola Gutiérrez, J., F. Rodríguez de Fonseca, and G. Rubio. 2016. “Cell-phone Addiction: A Review.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 7: 175. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00175.
  • Demirci, K., M. Akgönül, and A. Akpinar. 2015. “Relationship of Smartphone Use Severity with Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety in University Students.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4 (2): 85–92. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.010.
  • Dias, L. P. S., J. L. V. Barbosa, L. P. Feijó, and H. D. Vianna. 2020. “Development and Testing of Iaware Model for Ubiquitous Care of Patients with Symptoms of Stress, Anxiety and Depression.” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 187: Article ID 105113. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105113.
  • Dong, H., F. Yang, X. Lu, and W. Hao. 2020. “Internet Addiction and Related Psychological Factors Among Children and Adolescents in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 11: 751. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751.
  • dos Santos Paula, L., J. L. V. Barbosa, and L. P. S. Dias. 2021. “A Model for Assisting in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorder.” Universal Access in the Information Society 21 (2): 533–543. doi:10.1007/s10209-020-00786-9.
  • Elhai, J. D., R. D. Dvorak, J. C. Levine, and B. J. Hall. 2017. “Problematic Smartphone Use: A Conceptual Overview and Systematic Review of Relations with Anxiety and Depression Psychopathology.” Journal of Affective Disorders 207: 251–259. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030.
  • Elhai, J. D., E. F. Gallinari, D. Rozgonjuk, and H. Yang. 2020. “Depression, Anxiety and Fear of Missing out As Correlates of Social, Non-social and Problematic Smartphone Use.” Addictive Behaviors 105: Article ID 106335. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106335.
  • Elhai, J. D., B. J. Hall, and M. C. Erwin. 2018. “Emotion Regulation's Relationships with Depression, Anxiety and Stress Due to Imagined Smartphone and Social Media Loss.” Psychiatry Research 261: 28–34. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.045.
  • Elhai, J. D., J. C. Levine, R. D. Dvorak, and B. J. Hall. 2016. “Fear of Missing out, Need for Touch, Anxiety and Depression are Related to Problematic Smartphone Use.” Computers in Human Behavior63: 509–516. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079.
  • Elhai, J. D., J. C. Levine, R. D. Dvorak, and B. J. Hall. 2017. “Non-Social Features of Smartphone Use are Most Related to Depression.” anxiety and Problematic Smartphone Use, Computers in Human Behavior 69: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.023.
  • Elhai, J. D., J. C. Levine, and B. J. Hall. 2019. “The Relationship Between Anxiety Symptom Severity and Problematic Smartphone Use: A Review of the Literature and Conceptual Frameworks.” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 62 (Nov. 2018): 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.005.
  • Elhai, J. D., D. McKay, H. Yang, C. Minaya, C. Montag, and G. J. Asmundson. 2021. “Health Anxiety Related to Problematic Smartphone Use and Gaming Disorder Severity During COVID-19: Fear of Missing out As a Mediator.” Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 3 (1): 137–146. doi:10.1002/hbe2.227.
  • Elhai, J. D., D. Rozgonjuk, A. M. Alghraibeh, and H. Yang. 2021. “Disrupted Daily Activities From Interruptive Smartphone Notifications: Relations With Depression and Anxiety Severity and the Mediating Role of Boredom Proneness.” Social Science Computer Review 39 (1): 20–37. doi:10.1177/0894439319858008.
  • Elhai, J. D., H. Yang, A. E. Dempsey, and C. Montag. 2020. “Rumination and Negative Smartphone Use Expectancies are Associated with Greater Levels of Problematic Smartphone Use: A Latent Class Analysis.” Psychiatry Research 285 (Feb): Article ID 112845. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112845.
  • Elhai, J. D., H. Yang, D. McKay, and G. J. Asmundson. 2020. “COVID-19 Anxiety Symptoms Associated with Problematic Smartphone Use Severity in Chinese Adults.” Journal of Affective Disorders 274 (May): 576–582. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.080.
  • Fang, W. T., E. Ng, S. M. Liu, Y. T. Chiang, and M. C. Chang. 2021. “Determinants of Pro-environmental Behavior Among Excessive Smartphone Usage Children and Moderate Smartphone Usage Children in Taiwan.” PeerJ 9: 1–29. doi:10.7717/peerj.11635.
  • Fazeli, S., I. Mohammadi Zeidi, C. Y. Lin, P. Namdar, M. D. Griffiths, D. K. Ahorsu, and A. H. Pakpour. 2020. “Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Mediate the Associations Between Internet Gaming Disorder, Insomnia, and Quality of Life During the COVID-19 Outbreak.” Addictive Behaviors Reports12: 100307. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100307.
  • Firth, J., J. Torous, B. Stubbs, J. A. Firth, G. Z. Steiner, L. Smith, M. Alvarez-Jimenez, et al. 2019. “The ‘online Brain’: How the Internet May Be Changing Our Cognition.” World Psychiatry 18 (2): 119–129. doi:10.1002/wps.20617.
  • Galhardo, A., D. Loureiro, I. Massano-Cardoso, and M. Cunha. 2022. “Adaptation of the European Portuguese Version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire for Adolescents, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1–18. doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00754-9.
  • Gao, T., J. Li, H. Zhang, J. Gao, Y. Kong, Y. Hu, and S. Mei. 2018. “The Influence of Alexithymia on Mobile Phone Addiction: The Role of Depression, Anxiety and Stress.” Journal of Affective Disorders225: 761–766. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.020.
  • Gao, L., C. Yang, X. Yang, X. Chu, Q. Liu, and Z. Zhou. 2022. “Negative Emotion and Problematic Mobile Phone Use: The Mediating Role of Rumination and the Moderating Role of Social Support.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 25 (1): 138–151. doi:10.1111/ajsp.12471.
  • García-Manglano, J., C. López-Madrigal, C. Sádaba-Chalezquer, C. Serrano, and O. Lopez-Fernandez. 2022. “Difficulties in Establishing ‘truth’ Conditions in the Assessment of Addictive Smartphone Use in Young Adults.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health19 (1): 358. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010358.
  • Geng, Y., J. Gu, J. Wang, and R. Zhang. 2021. “Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Anxiety: The Role of Bedtime Procrastination and Self-control.” Journal of Affective Disorders 293: 415–421. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062.
  • Geyer, K., X. Carbonell, M. Beranuy, and F. Calvo. 2021. “Absence of Objective Differences Between Self-identified Addicted and Healthy Smartphone Users?.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (7): 3702. doi:10.3390/ijerph18073702.
  • Grant, J. E., K. Lust, and S. R. Chamberlain. 2019. “Problematic Smartphone Use Associated with Greater Alcohol Consumption, Mental Health Issues, Poorer Academic Performance, and Impulsivity.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 8 (2): 335–342. doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.32.
  • Gugushvili, N., K. Täht, D. Rozgonjuk, M. Raudlam, R. Ruiter, and P. Verduyn. 2020. “Two Dimensions of Problematic Smartphone Use Mediate the Relationship Between Fear of Missing out and Emotional Well-being.” Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 14 (2). doi:10.5817/CP2020-2-3.
  • Guo, W., Y. Tao, X. Li, X. Lin, Y. Meng, X. Yang, H. Wang, et al. 2020. “Associations of Internet Addiction Severity with Psychopathology, Serious Mental Illness, and Suicidality: Large-sample Cross-sectional Study.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (8): e17560. doi:10.2196/17560.
  • Gupta, M., and A. Sharma. 2021. “Fear of Missing out: A Brief Overview of Origin, Theoretical Underpinnings and Relationship with Mental Health.” World Journal of Clinical Cases 9 (19): 4881. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4881.
  • Han, L., J. Geng, M. Jou, F. Gao, and H. Yang. 2017. “Relationship Between Shyness and Mobile Phone Addiction in Chinese Young Adults: Mediating Roles of Self-control and Attachment Anxiety.” Computers in Human Behavior 76: 363–371. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.036.
  • Hao, Z., L. Jin, J. Huang, R. Lyu, and Q. Cui. 2021. “Academic Burnout and Problematic Smartphone Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effects of Anxiety and Resilience.” Frontiers in Psychiatry12 (Oct): 1–9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.725740.
  • Herrero, J., A. Torres, P. Vivas, Á. E. Arenas, and A. Urueña. 2021. “Examining the Empirical Links Between Digital Social Pressure, Personality, Psychological Distress, Social Support, Users' Residential Living Conditions, and Smartphone Addiction.” Social Science Computer Review 40 (5): 1153–1170. doi:10.1177/0894439321998357.
  • Hong, Y. P., Y. O. Yeom, and M. H. Lim. 2021. “Relationships Between Smartphone Addiction and Smartphone Usage Types, Depression, ADHD, Stress, Interpersonal Problems, and Parenting Attitude with Middle School Students.” Journal of Korean Medical Science 36 (19): 1–13. doi:10.3346/JKMS.2021.36.E129.
  • Hu, T., Y. Wang, L. Lin, and W. Tang. 2021. “The Mediating Role of Daytime Sleepiness Between Problematic Smartphone Use and Post-traumatic Symptoms in COVID-19 Home-refined Adolescents.” Children and Youth Services Review 126 (Oct. 2020): Article ID 106012. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106012.
  • Huang, S., X. Lai, Y. Li, Y. Luo, and Y. Wang. 2021. “Understanding Juveniles' Problematic Smartphone Use and Related Influencing Factors: A Network Perspective.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10 (3): 811–826. doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00048.
  • Hussain, Z., M. D. Griffiths, and D. Sheffield. 2017. “An Investigation Into Problematic Smartphone Use: The Role of Narcissism, Anxiety, and Personality Factors.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6 (3): 378–386. doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.052.
  • Ivanova, A., O. Gorbaniuk, A. Błachnio, A. Przepiórka, N. Mraka, V. Polishchuk, and J. Gorbaniuk. 2020. “Mobile Phone Addiction, Phubbing, and Depression Among Men and Women: A Moderated Mediation Analysis.” Psychiatric Quarterly 91 (3): 655–668. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09723-8.
  • Jahrami, H., M. Rashed, M. M. Alrasheed, N. L. Bragazzi, Z. Saif, O. Alhaj, A. S. Bahammam, and M. V. Vitiello. 2021. “Nomophobia is Associated with Insomnia But Not with Age, Sex, Bmi, Or Mobile Phone Screen Size in Young Adults.” Nature and Science of Sleep 13: 1931–1941. doi:10.2147/NSS.S335462.
  • Jo, S., I. C. Baek, M. Fava, D. Mischoulon, J. P. Hong, H. Kim, M. J. Park, E. J. Kim, and H. J. Jeon. 2021. “Association of Smartphone Overuse with Depression.” anxiety, and Other Addictive Behaviors: A Nationwide Community Sample of Korean Adults, Psychiatry Research 304 (Nov. 2020): Article ID 114133. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114133.
  • Júnior, L. J. F. S., C. H. T. Ribeiro, L. de Sousa Fortes, B. T. Barbosa, and L. V. da Silva Neto. 2021. “Smartphone Addiction is Associated with Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Tension, Confusion, and Insomnia: A Cross-sectional and Comparative Study with Physically and Non-physically Active Adults in Self-isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Salud Mental 44 (4): 193–200. doi:10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2021.025.
  • Kater, M. J., and A. A. Schlarb. 2020. “Smartphone Usage in Adolescents – Motives and Link to Sleep Disturbances, Stress and Sleep Reactivity.” Somnologie 24 (4): 245–252. doi:10.1007/s11818-020-00272-7.
  • Keele., S. 2007. Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering. Tech. rep., Citeseer. Accessed July 11 2021.
  • Keshav, S. 2007. “How to Read a Paper.” SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 37 (3): 83–84. doi:10.1145/1273445.1273458.
  • Khoo, S. S., and H. Yang. 2021. “Smartphone Addiction and Checking Behaviors Predict Aggression: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (24): Article ID 13020. doi:10.3390/ijerph182413020.
  • Kil, N., J. Kim, J. T. McDaniel, J. Kim, and K. Kensinger. 2021. “Examining Associations Between Smartphone Use, Smartphone Addiction, and Mental Health Outcomes: A Cross-sectional Study of College Students.” Health Promotion Perspectives 11 (1): 36–44. doi:10.34172/hpp.2021.06.
  • Kim, J. H. 2021. “Factors Associated with Smartphone Addiction Tendency in Korean Adolescents.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (21): Article ID 11668. doi:10.3390/ijerph182111668.
  • Kim, Y. J., H. M. Jang, Y. Lee, D. Lee, and D. J. Kim. 2018. “Effects of Internet and Smartphone Addictions on Depression and Anxiety Based on Propensity Score Matching Analysis.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (5): 859. doi:10.3390/ijerph15050859.
  • King, D. L., and P. H. Delfabbro. 2014. “The Cognitive Psychology of Internet Gaming Disorder.” Clinical Psychology Review 34 (4): 298–308. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.006.
  • King, D. L., P. H. Delfabbro, J. Billieux, and M. N. Potenza. 2020. “Problematic Online Gaming and the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9 (2): 184–186. doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00016.
  • King, A. L., A. M. Valença, A. C. Silva, T. Baczynski, M. R. Carvalho, and A. E. Nardi. 2013. “Nomophobia: Dependency on Virtual Environments Or Social Phobia?.” Computers in Human Behavior 29 (1): 140–144. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.025.
  • Király, O., M. N. Potenza, D. J. Stein, D. L. King, D. C. Hodgins, J. B. Saunders, M. D. Griffiths, et al. 2020. “Preventing Problematic Internet Use During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Consensus Guidance.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 100: Article ID 152180. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152180.
  • Kircaburun, K., H. M. Pontes, V. Stavropoulos, and M. D. Griffiths. 2020. “A Brief Psychological Overview of Disordered Gaming.” doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.004.
  • Kroenke, K., R. L. Spitzer, and J. B. W. Williams. 2001. “The PHQ-9.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 16 (9): 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
  • Kuss, D. J., and O. Lopez-Fernandez. 2016. “Internet Addiction and Problematic Internet Use: A Systematic Review of Clinical Research.” World Journal of Psychiatry 6 (1): 143. doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.143.
  • Kwon, M., J.-Y. Lee, W.-Y. Won, J.-W. Park, J.-A. Min, C. Hahn, X. Gu, J.-H. Choi, and D.-J. Kim. 2013. “Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS).” PloS One 8 (2): 1–7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056936.
  • Lane, H. Y., C. J. Chang, C. L. Huang, and Y. H. Chang. 2021. “An Investigation Into Smartphone Addiction with Personality and Sleep Quality Among University Students.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (14): 7588. doi:10.3390/ijerph18147588.
  • Lee, J., H. Y. Jung, S. I. Lee, H. Youn, and S. G. Kim. 2021. “Smartphone Addiction Proneness Is Associated With Subjective-Objective Sleep Discrepancy in Patients With Insomnia Disorder.” Psychiatry Investigation 18 (11): 1035–1043. doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0360.
  • Lee, J., and W. Kim. 2021. “Prediction of Problematic Smartphone Use: A Machine Learning Approach.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (12): 6458. doi:10.3390/ijerph18126458.
  • Lee, E. J., and H. O. Kim. 2022. “Effects of Depression and Social Interaction on Smartphone Addiction Among Female Adolescents.” doi:10.1111/jcap.12349 .
  • Lei, L. Y. C., M. Al-Aarifin Ismail, J. A. M. Mohammad, and M. S. Bahri Yusoff. 2020. “The Relationship of Smartphone Addiction with Psychological Distress and Neuroticism Among University Medical Students.” BMC Psychology 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00466-6.
  • León-Mejía, A. C., M. Gutiérrez-Ortega, I. Serrano-Pintado, and J. González-Cabrera. 2021. “A Systematic Review on Nomophobia Prevalence: Surfacing Results and Standard Guidelines for Future Research.” PloS One 16 (5 May): Article ID e0250509. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250509.
  • Lewnard, J. A., and N. C. Lo. 2020. “Scientific and Ethical Basis for Social-distancing Interventions Against Covid-19.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 20 (6): 631–633. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30190-0.
  • Li, Y., G. X. Li, M. L. Yu, C. L. Liu, Y. T. Qu, and H. Wu. 2021. “Association Between Anxiety Symptoms and Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese University Students: The Mediating/Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (Feb): 1–10. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.581367.
  • Li, J., D. Zhan, Y. Zhou, and X. Gao. 2021. “Loneliness and Problematic Mobile Phone Use Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Escape Motivation and Self-control.” Addictive Behaviors 118: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106857.
  • Li, T., M. Zhang, Y. Li, E. Lagerspetz, S. Tarkoma, and P. Hui. 2021. “The Impact of Covid-19 on Smartphone Usage.” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 8 (23): 16723–16733. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2021.3073864.
  • Liu, J., W. Wang, Q. Hu, P. Wang, L. Lei, and S. Jiang. 2021. “The Relationship Between Phubbing and the Depression of Primary and Secondary School Teachers: A Moderated Mediation Model of Rumination and Job Burnout.” Journal of Affective Disorders 295: 498–504. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.070.
  • Lovibond, P. F., and S. H. Lovibond. 1995. “The Structure of Negative Emotional States: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 33 (3): 335–343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.
  • MacDonald, K. B., and J. A. Schermer. 2021. “Loneliness Unlocked: Associations with Smartphone Use and Personality.” Acta Psychologica 221: 103454. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103454.
  • Mancinelli, E., E. Ruocco, S. Napolitano, and S. Salcuni. 2022. “A Network Analysis on Self-harming and Problematic Smartphone Use – The Role of Self-control, Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in a Sample of Self-harming Adolescents.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 112: 152285. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152285.
  • Mei, S., Y. Hu, X. Wu, R. Cao, Y. Kong, L. Zhang, X. Lin, et al. 2022. “Health Risks of Mobile Phone Addiction Among College Students in China.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1–16. doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00744-3.
  • Meier, A. 2022. “Studying Problems, Not Problematic Usage: Do Mobile Checking Habits Increase Procrastination and Decrease Well-being?.” Mobile Media & Communication 10 (2): 272–293. doi:10.1177/20501579211029326.
  • Mohamed, S. M., and M. H. Mostafa. 2020. “Impact of Smartphone Addiction on Depression and Self-esteem Among Nursing Students.” Nursing Open 7 (5): 1346–1353. doi:10.1002/nop2.506.
  • Mohta, R., and S. Halder. 2021. “A Comparative Study on Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Functioning in Adolescents with and Without Smartphone Addiction.” Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health 17 (4): 44–65.
  • Moreno, M., K. Riddle, M. C. Jenkins, A. P. Singh, Q. Zhao, and J. Eickhoff. 2022. “Measuring Problematic Internet Use, Internet Gaming Disorder, and Social Media Addiction in Young Adults: Cross-sectional Survey Study.” JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 8 (1): Article ID e27719. doi:10.2196/27719.
  • Muusses, L. D., C. Finkenauer, P. Kerkhof, and C. J. Billedo. 2014. “A Longitudinal Study of the Association Between Compulsive Internet Use and Wellbeing.” Computers in Human Behavior 36: 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.035.
  • Nair, A., N. Yadav, D. Thawait, S. Tapre, S. Kashyap, A. Rathod, and N. Dhande. 2020. “Gadgets it's Use and Stress on Lifestyle.” Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University 15 (2): 183–187. doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_37_20.
  • Nakayama, H., S. Mihara, and S. Higuchi. 2017. “Treatment and Risk Factors of Internet Use Disorders.” Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 71 (7, SI): 492–505. doi:10.1111/pcn.12493.
  • Nikolopoulou, K., and V. Gialamas. 2018. “Mobile Phone Dependence: Secondary School Pupils' Attitudes.” Education and Information Technologies 23 (6): 2821–2839. doi:10.1007/s10639-018-9743-1.
  • O'Dea, S. 2021a. “Number of Smartphone Users Worldwide From 2016 to 2021.” Statista. Accessed July 11 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/.
  • O'Dea, S. 2021b. “Number of Smartphone Users by Leading Countries as of May 2021.” Statista. Accessed July 11 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/748053/worldwide-top-countries-smartphone-users/.
  • Olson, J. A., D. A. Sandra, D. Chmoulevitch, A. Raz, and S. P. Veissière. 2022. “A Nudge-Based Intervention to Reduce Problematic Smartphone Use: Randomised Controlled Trial.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 42 (6): 1118–1126. doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00826-w.
  • Olson, J. A., D. A. Sandra, É. S. Colucci, A. Al Bikaii, D. Chmoulevitch, J. Nahas, A. Raz, and S. P. Veissière. 2022. “Smartphone Addiction is Increasing Across the World: A Meta-analysis of 24 Countries.” Computers in Human Behavior 129: 107138. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107138.
  • Ostinelli, E. G., C. Zangani, B. Giordano, D. Maestri, O. Gambini, A. D'Agostino, T. A. Furukawa, and M. Purgato. 2021. “Depressive Symptoms and Depression in Individuals with Internet Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Journal of Affective Disorders 284: 136–142. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.014.
  • Parekh, R. 2018, June. “Internet Gaming.” Accessed May 01 2022. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/internet-gaming.
  • Park, C. S. 2019. “Examination of Smartphone Dependence: Functionally and Existentially Dependent Behavior on the Smartphone.” Computers in Human Behavior 93: 123–128. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.022.
  • Pera, A. 2020. “The Psychology of Addictive Smartphone Behavior in Young Adults: Problematic Use.” Social Anxiety, and Depressive Stress, Frontiers in Psychiatry 11: 573473. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573473.
  • Petersen, K., R. Feldt, S. Mujtaba, and M. Mattsson. 2008. “Systematic Mapping Studies in Software Engineering". Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. EASE’08. Swinton, UK. Vol. 12, 1–10.
  • Petersen, K., S. Vakkalanka, and L. Kuzniarz. 2015. “Guidelines for Conducting Systematic Mapping Studies in Software Engineering: An Update.” Information and Software Technology 64: 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2015.03.007.
  • Polat, F., L. Delibaş, and İ. Bilir. 2022. “The Relationship Between Nomophobia Level and Worry Severity in Future Healthcare Professional Candidates.” doi:10.1111/ppc.12792.
  • Poznyak, V. 2018, September. “Public Health Implications of Excessive use of the Internet and Other Communication and Gaming Platforms.” Accessed July 11 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-09-2018-public-health-implications-of-excessive-use-of-the-internet-and-other-communication-and-gaming-platforms.
  • Przepiorka, A., A. Błachnio, A. Cudo, and P. Kot. 2021. “Social Anxiety and Social Skills Via Problematic Smartphone Use for Predicting Somatic Symptoms and Academic Performance At Primary School.” Computers and Education 173: 104286. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104286.
  • Przybylski, A. K., K. Murayama, C. R. DeHaan, and V. Gladwell. 2013. “Motivational, Emotional, and Behavioral Correlates of Fear of Missing out.” Computers in Human Behavior 29 (4): 1841–1848. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014.
  • Qudah, M. F. A., I. S. Albursan, H. I. Hammad, A. M. Alzoubi, S. F. Bakhiet, A. M. Almanie, S. S. Alenizi, S. S. Aljomaa, and M. M. Al-khadher. 2021. “Anxiety About Covid-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (21): 11016. doi:10.3390/ijerph182111016.
  • Rahman, M. A., M. Duradoni, and A. Guazzini. 2022. “Identification and Prediction of Phubbing Behavior: a Data-driven Approach.” Neural Computing and Applications 34 (5): 3885–3894. doi:10.1007/s00521-021-06649-5.
  • Ramjan, L. M., Y. Salamonson, S. Batt, A. Kong, B. McGrath, G. Richards, D. Roach, P. Wall, and R. Crawford. 2021. “The Negative Impact of Smartphone Usage on Nursing Students: An Integrative Literature Review.” Nurse Education Today 102 (Dec. 2020): Article ID 104909. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104909.
  • Ratan, Z. A., A. M. Parrish, S. B. Zaman, M. S. Alotaibi, and H. Hosseinzadeh. 2021. “Smartphone Addiction and Associated Health Outcomes in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (22): Article ID 12257. doi:10.3390/ijerph182212257.
  • Rodríguez-García, A. M., J. L. Belmonte, and A. J. Moreno-Guerrero. 2020. “Nomophobia: An Individual's Growing Fear of Being Without a Smartphone–a Systematic Literature Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (2): 580. doi:10.3390/ijerph17020580.
  • Rosales-Huamani, J. A., R. R. Guzman-Lopez, E. E. Aroni-Vilca, C. R. Matos-Avalos, and J. L. Castillo-Sequera. 2019, May. “Determining Symptomatic Factors of Nomophobia in Peruvian Students From the National University of Engineering.” Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 9 (9): 1814. doi:10.3390/app9091814.
  • Roser, K., A. Schoeni, M. Foerster, and M. Röösli. 2016. “Problematic Mobile Phone Use of Swiss Adolescents: is it Linked with Mental Health Or Behaviour?.” International Journal of Public Health61 (3): 307–315. doi:10.1007/s00038-015-0751-2.
  • Rozgonjuk, D., K. L. Davis, and C. Montag. 2021. “The Roles of Primary Emotional Systems and Need Satisfaction in Problematic Internet and Smartphone Use: A Network Perspective.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 709805. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709805.
  • Rozgonjuk, D., and J. D. Elhai. 2021. “Emotion Regulation in Relation to Smartphone Use: Process Smartphone Use Mediates the Association Between Expressive Suppression and Problematic Smartphone Use.” Current Psychology 40 (7): 3246–3255. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00271-4.
  • Salicetia, F. 2015. “Internet Addiction Disorder (iad).” Procedia -- Social and Behavioral Sciences 191: 1372–1376. The Proceedings of 6th World Conference on educational Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.292.
  • Sanusi, S. Y., O. B. Al-Batayneh, Y. S. Khader, and N. Saddki. 2022. “The Association of Smartphone Addiction, Sleep Quality and Perceived Stress Amongst Jordanian Dental Students.” European Journal of Dental Education 26 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1111/eje.12674.
  • Saruhanjan, K., A.-C. Zarski, M. P. Schaub, and D. D. Ebert. 2020. “Design of a Guided Internet- and Mobile-Based Intervention for Internet Use Disorder–Study Protocol for a Two-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 11: 190. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00190.
  • Setiadi, R., T. Tini, E. Sukamto, and U. Kalsum. 2019. “The Risk of Smartphone Addiction To Emotional Mental Disorders Among Junior High School Students.” Belitung Nursing Journal 5 (5): 197–203. doi:10.33546/bnj.841.
  • Shaw, M., and D. W. Black. 2008. “Internet Addiction.” CNS Drugs 22 (5): 353–365. doi:10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001.
  • Shen, X., H. Z. Wang, D. H. Rost, J. Gaskin, and J. L. Wang. 2021. “State Anxiety Moderates the Association Between Motivations and Excessive Smartphone Use.” doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0127-5.
  • Shin, D., A. R. Choi, J. Lee, S. J. Chung, B. Kim, M. Park, M. H. Jung, D. J. Kim, and J.-S. Choi. 2019. “The Mediating Effects of Affect on Associations Between Impulsivity Or Resilience and Internet Gaming Disorder.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 8 (8): 1102. doi:10.3390/jcm8081102.
  • Silver, L., and S. Cornibert. 2019. “Smartphone Ownership is Growing Rapidly Around the World, But Not Always Equally.” Accessed May 01 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/02/05/smartphone-ownership-is-growing-rapidly-around-the-world-but-not-always-equally.
  • Sohn, S., P. Rees, B. Wildridge, N. J. Kalk, and B. Carter. 2019. “Prevalence of Problematic Smartphone Usage and Associated Mental Health Outcomes Amongst Children and Young People: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis and Grade of the Evidence.” BMC Psychiatry 19 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x.
  • Song, Y., K. Sznajder, C. Cui, Y. Yang, Y. Li, and X. Yang. 2022. “Anxiety and Its Relationship with Sleep Disturbance and Problematic Smartphone Use Among Chinese Medical Students During COVID-19 Home Confinement – A Structural Equation Model Analysis.” Journal of Affective Disorders296 (77): 315–321. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.095.
  • Stanković, M., M. Nešić, S. Čičević, and Z. Shi. 2021. “Association of Smartphone Use with Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Sleep Quality, and Internet Addiction. Empirical Evidence From a Smartphone Application.” Personality and Individual Differences 168 (Jun. 2020): Article ID 110342. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110342.
  • Sun, J., and J. A. Samp. 2021. “‘Phubbing is Happening to You’: Examining Predictors and Effects of Phubbing Behaviour in Friendships.” Behaviour and Information Technology 41 (12): 2691–2704. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2021.1943711.
  • Tandon, A., A. Dhir, S. Talwar, P. Kaur, and M. Mäntymäki. 2022. “Social Media Induced Fear of Missing out (FoMO) and Phubbing: Behavioural, Relational and Psychological Outcomes.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 174: 121149. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121149.
  • Tang, A. C. Y., and R. L. T. Lee. 2021. “Effects of a Group Mindfulness-based Cognitive Programme on Smartphone Addictive Symptoms and Resilience Among Adolescents: Study Protocol of a Cluster-randomized Controlled Trial.” BMC Nursing 20 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1186/s12912-021-00611-5.
  • Tangmunkongvorakul, A., P. M. Musumari, K. Thongpibul, K. Srithanaviboonchai, T. Techasrivichien, S. Pilar Suguimoto, M. Ono-Kihara, and M. Kihara. 2019. “Association of Excessive Smartphone Use with Psychological Well-being Among University Students in Chiang Mai.” Thailand, PLoS One 14 (1): Article ID e0210294. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210294.
  • Tarafdar, M., A. Gupta, and O. Turel. 2013. “The Dark Side of Information Technology Use.” Information Systems Journal 23 (3): 269–275. doi:10.1111/isj.12015.
  • Tateno, M., D. J. Kim, A. R. Teo, N. Skokauskas, A. P. Guerrero, and T. A. Kato. 2019. “Smartphone Addiction in Japanese College Students: Usefulness of the Japanese Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale As a Screening Tool for a New Form of Internet Addiction.” Psychiatry Investigation16 (2): 115–120. doi:10.30773/pi.2018.12.25.2.
  • Tejedor, S., L. Cervi, A. Pérez-Escoda, and F. Tusa. 2020. “Smartphone Usage Among Students During Covid-19 Pandemic in Spain, Italy and Ecuador.” In Eighth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, TEEM'20, 571–576. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. doi:10.1145/3434780.3436587.
  • Thomée, S., A. Härenstam, and M. Hagberg. 2011. “Mobile Phone Use and Stress, Sleep Disturbances, and Symptoms of Depression Among Young Adults-a Prospective Cohort Study.” BMC Public Health 11 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-66.
  • Thomée, S., A. Härenstam, and M. Hagberg. 2012. “Computer Use and Stress, Sleep Disturbances, and Symptoms of Depression Among Young Adults -- a Prospective Cohort Study.” BMC Psychiatry 12: 1–14. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-176.
  • Trub, L., and B. Barbot. 2016. “The Paradox of Phone Attachment: Development and Validation of the Young Adult Attachment to Phone Scale (YAPS).” Computers in Human Behavior 64: 663–672. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.050.
  • Turel, O., A. Serenko, and P. Giles. 2011. “Integrating Technology Addiction and Use: An Empirical Investigation of Online Auction Users.” MIS Quarterly 35 (4): 1043–1061. doi:10.2307/41409972.
  • Turner, A. 2021. “How Many Smartphones are in the World?.” Bankmycell. Accessed July 11 2021. https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/how-many-phones-are-in-the-world.
  • Uguz, G., and F. E. Bacaksiz. 2021. “Relationships Between Personality Traits and Nomophobia: Research on Nurses Working in Public Hospitals.” Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 58 (2): 673–681. doi:10.1111/ppc.12834.
  • van Deursen, A. J., C. L. Bolle, S. M. Hegner, and P. A. Kommers. 2015. “Modeling Habitual and Addictive Smartphone Behavior: The Role of Smartphone Usage Types, emotional Intelligence, Social Stress, Self-regulation, Age, and Gender.” Computers in Human Behavior 45: 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039.
  • Verner, J. M., O. P. Brereton, B. A. Kitchenham, M. Turner, and M. Niazi. 2012. “Systematic literature reviews in global software development: A tertiary study,". 16th International Conference on Evaluation & Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE 2012). Ciudad Real, Spain. 2–11. doi:10.1049/ic.2012.0001.
  • Volungis, A. M., M. Kalpidou, C. Popores, and M. Joyce. 2020. “Smartphone Addiction and Its Relationship with Indices of Social-Emotional Distress and Personality.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 18 (5): 1209–1225. doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00119-9.
  • Wacks, Y., and A. M. Weinstein. 2021. “Excessive Smartphone Use Is Associated With Health Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (Feb): 1–7. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669042.
  • Wang, F., Y. Lan, J. Li, J. Dai, P. Zheng, and H. Fu. 2019. “Patterns, Influencing Factors and Mediating Effects of Smartphone Use and Problematic Smartphone Use Among Migrant Workers in Shanghai, China.” International Health 11: S33–S44. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihz086.
  • Wang, D., X. Nie, D. Zhang, and Y. Hu. 2022. “The Relationship Between Parental Psychological Control and Problematic Smartphone Use in Early Chinese Adolescence: A Repeated-measures Study At Two Time-points.” Addictive Behaviors 125: 107142 . doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107142.
  • Wang, Y., X. Ren, X. Liu, and T. Zhu. 2021. “Examining the Correlation Between Depression and Social Behavior on Smartphones Through Usage Metadata: Empirical Study.” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 9 (1): Article ID e19046. doi:10.2196/19046.
  • Wang, J. L., J. R. Sheng, and H. Z. Wang. 2019. “The Association Between Mobile Game Addiction and Depression, social Anxiety, and Loneliness.” Frontiers in Public Health 7 (Sep): 247. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00247.
  • Winkler, A., F. Jeromin, B. K. Doering, and A. Barke. 2020. “Problematic Smartphone Use Has Detrimental Effects on Mental Health and Somatic Symptoms in a Heterogeneous Sample of German Adults.” Computers in Human Behavior 113 (Nov. 2019): Article ID 106500. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106500.
  • Wolniewicz, C. A., M. F. Tiamiyu, J. W. Weeks, and J. D. Elhai. 2018. “Problematic Smartphone Use and Relations with Negative Affect, Fear of Missing out, and Fear of Negative and Positive Evaluation.” Psychiatry Research 262 (Sep. 2017): 618–623. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.058.
  • Wong, H. Y., H. Y. Mo, M. N. Potenza, M. N. M. Chan, W. M. Lau, T. K. Chui, A. H. Pakpour, and C.-Y. Lin. 2020. “Relationships Between Severity of Internet Gaming Disorder, Severity of Problematic Social Media Use, Sleep Quality and Psychological Distress.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (6): 1879. doi:10.3390/ijerph17061879.
  • Woo, K. S., S. H. Bong, T. Y. Choi, and J. W. Kim. 2021. “Mental Health, Smartphone Use Type, and Screen Time Among Adolescents in South Korea.” Psychology Research and Behavior Management 14: 1419–1428. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S324235.
  • World Health Organization. 2018, September. “Addictive Behaviours: Gaming Disorder.” Accessed July 11 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/addictive-behaviours-gaming-disorder.
  • Wu, R., L. Guo, H. Rong, J. Shi, W. Li, M. Zhu, Y. He, W. Wang, and C. Lu. 2021. “The Role of Problematic Smartphone Uses and Psychological Distress in the Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Chinese College Students.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 12: 793506. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.793506.
  • Yam, F. C., O. Korkmaz, and M. D. Griffiths. 2021. “The Association Between Fear of Covid-19 and Smartphone Addiction Among Individuals: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Cyberchondria Severity.” Current Psychology. No Pagination Specified–No Pagination Specified. doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02324-z.
  • Yang, X., H. Hu, C. Zhao, H. Xu, X. Tu, and G. Zhang. 2021. “A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Smart Phone Addiction and Depressive Symptoms and Potential Risk Factors Among Chinese College Students.” BMC Psychiatry 21 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03265-4.
  • Yang, X. J., Q. Q. Liu, S. L. Lian, and Z. K. Zhou. 2020, September. “Are Bored Minds More Likely to Be Addicted? The Relationship Between Boredom Proneness and Problematic Mobile Phone Use.” Addictive Behaviors 108: Article ID 106426. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106426.
  • Yang, X., Z. Zhou, Q. Liu, and C. Fan. 2019. “Mobile Phone Addiction and Adolescents' Anxiety and Depression: The Moderating Role of Mindfulness.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 28 (3): 822–830. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01323-2.
  • Yasudomi, K., T. Hamamura, M. Honjo, A. Yoneyama, and M. Uchida. 2021. “Usage Prediction and Effectiveness Verification of App Restriction Function for Smartphone Addiction". 2020 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (HEALTHCOM). Shenzhen, China. doi:10.1109/HEALTHCOM49281.2021.9398974.
  • Yoon, J. Y., K. H. Jeong, and H. J. Cho. 2021. “The Effects of Children's Smartphone Addiction on Sleep Duration: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Age.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (11): 5943. doi:10.3390/ijerph18115943.
  • Yuan, G., J. D. Elhai, and B. J. Hall. 2021. “The Influence of Depressive Symptoms and Fear of Missing out on Severity of Problematic Smartphone Use and Internet Gaming Disorder Among Chinese Young Adults: A Three-wave Mediation Model.” Addictive Behaviors 112: 106648. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106648.
  • Yue, H., X. Zhang, J. Sun, M. Liu, C. Li, and H. Bao. 2021. “The Relationships Between Negative Emotions and Latent Classes of Smartphone Addiction.” PloS One 16 (3 Mar.): 1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248555.
  • Zara, M., and L. H. Monteiro. 2021. “The Negative Impact of Technological Advancements on Mental Health: An Epidemiological Approach.” Applied Mathematics and Computation 396: Article ID 125905. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2020.125905.
  • Zeidan, J., S. Hallit, M. Akel, I. Louragli, and S. Obeid. 2021. “Problematic Smartphone Use and Affective Temperaments Among Lebanese Young Adults: Scale Validation and Mediating Role of Self-esteem.” BMC Psychology 9 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00638-y.
  • Zerach, G. 2021. “Emptiness Mediates the Association Between Pathological Narcissism and Problematic Smartphone Use.” Psychiatric Quarterly 92 (1): 363–373. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09803-9.
  • Zhang, C., G. Li, Z. Fan, X. Tang, and F. Zhang. 2021. “Psychological Capital Mediates the Relationship Between Problematic Smartphone Use and Learning Burnout in Chinese Medical Undergraduates and Postgraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 600352. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600352.
  • Zhang, G., X. Yang, X. Tu, N. Ding, and J. T. Lau. 2020. “Prospective Relationships Between Mobile Phone Dependence and Mental Health Status Among Chinese Undergraduate Students with College Adjustment As a Mediator.” Journal of Affective Disorders 260 (Mar. 2019): 498–505. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.047.
  • Zhang, M. X., H. Zhou, H. M. Yang, and A. M. Wu. 2021. “The Prospective Effect of Problematic Smartphone Use and Fear of Missing out on Sleep Among Chinese Adolescents.” Current Psychology 1–9. doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01863-9.
  • Zhao, L., and N. Hounnaklang. 2020. “Association between Smartphone Addiction and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2021 among Inner Mongolia Medical University Students, China". ICIMH '21: Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Intelligent Medicine and Health. Macau, China. 115–124. doi:10.1145/3484377.3487040.
  • Zhao, P., and M. A. Lapierre. 2020. “Stress, Dependency, and Depression: An Examination of the Reinforcement Effects of Problematic Smartphone Use on Perceived Stress and Later Depression.” Cyberpsychology 14 (4): 1–20. doi:10.5817/CP2020-4-3.
  • Zhou, H., L. Dang, L. W. Lam, M. X. Zhang, and A. M. Wu. 2021. “A Cross-lagged Panel Model for Testing the Bidirectional Relationship Between Depression and Smartphone Addiction and the Influences of Maladaptive Metacognition on them in Chinese Adolescents.” Addictive Behaviors 120 (Jan): Article ID 106978. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106978.
  • Zou, L., X. Wu, S. Tao, H. Xu, Y. Xie, Y. Yang, and F. Tao. 2019. “Mediating Effect of Sleep Quality on the Relationship Between Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Depressive Symptoms in College Students.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 10: 822. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00822.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.