743
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Is socially disruptive smartphone use detrimental to well-being? A systematic meta-analytic review on being phubbed

ORCID Icon &
Pages 1283-1311 | Received 16 Nov 2022, Accepted 25 Apr 2023, Published online: 08 May 2023

References

  • Al-Saggaf, Y., and S. B. O’Donnell. 2019. “Phubbing: Perceptions, Reasons Behind, Predictors, and Impacts.” Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 1 (2): 132–140. doi:10.1002/hbe2.137.
  • Bai, Q., S. Bai, Q. Dan, L. Lei, and P. Wang. 2020. “Mother Phubbing and Adolescent Academic Burnout: The Mediating Role of Mental Health and the Moderating Role of Agreeableness and Neuroticism.” Personality and Individual Differences 155: 109622. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109622.
  • Bai, Q., L. Lei, F.-H. Hsueh, X. Yu, H. Hu, X. Wang, and P. Wang. 2020. “Parent-adolescent Congruence in Phubbing and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms: A Moderated Polynomial Regression with Response Surface Analyses.” Journal of Affective Disorders 275: 127–135. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.156.
  • Baumeister, R. F., and M. R. Leary. 1995. “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.” Psychological Bulletin 117 (3): 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497.
  • Benenson, J. F., H. Markovits, B. Hultgren, T. Nguyen, G. Bullock, and R. Wrangham. 2013. “Social Exclusion: More Important to Human Females Than Males.” PloS one 8 (2): e55851. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055851.
  • Beukeboom, C. J., and M. Pollmann. 2021. “Partner Phubbing: Why Using Your Phone During Interactions with Your Partner Can be Detrimental for Your Relationship.” Computers in Human Behavior 124: 106932. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106932.
  • Bientzle, M., A. Restle, and J. Kimmerle. 2021. “Perception of Purposeful and Recreational Smartphone Use in Physiotherapy: Randomized Controlled Trial.” JMIR MHealth and UHealth 9 (4): e25717. doi:10.2196/25717.
  • Borenstein, M., L. V. Hedges, J. P. T. Higgins, and H. R. Rothstein. 2021. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Braune-Krickau, K., L. Schneebeli, J. Pehlke-Milde, M. Gemperle, R. Koch, and A. von Wyl. 2021. “Smartphones in the Nursery: Parental Smartphone use and Parental Sensitivity and Responsiveness Within Parent-Child Interaction in Early Childhood (0-5 Years): A Scoping Review.” Infant Mental Health Journal 42 (2): 161–175. doi:10.1002/imhj.21908.
  • Briskin, J. L. 2019. “Interpersonal Processes and Consequences of “Technoference” in Romantic Couples.” Dissertation, Wayne State University.
  • Bröning, S., and L. Wartberg. 2022. “Attached to Your Smartphone? A Dyadic Perspective on Perceived Partner Phubbing and Attachment in Long-Term Couple Relationships.” Computers in Human Behavior 126: 106996. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106996.
  • Brown, G., A. M. Manago, and J. E. Trimble. 2016. “Tempted to Text.” Emerging Adulthood 4 (6): 440–443. doi:10.1177/2167696816630086.
  • Burgoon, J. K. 2015. “Expectancy Violations Theory.” The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication 1–9. doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic102.
  • Burgoon, J. K., and S. B. Jones. 1976. “Toward a Theory of Personal Space Expectations and Their Violations.” Human Communication Research 2 (2): 131–146. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00706.x.
  • Chotpitayasunondh, V. 2018. “An Investigation of the Antecedents and Consequences of” Phubbing”: How Being Snubbed in Favour of a Mobile Phone Permeates and Affects Social Life.” University of Kent, EndNote Tagged Import Format.
  • Chotpitayasunondh, V., and K. M. Douglas. 2016. “How “Phubbing” Becomes the Norm: The Antecedents and Consequences of Snubbing via Smartphone.” Computers in Human Behavior 63: 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018.
  • Chotpitayasunondh, V., and K. M. Douglas. 2018a. “The Effects of “Phubbing” on Social Interaction.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 48 (6): 304–316. doi:10.1111/jasp.12506.
  • Chotpitayasunondh, V., and K. M. Douglas. 2018b. “Measuring Phone Snubbing Behavior: Development and Validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP).” Computers in Human Behavior 88: 5–17. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.020.
  • Chu, X., S. Ji, X. Wang, J. Yu, Y. Chen, and L. Lei. 2021. “Peer Phubbing and Social Networking Site Addiction: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Family Financial Difficulty.” Frontiers in Psychology 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.670065.
  • Cohen, J. 1988. “Set Correlation and Contingency Tables.” Applied Psychological Measurement 12 (4): 425–434. doi:10.1177/014662168801200410.
  • Cohen, J. 1992. “A Power Primer.” Psychological Bulletin 112 (1): 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
  • Cooper, H., L. V. Hedges, and J. C. Valentine. 2019. The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Crowley, J. P., R. J. Allred, J. Follon, and C. Volkmer. 2018. “Replication of the Mere Presence Hypothesis: The Effects of Cell Phones on Face-to-Face Conversations.” Communication Studies 69 (3): 283–293. doi:10.1080/10510974.2018.1467941.
  • Csibi, S., M. D. Griffiths, Z. Demetrovics, and A. Szabo. 2021. “Analysis of Problematic Smartphone Use Across Different Age Groups Within the ‘Components Model of Addiction’.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 19 (3): 616–631. doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00095-0.
  • Cuijpers, P., J. W. Griffin, and T. A. Furukawa. 2021. “The Lack of Statistical Power of Subgroup Analyses in Meta-Analyses: A Cautionary Note.” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 30: e78. doi:10.1017/S2045796021000664.
  • Davey, J., R. M. Turner, M. J. Clarke, and J. P. T. Higgins. 2011. “Characteristics of Meta-Analyses and Their Component Studies in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: A Cross-Sectional, Descriptive Analysis.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 11: 160. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-160.
  • David, M. E., and J. A. Roberts. 2017. “Phubbed and Alone: Phone Snubbing, Social Exclusion, and Attachment to Social Media.” Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 2 (2): 155–163. doi:10.1086/690940.
  • David, M. E., and J. A. Roberts. 2020. “Developing and Testing a Scale Designed to Measure Perceived Phubbing.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (21): 8152. doi:10.3390/ijerph17218152.
  • David, M. E., and J. A. Roberts. 2021a. “Investigating the Impact of Partner Phubbing on Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Attachment Anxiety.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38 (12): 3590–3609. doi:10.1177/0265407521996454.
  • David, M. E., and J. A. Roberts. 2021b. “Smartphone Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Social Versus Physical Distancing.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (3): 1034. doi:10.3390/ijerph18031034.
  • Diener, E. 2009. “Subjective Well-Being.” In The Science of Well-Being, edited by E. Diener, 11–58. New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Dunlap, J. W. 1937. “Combinative Properties of Correlation Coefficients.” The Journal of Experimental Education 5 (3): 286–288. doi:10.1080/00220973.1937.11010053.
  • Duval, S., and R. Tweedie. 2000. “Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel-Plot-Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis.” Biometrics 56 (2): 455–463. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x.
  • Egger, M., G. D. Smith, M. Schneider, and C. Minder. 1997. “Bias in Meta-Analysis Detected by a Simple, Graphical Test.” Bmj 315 (7109): 629–634. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.
  • Ellis, P. D. 2010. The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis, and the Interpretation of Research Results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ergün, N., İ. Göksu, and H. Sakız. 2020. “Effects of Phubbing: Relationships With Psychodemographic Variables.” Psychological Reports 123 (5): 1578–1613. doi:10.1177/0033294119889581.
  • Erzen, E., and Ö. Çikrikci. 2018. “The Effect of Loneliness on Depression: A Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 64 (5): 427–435. doi:10.1177/0020764018776349.
  • Esch, T. 2022. “The ABC Model of Happiness—Neurobiological Aspects of Motivation and Positive Mood, and Their Dynamic Changes Through Practice, the Course of Life.” Biology 11 (6): 843. doi:10.3390/biology11060843.
  • Fu, X., J. Liu, R.-D. Liu, Y. Ding, W. Hong, and S. Jiang. 2020. “The Impact of Parental Active Mediation on Adolescent Mobile Phone Dependency: A Moderated Mediation Model.” Computers in Human Behavior 107: 106280. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106280.
  • Geng, J., L. Lei, M. Ouyang, J. Nie, and P. Wang. 2021. “The Influence of Perceived Parental Phubbing on Adolescents’ Problematic Smartphone use: A two-Wave Multiple Mediation Model.” Addictive Behaviors 121: 106995. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106995.
  • Gilman, R., A. Carter-Sowell, C. N. DeWall, R. E. Adams, and I. Carboni. 2013. “Validation of the Ostracism Experience Scale for Adolescents.” Psychological Assessment 25 (2): 319–330. doi:10.1037/a0030913.
  • Goldsmith, D. J. 2007. “Politeness Theory.” In Explaining Communication: Contemporary Theories and Exemplars, edited by B. B. Whaley, and W. Samter, 255–267. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Gonzales, A. L., and Y. Wu. 2016. “Public Cellphone Use Does Not Activate Negative Responses in Others … Unless They Hate Cellphones.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 21 (5): 384–398. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12174.
  • Gracia, T. J. H., D. D. Avila, and J. F. H. Gracia. 2020. “The Phubbing: The Interference in Communication Within the Classroom.” Journal of Administrative Science 2 (3): 12–17. doi:10.29057/jas.v2i3.5807.
  • Hales, A. H., M. Dvir, E. D. Wesselmann, D. J. Kruger, and C. Finkenauer. 2018. “Cell Phone-Induced Ostracism Threatens Fundamental Needs.” The Journal of Social Psychology 158 (4): 460–473. doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1439877.
  • Hao, L., D. Liu, J. Yin, B. [Bingkun] Lin, X. Zhang, and Q. Jiang. 2021. “Peer Phubbing and Selfie Liking: The Roles of Attention Seeking and Gender.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 49 (7): 1–13. doi:10.2224/sbp.10468.
  • Hao, L., Q. Lv, X. Zhang, Q. Jiang, and L. Ping. 2020. “Avatar Identification Mediates the Relationship Between Peer Phubbing and Mobile Game Addiction.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 48 (10): 1–15. doi:10.2224/sbp.9384.
  • Hartgerink, C. H. J., I. van Beest, J. M. Wicherts, and K. D. Williams. 2015. “The Ordinal Effects of Ostracism: A Meta-Analysis of 120 Cyberball Studies.” PloS One 10 (5): e0127002. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127002.
  • Heo, J., S. Chun, S. Lee, K. H. Lee, and J. Kim. 2015. “Internet use and Well-Being in Older Adults.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 18 (5): 268–272. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0549.
  • Higgins, J. P. T., J. Thomas, J. Chandler, M. Cumpston, T. [Tianjing] Li, M. J. Page, and V. A. Welch. 2019. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hipp, C. J. 2019. “Examining the Influence of Technoference on Sexual Satisfaction and Relationship Satisfaction Using Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling Among Young Adult Couples.” Doctoral diss., University of South Carolina, University of South Carolina Scholar Commons.
  • Holt-Lunstad, J., T. B. Smith, and J. B. Layton. 2010. “Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review.” PLoS Medicine 7 (7): e1000316. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
  • Hong, W., R.-D. Liu, Y. Ding, T. P. Oei, R. Zhen, and S. Jiang. 2019. “Parents’ Phubbing and Problematic Mobile Phone Use: The Roles of the Parent-Child Relationship and Children’s Self-Esteem.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 22 (12): 779–786. doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0179.
  • Hostinar, C. E., and M. R. Gunnar. 2015. “Social Support Can Buffer Against Stress and Shape Brain Activity.” AJOB Neuroscience 6 (3): 34–42. doi:10.1080/21507740.2015.1047054.
  • Howard, M. C., J. E. Cogswell, and M. B. Smith. 2020. “The Antecedents and Outcomes of Workplace Ostracism: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 105 (6): 577–596. doi:10.1037/apl0000453.
  • Ippolito, M. 2020. Phubbing, Being Phubbed and Relationship Satisfaction [Grand Canyon University]. RIS. https://search.proquest.com/openview/bf4810f79f8be38f6c2c86d85b6b9e65/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
  • Kadylak, T. 2020. “An Investigation of Perceived Family Phubbing Expectancy Violations and Well-Being among U.S. Older Adults.” Mobile Media & Communication 8 (2): 247–267. doi:10.1177/2050157919872238.
  • Karadağ, E., Ş. B. Tosuntaş, E. Erzen, P. [Pinar] Duru, N. Bostan, B. M. Şahin, İ Çulha, and B. Babadağ. 2015. “Determinants of Phubbing, Which is the sum of Many Virtual Addictions: A Structural Equation Model.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4 (2): 60–74. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.005.
  • Karadağ, E., Ş. B. Tosuntaş, E. Erzen, P. [Pınar] Duru, N. Bostan, B. M. Şahin, İ. Çulha, and B. Babadağ. 2016. “The Virtual World’s Current Addiction: Phubbing.” Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 3 (2): 250–269. doi:10.15805/addicta.2016.3.0013.
  • Kelly, M. E., H. Duff, S. Kelly, J. E. McHugh Power, S. Brennan, B. A. Lawlor, and D. G. Loughrey. 2017. “The Impact of Social Activities, Social Networks, Social Support and Social Relationships on the Cognitive Functioning of Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review.” Systematic Reviews 6 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2.
  • Kelly, L., A. E. Miller-Ott, and R. L. Duran. 2019. “Phubbing Friends: Understanding Face Threats from, and Responses to, Friends’ Cell Phone Usage Through the Lens of Politeness Theory.” Communication Quarterly 67 (5): 540–559. doi:10.1080/01463373.2019.1668443.
  • Klümper, L., T. R. Nuñez, and S. Schwarz. 2022. “Phubbing and Narcissism.” Unpublished manuscript, Institute of Psychology, University of Wuppertal.
  • Kmet, L. M., L. S. Cook, and R. C. Lee. 2004. “Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields.” Advance online publication. doi:10.7939/R37M04F16
  • Krasnova, H., O. Abramova, I. Notter, and A. Baumann, eds. 2016. Why Phubbing is Toxic for Your Relationship: Understanding the Role of Smartphone Jealousy among” Generation y” Users. Istanbul: ECIS.
  • Lebrun-Harris, L. A., L. J. Sherman, and B. Miller. 2020. “State-Level Prevalence of Bullying Victimization Among Children and Adolescents, National Survey of Children’s Health, 2016-2017.” Public Health Reports 135 (3): 303–309. doi:10.1177/0033354920912713.
  • Leigh-Hunt, N., D. Bagguley, K. Bash, V. Turner, S. Turnbull, N. Valtorta, and W. Caan. 2017. “An Overview of Systematic Reviews on the Public Health Consequences of Social Isolation and Loneliness.” Public Health 152: 157–171. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035.
  • Lieberman, J. D., S. Solomon, J. Greenberg, and H. A. McGregor. 1999. “A hot new way to Measure Aggression: Hot Sauce Allocation.” Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression 25 (5): 331–348. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:5<331::AID-AB2>3.0.CO;2-1.
  • Liu, K., W. [Weiwei] Chen, and L. Lei. 2021. “Linking Parental Phubbing to Adolescent Self-Depreciation: The Roles of Internal Attribution and Relationship Satisfaction.” The Journal of Early Adolescence 1269–1283. doi:10.1177/0272431621989821.
  • Liu, K., W. [Weiwei] Chen, H. Wang, J. Geng, and L. Lei. 2021. “Parental Phubbing Linking to Adolescent Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Relationship Satisfaction and the Moderating Role of Attachment Styles.” Child: Care, Health and Development 47 (2): 281–289. doi:10.1111/cch.12839.
  • Liu, R.-D., J. [Jia] Wang, D. Gu, Y. Ding, T. P. Oei, W. Hong, R. Zhen, and Y.-M. Li. 2019. “The Effect of Parental Phubbing on Teenager’s Mobile Phone Dependency Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Subjective Norm and Dependency Intention.”Psychology Research and Behavior Management 12: 1059–1069. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S224133.
  • Liu, Q., J. Wu, Z. Zhou, and W. [Weijun] Wang. 2020. “Parental Technoference and Smartphone Addiction in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Social Sensitivity and Loneliness.” Children and Youth Services Review 118: 105434. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105434.
  • Martin, J. C. 2019. “Mobile Technology and Classroom Relationships.” Theses and Dissertations—Communication 87. doi:10.13023/etd.2019.449.
  • McDaniel, B. T., and S. M. Coyne. 2016a. “‘Technoference’: The Interference of Technology in Couple Relationships and Implications for Women’s Personal and Relational Well-Being.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 5 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1037/ppm0000065.
  • McDaniel, B. T., and S. M. Coyne. 2016b. “Technology Interference in the Parenting of Young Children: Implications for Mothers’ Perceptions of Coparenting.” The Social Science Journal 53 (4): 435–443. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2016.04.010.
  • McDaniel, B. T., and M. Drouin. 2019. “Daily Technology Interruptions and Emotional and Relational Well-Being.” Computers in Human Behavior 99: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.027.
  • McDaniel, B. T., J. Everest, and C. White. 2018. “Parent Distraction with Technology and its Impact on Parenting Quality.” Poster Presentation: Illinois Council on Family Relations. Normal, IL.
  • McDaniel, B. T., A. M. Galovan, J. D. Cravens, and M. Drouin. 2018. “‘Technoference’ and Implications for Mothers’ and Fathers’ Couple and Coparenting Relationship Quality.” Computers in Human Behavior 80: 303–313. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.019.
  • McDaniel, B. T., A. M. Galovan, and M. Drouin. 2020. “Daily Technoference, Technology use During Couple Leisure Time, and Relationship Quality.” Media Psychology 637–665. doi:10.1080/15213269.2020.1783561.
  • McDaniel, B. T., and E. Wesselmann. 2021. “‘You Phubbed Me for That?’ Reason Given for Phubbing And Perceptions of Interactional Quality and Exclusion.” Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 413–422. doi:10.1002/hbe2.255.
  • Meeus, A., L. Coenen, S. Eggermont, and K. Beullens. 2021. “Family Technoference: Exploring Parent Mobile Device Distraction from Children’s Perspectives.” Mobile Media & Communication 584–604. doi:10.1177/2050157921991602.
  • Merkaš, M., K. Perić, and A. Žulec. 2021. “Parent Distraction with Technology and Child Social Competence During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Parental Emotional Stability.” Journal of Family Communication 21 (3): 186–204. doi:10.1080/15267431.2021.1931228.
  • Michie, S., M. Richardson, M. Johnston, C. Abraham, J. Francis, W. Hardeman, M. P. Eccles, J. Cane, and C. E. Wood. 2013. “The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (v1) of 93 Hierarchically Clustered Techniques: Building an International Consensus for the Reporting of Behavior Change Interventions.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 46 (1): 81–95. doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6.
  • Miller-Ott, A. E., and L. Kelly. 2017. “A Politeness Theory Analysis of Cell-Phone Usage in the Presence of Friends.” Communication Studies 68 (2): 190–207. doi:10.1080/10510974.2017.1299024.
  • Murray, S. L., G. Bellavia, B. Feeney, J. G. Holmes, and P. Rose. 2001. “The Contingencies of Interpersonal Acceptance: When Romantic Relationships Function as a Self-Affirmational Resource.” Motivation and Emotion 25: 163–189. doi:10.1023/A:1010618010115.
  • Nazir, T., and S. Bulut. 2019. “Phubbing: A Phenomenon That is Mending Social Relationships.” Сибирский Психологический Журнал 74: 101–109. doi:10.17223/17267080/74/6.
  • Nezlek, J. B., E. D. Wesselmann, L. Wheeler, and K. D. Williams. 2012. “Ostracism in Everyday Life.” Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 16 (2): 91–104. doi:10.1037/a0028029.
  • Nezlek, J. B., E. D. Wesselmann, L. Wheeler, and K. D. Williams. 2015. “Ostracism in Everyday Life: The Effects of Ostracism on Those who Ostracize.” The Journal of Social Psychology 155 (5): 432–451. doi:10.1080/00224545.2015.1062351.
  • Niu, G., L. Yao, L. Wu, Y. Tian, L. Xu, and X. Sun. 2020. “Parental Phubbing and Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use: The Role of Parent-Child Relationship and Self-Control.” Children and Youth Services Review 116: 105247. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105247.
  • Nuñez, T. R., T. Radtke, and S. C. Eimler. 2020. “A Third-Person Perspective on Phubbing: Observing Smartphone-Induced Social Exclusion Generates Negative Affect, Stress, and Derogatory Attitudes.” Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 14 (3). doi:10.5817/CP2020-3-3.
  • Obremski, D., A. L. Schäfer, B. P. Lange, B. Lugrin, E. Ganal, L. Witt, T. R. Nuñez, S. Schwarz, and F. Schwab. 2021. “Put That Away and Talk to Me - the Effects of Smartphone Induced Ostracism While Interacting with an Intelligent Virtual Agent.” In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, edited by K. Ogawa, T. Yonezawa, G. M. Lucas, H. Osawa, W. Johal, and M. Shiomi, 428–432. ACM. doi:10.1145/3472307.3484669.
  • Ochs, C. 2022. “Are you Listening? Examining Phubbing as a Social Stressor in the Workplace.” [Unpublished manuscript], Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg.
  • Orben, A., N. Weinstein, and A. K. Przybylski. 2020. “Only Holistic and Iterative Change Will Fix Digital Technology Research.” Psychological Inquiry 31 (3): 235–241. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2020.1820221.
  • Page, M. J., J. E. McKenzie, P. M. Bossuyt, I. Boutron, T. C. Hoffmann, C. D. Mulrow, L. Shamseer, et al. 2021. “The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews.” Systematic Reviews 10 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4.
  • Pharo, H., J. Gross, R. Richardson, and H. Hayne. 2011. “Age-related Changes in the Effect of Ostracism.” Social Influence 6 (1): 22–38. doi:10.1080/15534510.2010.525852.
  • Przybylski, A. K., and N. Weinstein. 2013. “Can you Connect with me now? How the Presence of Mobile Communication Technology Influences Face-to-Face Conversation Quality.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30 (3): 237–246. doi:10.1177/0265407512453827.
  • Qiao, L., and Q. Liu. 2020. “The Effect of Technoference in Parent-Child Relationships on Adolescent Smartphone Addiction: The Role of Cognitive Factors.” Children and Youth Services Review 118: 105340. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105340.
  • Qu, J., L. Lei, X. Wang, X. Xie, and P. Wang. 2020. “Mother Phubbing and Adolescent Cyberbullying: The Mediating Role of Perceived Mother Acceptance and the Moderating Role of Emotional Stability.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37: 1–22. doi:10.1177/0886260520983905.
  • R Core Team. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical [Computer Software]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Ren, D., E. Wesselmann, and K. D. Williams. 2016. “Evidence for Another Response to Ostracism: Solitude Seeking.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 7 (3): 204–212. doi:10.1177/1948550615616169.
  • Roberts, J. A., and M. E. David. 2016. “My Life has Become a Major Distraction from My Cell Phone: Partner Phubbing and Relationship Satisfaction among Romantic Partners.” Computers in Human Behavior 54: 134–141. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058.
  • Roberts, J. A., and M. E. David. 2017. “Put Down Your Phone and Listen to Me: How Boss Phubbing Undermines the Psychological Conditions Necessary for Employee Engagement.” Computers in Human Behavior 75: 206–217. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.021.
  • Roberts, J. A., and M. E. David. 2020. “Boss Phubbing, Trust, Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance.” Personality and Individual Differences 155: 109702. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109702.
  • Roberts, M. Z., A. M. Flagg, and B. [Betty] Lin. 2022. “Context Matters: How Smartphone (Mis)use May Disrupt Early Emotion Regulation Development.” New Ideas in Psychology 64: 100919. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100919.
  • Rounsefell, K., S. Gibson, S. McLean, M. Blair, A. Molenaar, L. Brennan, H. Truby, and T. A. McCaffrey. 2020. “Social Media, Body Image and Food Choices in Healthy Young Adults: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review.” Nutrition & Dietetics: The Journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia 77 (1): 19–40. doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12581.
  • Rubio-Aparicio, M., J. A. López-López, W. Viechtbauer, F. Marín-Martínez, J. Botella, and J. Sánchez-Meca. 2020. “Testing Categorical Moderators in Mixed-Effects Meta-Analysis in the Presence of Heteroscedasticity.” The Journal of Experimental Education 88 (2): 288–310. doi:10.1080/00220973.2018.1561404.
  • Rudert, S. C., S. Janke, and R. Greifeneder. 2021. “Ostracism Breeds Depression: Longitudinal Associations Between Ostracism and Depression Over a Three-Year-Period.” Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 4: 100118. doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100118.
  • Ryff, C. D. 1995. “Psychological Well-Being in Adult Life.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 4 (4): 99–104. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395.
  • Ryff, C. D. 2014. “Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia.” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 83 (1): 10–28. doi:10.1159/000353263.
  • Santini, Z. I., A. Koyanagi, S. Tyrovolas, C. Mason, and J. M. Haro. 2015. “The Association Between Social Relationships and Depression: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Affective Disorders 175: 53–65. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.049.
  • Sbarra, D. A., J. L. Briskin, and R. B. Slatcher. 2019. “Smartphones and Close Relationships: The Case for an Evolutionary Mismatch.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 14 (4): 596–618. doi:10.1177/1745691619826535.
  • Schmidt, F. L., and J. E. Hunter. 2015. Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Sebastian, C., E. Viding, K. D. Williams, and S.-J. Blakemore. 2010. “Social Brain Development and the Affective Consequences of Ostracism in Adolescence.” Brain and Cognition 72 (1): 134–145. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.06.008.
  • Stockdale, L. A., S. M. Coyne, and L. M. Padilla-Walker. 2018. “Parent and Child Technoference and Socioemotional Behavioral Outcomes: A Nationally Representative Study of 10- to 20-Year-Old Adolescents.” Computers in Human Behavior 88: 219–226. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.034.
  • Thornton, A. 2000. “Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis its Causes and Consequences.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 53 (2): 207–216. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00161-4.
  • Timeo, S., P. Riva, and M. P. Paladino. 2019. “Dealing Witg Social Exclusion: An Analysis of Psychological Strategies.” In Current Directions in Ostracism, Social Exclusion, and Rejection Research, edited by S. C. Rudert, R. Greifeneder, and K. Williams, 65–81. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Umberson, D., R. Crosnoe, and C. Reczek. 2010. “Social Relationships and Health Behavior Across the Life Course.” Annual Review of Sociology 36: 139–157. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120011.
  • Utami, M., M. K. Anam, and R. D. Noorrizki. 2021. “The Relationship Between Phubbing and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction: A Literature Review.” KnE Social Sciences. Advance online publication. doi:10.18502/kss.v4i15.8226.
  • van Aert, R. C. M., J. M. Wicherts, and M. A. L. M. van Assen. 2019. “Publication Bias Examined in Meta-Analyses from Psychology and Medicine: A Meta-Meta-Analysis.” PloS One 14 (4): e0215052. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215052.
  • Vanden Abeele, M. M. P. 2020. “The Social Consequences of Phubbing.” In The Oxford Handbook of Mobile Communication and Society, edited by R. Ling, L. Fortunati, G. Goggin, S. S. Lim, Y. Li, and M. V. Abeele, 157–174. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190864385.013.11.
  • Vanden Abeele, M. M. P., M. L. Antheunis, and A. P. Schouten. 2016. “The Effect of Mobile Messaging During a Conversation on Impression Formation and Interaction Quality.” Computers in Human Behavior 62: 562–569. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.005.
  • Vanden Abeele, M. M. P., A. T. Hendrickson, M. M. Pollmann, and R. Ling. 2019. “Phubbing Behavior in Conversations and its Relation to Perceived Conversation Intimacy and Distraction: An Exploratory Observation Study.” Computers in Human Behavior 100: 35–47. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.004.
  • Vanden Abeele, M. M. P., and M. Postma-Nilsenova. 2018. “More Than Just Gaze: An Experimental Vignette Study Examining How Phone-Gazing and Newspaper-Gazing and Phubbing-While-Speaking and Phubbing-While-Listening Compare in Their Effect on Affiliation.” Communication Research Reports 35 (4): 303–313. doi:10.1080/08824096.2018.1492911.
  • van Deursen, A. J., C. L. Bolle, S. M. Hegner, and P. A. Kommers. 2015. “Modeling Habitual and Addictive Smartphone Behavior.” Computers in Human Behavior 45: 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039.
  • Viechtbauer, W. 2010. “Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the Metafor Package.” Journal of Statistical Software 36 (3): 1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03.
  • Viechtbauer, W., J. A. López-López, J. Sánchez-Meca, and F. Marín-Martínez. 2015. “A Comparison of Procedures to Test for Moderators in Mixed-Effects Meta-Regression Models.” Psychological Methods 20 (3): 360–374. doi:10.1037/met0000023.
  • Vilbusch, J. S. 2019. Older People’s Perception on Younger People’s Smart Phone Usage-A Comparison of Older Smart Phone Users and Non-Smart Phone users [University of Twente]. EndNote Tagged Import Format.
  • Wang, X., L. Gao, J. Yang, F. Zhao, and P. Wang. 2020. “Parental Phubbing and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms: Self-Esteem and Perceived Social Support as Moderators.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49 (2): 427–437. doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01185-x.
  • Wang, J. [Jingyi], F. Mann, B. Lloyd-Evans, R. Ma, and S. Johnson. 2018. “Associations Between Loneliness and Perceived Social Support and Outcomes of Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review.” BMC Psychiatry 18 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5.
  • Wang, X., Y. Qiao, W. Li, and L. Lei. 2021. “Parental Phubbing and Children’s Social Withdrawal and Aggression: A Moderated Mediation Model of Parenting Behaviors and Parents’ Gender.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence NP19395–NP19419. doi:10.1177/08862605211042807.
  • Wang, X., W. [Wei] Wang, Y. Qiao, L. Gao, J. Yang, and P. Wang. 2020. “Parental Phubbing and Adolescents’ Cyberbullying Perpetration: A Moderated Mediation Model of Moral Disengagement and Online Disinhibition.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37: 1–23. doi:10.1177/0886260520961877.
  • Wang, X., X. Xie, Y. Wang, P. Wang, and L. Lei. 2017. “Partner Phubbing and Depression among Married Chinese Adults: The Roles of Relationship Satisfaction and Relationship Length.” Personality and Individual Differences 110: 12–17. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.014.
  • Wang, X., F. Zhao, and L. Lei. 2019. “Partner Phubbing and Relationship Satisfaction: Self-Esteem and Marital Status as Moderators.” Current Psychology 40: 3365–3375. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00275-0
  • Wang, H., L. Zhou, J. Geng, and L. Lei. 2022. “Sex Differences of Parental Phubbing on Online Hostility among Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model.” Aggressive Behavior 48 (1): 94–102. doi:10.1002/ab.21994.
  • Warburton, W. A., K. D. Williams, and D. R. Cairns. 2006. “When Ostracism Leads to Aggression: The Moderating Effects of Control Deprivation.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42 (2): 213–220. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.005.
  • Wei, H., H. Ding, F. Huang, and L. Zhu. 2021. “Parents’ Phubbing and Cyberbullying Perpetration Among Adolescents: The Mediation of Anxiety and the Moderation of Zhong-Yong Thinking.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 20: 2609–2622. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00535-w
  • Wesselmann, E. D., D. Bagg, and K. D. Williams. 2009. “‘I Feel Your Pain’: The Effects of Observing Ostracism on the Ostracism Detection System.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (6): 1308–1311. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.003.
  • Wiernik, B. M., and J. A. Dahlke. 2019. “Obtaining Unbiased Results in Meta-Analysis: The Importance of Correcting for Statistical Artefacts.” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 3 (1): 94–123. doi:10.31234/osf.io/9mpbn.
  • Williams, K. D. 2007. “Ostracism.” Annual Review of Psychology 58: 425–452. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641.
  • Williams, K. D. 2009. “Ostracism: A Temporal Need-Threat Model.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 41: 275–314. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00406-1.
  • Williams, K. D., and S. A. Nida. 2011. “Ostracism: Consequences and Coping.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (2): 71–75. doi:10.1177/0963721411402480.
  • Williams, K. D., and K. L. Sommer. 1997. “Social Ostracism by Coworkers: Does Rejection Lead to Loafing or Compensation?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23 (7): 693–706. doi:10.1177/0146167297237003.
  • Xie, X., W. [Wu] Chen, X. [Xiaowei] Zhu, and D. He. 2019. “Parents’ Phubbing Increases Adolescents’ Mobile Phone Addiction: Roles of Parent-Child Attachment, Deviant Peers, and Gender.” Children and Youth Services Review 105: 104426. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104426.
  • Xie, X., Q. Guo, and P. Wang. 2021. “Childhood Parental Neglect and Adolescent Internet Gaming Disorder: From the Perspective of a Distal—Proximal—Process—Outcome Model.” Children and Youth Services Review 120: 105564. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105564.
  • Xie, X., X. Tang, H. Rapp, D. Tong, and P. Wang. 2020. “Does Forgiveness Alleviate Depression After Being Phubbed for Emerging Adults? The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem.” Computers in Human Behavior 109: 106362. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106362.
  • Xie, X., and J. Xie. 2020. “Parental Phubbing Accelerates Depression in Late Childhood and Adolescence: A two-Path Model.” Journal of Adolescence 78: 43–52. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.004.
  • Yang, Y. C., C. Boen, K. Gerken, T. [Ting] Li, K. Schorpp, and K. M. Harris. 2016. “Social Relationships and Physiological Determinants of Longevity Across the Human Life Span.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (3): 578–583. doi:10.1073/pnas.1511085112.
  • Yang, C.-C., and K. Christofferson. 2020. “On the Phone When We’re Hanging Out: Digital Social Multitasking (DSMT) and Its Socioemotional Implications.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49 (6): 1209–1224. doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01230-0.
  • Yang, C.-C., T. Pham, J. Ariati, C. Smith, and M. D. Foster. 2021. “Digital Social Multitasking (DSMT), Friendship Quality, and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Among Adolescents: Perceptions as Mediators.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 50 (12): 2456–2471. doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01442-y.
  • Yasin, R. M., S. Bashir, M. V. Abeele, and J. Bartels. 2020. “Supervisor Phubbing Phenomenon in Organizations: Determinants and Impacts.” International Journal of Business Communication 60: 1–23. doi:10.1177/2329488420907120.
  • Zayia, D. N. 2019. “Social Learning in the Digital Age: The Impact of Technoference on Mother-Child Attachment and Social Skills.” Theses and Dissertations. https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd/1255.
  • Zhao, J., B. Ye, and L. Yu. 2021. “Peer Phubbing and Chinese College Students’ Smartphone Addiction During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Boredom Proneness and the Moderating Role of Refusal Self-Efficacy.” Psychology Research and Behavior Management 14: 1725–1736. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S335407.
  • Zhu, X. [Xihe], J. A. Haegele, and S. Healy. 2019. “Movement and Mental Health: Behavioral Correlates of Anxiety and Depression among Children of 6–17 Years old in the U.S.” Mental Health and Physical Activity 16: 60–65. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2019.04.002.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.