468
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

If machines outperform humans: status threat evoked by and willingness to interact with sophisticated machines in a work-related context*

Pages 1348-1364 | Received 16 Nov 2022, Accepted 30 Apr 2023, Published online: 11 May 2023

References

  • Al-Subari, S. N., S. M. Zabri, and K. Ahmad. 2018. “Factors Influencing Online Banking Adoption: The Case of Academicians in Malaysian Technical University Network (MTUN).” Advanced Science Letters 24 (5): 3193–3197. doi:10.1166/asl.2018.11342.
  • Alhashmi, S. F., M. Alshurideh, B. A. Kurdi, and S. A. Salloum. 2020. “A Systematic Review of the Factors Affecting the Artificial Intelligence Implementation in the Health Care Sector.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision, 27–49. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44289-7
  • Anderson, C., S. Srivastava, J. S. Beer, S. E. Spataro, and J. A. Chatman. 2006. “Knowing Your Place: Self-Perceptions of Status in Face-to-Face Groups.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91: 1094–1110. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1094.
  • Appel, M., D. Izydorczyk, S. Weber, M. Mara, and T. Lischetzke. 2020. “The Uncanny of Mind in a Machine: Humanoid Robots as Tools, Agents, and Experiencers.” Computers in Human Behavior 102: 274–286. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.031.
  • Bakpayev, M., T. H. Baek, P. van Esch, and S. Yoon. 2022. “Programmatic Creative: Ai Can Think but It Cannot Feel.” Australasian Marketing Journal 30 (1): 90–95. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.04.002.
  • Baltrusch, S. J., F. Krause, A. W. de Vries, W. van Dijk, and M. P. de Looze. 2022. “What about the Human in Human Robot Collaboration?” Ergonomics 65 (5): 719–740. doi:10.1080/00140139.2021.1984585.
  • Bankins, S., and P. Formosa. 2020. “When AI Meets PC: Exploring the Implications of Workplace Social Robots and a Human-Robot Psychological Contract.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 29 (2): 215–229. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2019.1620328.
  • Benishek, L. E., and E. H. Lazzara. 2019. “Teams in a New Era: Some Considerations and Implications.” Frontiers in Psychology 10: Article 1006. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01006.
  • Bigman, Y. E., and K. Gray. 2018. “People are Averse to Machines Making Moral Decisions.” Cognition 181: 21–34. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.003.
  • Bigman, Y. E., K. C. Yam, D. Marciano, S. J. Reynolds, and K. Gray. 2021. “Threat of Racial and Economic Inequality Increases Preference for Algorithm Decision-Making.” Computers in Human Behavior 122: Article 106859. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106859.
  • Binder, J., H. Zagefka, R. Brown, F. Funke, T. Kessler, A. Mummendey, A. Maquil, S. Demoulin, and J.-P. Leyens. 2009. “Does Contact Reduce Prejudice or Does Prejudice Reduce Contact? A Longitudinal Test of the Contact Hypothesis among Majority and Minority Groups in Three European Countries.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96 (4): 843–856. doi:10.1037/a0013470.
  • Borenstein, J. 2011. “Robots and the Changing Workforce.” AI & Society 26 (1): 87–93. doi:10.1007/s00146-009-0227-0.
  • Boroumand, S., M. Eys, and A. J. Benson. 2018. “How Status Conflict Undermines Athletes’ Willingness to Help New Teammates.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 30 (3): 358–365. doi:10.1080/10413200.2017.1384939.
  • Bothner, M. S., J. Kang, and T. E. Stuart. 2007. “Competitive Crowding and Risk Taking in a Tournament: Evidence from NASCAR Racing.” Administrative Science Quarterly 52 (2): 208–247. doi:10.2189/asqu.52.2.208.
  • Breazeal, C., P. L. Harris, D. DeSteno, J. M. Kory Westlund, L. Dickens, and S. Jeong. 2016. “Young Children Treat Robots as Informants.” Topics in Cognitive Science 8 (2): 481–491. doi:10.1111/tops.12192.
  • Breza, E., S. Kaur, and Y. Shamdasani. 2018. “The Morale Effects of Pay Inequality*.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 133 (2): 611–663. doi:10.1093/qje/qjx041.
  • Brislin, R. W. 1970. “Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1 (3): 185–216. doi:10.1177/135910457000100301.
  • Bröhl, C., J. Nelles, C. Brandl, A. Mertens, and V. Nitsch. 2019. “Human–Robot Collaboration Acceptance Model: Development and Comparison for Germany, Japan, China and the USA.” International Journal of Social Robotics 11 (5): 709–726. doi:10.1007/s12369-019-00593-0.
  • Broman, M. M., and P. Finckenberg-Broman. 2017. “Human-robotics &AI Interaction: The Robotics/AI Legal Entity (RAiLE©).” In IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS), 1–7. IEEE. doi:10.1109/ISTAS.2017.8318980.
  • Bryndin, E. 2020. “Formation of Technological Cognitive Reason with Artificial Intelligence in Virtual Space.” Britain International of Exact Sciences (BIoEx) Journal 2 (2): 450–461. doi:10.33258/bioex.v2i2.222.
  • Buser, T., and A. Dreber. 2016. “The Flipside of Comparative Payment Schemes.” Management Science 62 (9): 2626–2638. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2015.2257.
  • Campbell, E. M., H. Liao, A. Chuang, J. Zhou, and Y. Dong. 2017. “Hot Shots and Cool Reception? An Expanded View of Social Consequences for High Performers.” Journal of Applied Psychology 102 (5): 845–866. doi:10.1037/apl0000183.
  • Cheng, J. T., J. L. Tracy, and J. Henrich. 2010. “Pride, Personality, and the Evolutionary Foundations of Human Social Status.” Evolution and Human Behavior 31 (5): 334–347. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.004.
  • Chounta, I. A., E. Bardone, A. Raudsep, and M. Pedaste. 2022. “Exploring Teachers’ Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence as a Tool to Support Their Practice in Estonian K-12 Education.” International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 32: 725–755. doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00243-5.
  • Chugunova, M., and D. Sele. 2022. “We and It: An Interdisciplinary Review of the Experimental Evidence on how Humans Interact with Machines.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 99, doi:10.1016/j.socec.2022.101897.
  • Cohen-Charash, Y. 2009. “Episodic Envy.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39: 2128–2173. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00519.x.
  • Craig, K., J. B. Thatcher, and V. Grover. 2019. “The IT Identity Threat: A Conceptual Definition and Operational Measure.” Journal of Management Information Systems 36 (1): 259–288. doi:10.1080/07421222.2018.1550561.
  • Cuddy, A. J., S. T. Fiske, V. S. Kwan, P. Glick, S. Demoulin, J. P. Leyens, M. H. Bond, et al. 2009. “Stereotype Content Model Across Cultures: Towards Universal Similarities and Some Differences.” British Journal of Social Psychology 48 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1348/014466608X314935.
  • Cummins, L. F., M. R. Nadorff, and A. E. Kelly. 2009. “Winning and Positive Affect Can Lead to Reckless Gambling.” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 23 (2): 287–294. doi:10.1037/a0014783.
  • Dai, H. 2018. “A Double-Edged Sword: How and why Resetting Performance Metrics Affects Motivation and Performance.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 148: 12–29. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.06.002.
  • Dang, J., and L. Liu. 2021. “Robots are Friends as Well as Foes: Ambivalent Attitudes Toward Mindful and Mindless AI Robots in the United States and China.” Computers in Human Behavior 115: 106612–8. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106612.
  • Dang, J., and L. Liu. 2022. “A Growth Mindset about Human Minds Promotes Positive Responses to Intelligent Technology.” Cognition 220. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104985.
  • Davis, F. D. 1985. A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Davis, F. D. 1989. “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology.” MIS Quarterly 13 (3): 319–340. doi:10.2307/249008.
  • Davis, F. D., R. P. Bagozzi, and P. R. Warshaw. 1989. “User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of two Theoretical Models.” Management Science 35 (8): 982–1003. doi:10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982.
  • D’Cruz, P., and E. Noronha. 2021. “Workplace Bullying in the Context of Robotization: Contemplating the Future of the Field.” In Handbook of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment: Concepts, Approaches and Methods, edited by P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, G. Notelaers, and C. Rayner, 293–322. Singapore: Springer.
  • de Melo, C., S. Marsella, and J. Gratch. 2016. “People Do Not Feel Guilty about Exploiting Machines.” ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 23 (2): 1–17. doi:10.1145/2890495.
  • Diel, A., and K. F. MacDorman. 2021. “Creepy Cats and Strange High Houses: Support for Configural Processing in Testing Predictions of Nine Uncanny Valley Theories.” Journal of Vision 21 (4): 1–20. doi:10.1167/jov.21.4.1.
  • Dietvorst, B. J., J. P. Simmons, and C. Massey. 2018. “Overcoming Algorithm Aversion: People Will use Imperfect Algorithms if They Can (Even Slightly) Modify Them.” Management Science 64 (3): 1155–1170. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2016.2643.
  • Dong, X., Y. Chang, Y. Wang, and J. Yan. 2017. “Understanding Usage of Internet of Things (IOT) Systems in China.” Information Technology & People 30 (1): 117–138. doi:10.1108/ITP-11-2015-0272.
  • Duffy, M. K., K. L. Scott, J. D. Shaw, B. J. Tepper, and K. Aquino. 2012. “A Social Context Model of Envy and Social Undermining.” Academy of Management Journal 55: 643–666. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.0804.
  • Ekerim-Akbulut, M., B. Selçuk, V. Slaughter, J. A. Hunter, and T. Ruffman. 2020. “In Two Minds: Similarity, Threat, and Prejudice Contribute to Worse Mindreading of Outgroups Compared with an Ingroup.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 51 (1): 25–48. doi:10.1177/0022022119883699.
  • Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A.-G. Lang, and A. Buchner. 2007. “G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences.” Behavior Research Methods 39 (2): 175–191. doi:10.3758/BF03193146.
  • Ferrari, F., M. P. Paladino, and J. Jetten. 2016. “Blurring Human–Machine Distinctions: Anthropomorphic Appearance in Social Robots as a Threat to Human Distinctiveness.” International Journal of Social Robotics 8 (2): 287–302. doi:10.1007/s12369-016-0338-y.
  • Festinger, L. 1954. “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes.” Human Relations 7 (2): 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202.
  • Flynn, F. J., and E. T. Amanatullah. 2012. “Psyched Up or Psyched Out? The Influence of Coactor Status on Individual Performance.” Organization Science 23: 402–415. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0552.
  • Fraune, M. R., S. Sherrin, S. Šabanović, and E. R. Smith. 2019. “Is Human-Robot Interaction More Competitive Between Groups Than Between Individuals?” 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), 104–113. doi:10.1109/HRI.2019.8673241.
  • Frick, W. 2015. “When Your Boss Wears Metal Pants.” Harvard Business Review 93 (6): 84–89.
  • Geerts, J., J. de Wit, and A. de Rooij. 2021. “Brainstorming with a Social Robot Facilitator: Better Than Human Facilitation due to Reduced Evaluation Apprehension?” Frontiers in Robotics and AI 8: Article 156. doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.657291.
  • Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung. 2015. Repräsentativ-Befragung zum Thema “Neid 3” Durch die GfK. Nürnberg: GfK Marktforschung.
  • Getchell, K. M., S. Carradini, P. W. Cardon, C. Fleischmann, H. Ma, J. Aritz, and J. Stapp. 2022. “Artificial Intelligence in Business Communication: The Changing Landscape of Research and Teaching.” Business and Professional Communication Quarterly 85 (1): 7–33. doi:10.1177/23294906221074311.
  • Giner-Sorolla, R. 2018, January 24. Powering your interaction. Approaching significance. https://approachingblog.wordpress.com/2018/01/24/powering-your-interaction-2/.
  • Gnambs, T., and M. Appel. 2019. “Are Robots Becoming Unpopular? Changes in Attitudes Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems in Europe.” Computers in Human Behavior 93: 53–61. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.045.
  • Goštautaite, B., I. Luberte, I. Buciuniene, Z. Stankeviciute, E. Staniškiene, R. Trish, and M. Antonio. 2019. Robots at Work: How Human-Robot Interaction Changes Work Design [Paper Presentation]. EAWOP Conference, May 29–June 1, Turin, Italy.
  • Grant, A. M., and M. S. Shandell. 2022. “Social Motivation at Work: The Organizational Psychology of Effort for, Against, and with Others.” Annual Review of Psychology 73: 301–326. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-060321-033406.
  • Gray, H. M., K. Gray, and D. M. Wegner. 2007. “Dimensions of Mind Perception.” Science 315: 619. doi:10.1126/science.1134475.
  • Gray, K., and D. M. Wegner. 2012. “Feeling Robots and Human Zombies: Mind Perception and the Uncanny Valley.” Cognition 125: 125–130. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.007.
  • Greenberg, J., C. E. Ashton-James, and N. M. Ashkanasy. 2007. “Social Comparison Processes in Organizations.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 102 (1): 22–41. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.006.
  • Hafizoğlu, F. M., and S. Sen. 2019. “Understanding the Influences of Past Experience on Trust in Human-Agent Teamwork.” ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 19 (4): 1–22. doi:10.1145/3324300.
  • Halabi, S., J. F. Dovidio, and A. Nadler. 2008. “When and How Do High Status Group Members Offer Help: Effects of Social Dominance Orientation and Status Threat.” Political Psychology 29 (6): 841–858. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00669.x.
  • Hall, A. K., U. Backonja, I. Painter, M. Cakmak, M. Sung, T. Lau, H. J. Thompson, and G. Demiris. 2019. “Acceptance and Perceived Usefulness of Robots to Assist with Activities of Daily Living and Healthcare Tasks.” Assistive Technology 31 (3): 133–140. doi:10.1080/10400435.2017.1396565.
  • Hampel, N., and K. Sassenberg. 2022. “Introducing Digital Technologies in the Factory: Determinants of Blue-Collar Workers’ Attitudes Towards New Robotic Tools.” Behaviour & Information Technology 41. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2021.1967448.
  • Hayes, A. F. 2018. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Hildt, E. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence: Does Consciousness Matter?” Frontiers in Psychology 10: 1535–1537. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01535.
  • Huang, M. H., and R. T. Rust. 2017. “Technology-Driven Service Strategy.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 45 (6): 906–924. doi:10.1007/s11747-017-0545-6.
  • Kamide, H., K. Kawabe, S. Shigemi, and T. Arai. 2013. “Social Comparison Between the Self and a Humanoid.” In International Conference on Social Robotics, 190–198. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02675-6_19
  • Kammrath, L. K., and C. Dweck. 2006. “Voicing Conflict: Preferred Conflict Strategies among Incremental and Entity Theorists.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (11): 1497–1508. doi:10.1177/0146167206291476.
  • Kashive, N., L. Powale, and K. Kashive. 2020. “Understanding User Perception Toward Artificial Intelligence (AI) Enabled e-Learning.” The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology 38 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1108/IJILT-05-2020-0090.
  • Kemper, T. D. 1991. “Predicting Emotions from Social Relations.” Social Psychology Quarterly 54: 330–342. doi:10.2307/2786845.
  • Kim, J., K. Merrill Jr, and C. Collins. 2021. “AI as a Friend or Assistant: The Mediating Role of Perceived Usefulness in Social AI vs. Functional AI.” Telematics and Informatics 64: 101694. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2021.101694.
  • Laban, G., J. N. George, V. Morrison, and E. S. Cross. 2021. “Tell Me More! Assessing Interactions with Social Robots from Speech.” Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics 12 (1): 136–159. doi:10.1515/pjbr-2021-0011.
  • Laird, J. E., C. Lebiere, and P. S. Rosenbloom. 2017. “A Standard Model of the Mind: Toward a Common Computational Framework Across Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Robotics.” AI Magazine 38 (4): 13–26. doi:10.1609/aimag.v38i4.2744.
  • Lam, C. K., G. S. van der Vegt, F. Walter, and X. Huang. 2011. “Harming High Performers: A Social Comparison Perspective on Interpersonal Harming in Work Teams.” Journal of Applied Psychology 96 (3): 588–601. doi:10.1037/a0021882.
  • Lambert-Pandraud, R., and G. Laurent. 2010. “Why Do Older Consumers buy Older Brands? The Role of Attachment and Declining Innovativeness.” Journal of Marketing 74 (5): 104–121. doi:10.1509/jmkg.74.5.104.
  • Latikka, R., N. Savela, A. Koivula, and A. Oksanen. 2021. “Attitudes Toward Robots as Equipment and Coworkers and the Impact of Robot Autonomy Level.” International Journal of Social Robotics 13 (7): 1747–1759. doi:10.1007/s12369-020-00743-9.
  • Liepmann, D., A. Beauducel, B. Brocke, and R. Amthauer. 2007. Intelligenz-Struktur-Test 2000 R (IST-2000 R). Hogrefe.
  • Long, F., Z. Ye, and G. Liu. 2023. “Intergroup Threat, Knowledge of the Outgroup, and Willingness to Purchase Ingroup and Outgroup Products: The Mediating Role of Intergroup Emotions.” European Journal of Social Psychology 53 (2): 268–287. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2902.
  • Longoni, C., A. Bonezzi, and C. K. Morewedge. 2019. “Resistance to Medical Artificial Intelligence.” Journal of Consumer Research 46 (4): 629–650. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucz013.
  • Manyika, J., S. Lund, M. Chui, J. Bughin, J. Woetzel, P. Batra, R. Ko, and S. Sanghvi. 2017. What the Future of Work Will Mean for Jobs, Skills, and Wages (McKinsey Global Institute Report). https://www.mckinsey.com/globalthemes/future-of-organizations-and-work/what-the-future-of-work-will-mean-for-jobsskills-and-wages.
  • Mara, M., M. Appel, and T. Gnambs. 2022. “Human-Like Robots and the Uncanny Valley.” Zeitschrift für Psychologie 230 (1): 33–46. doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000486.
  • Marr, J. C., and S. Thau. 2014. “Falling from Great (and Not-So-Great) Heights: How Initial Status Position Influences Performance After Status Loss.” Academy of Management Journal 57: 223–248. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0909.
  • McQuay, L. 2018. “Advanced Automation Technology, Labor Market Insecurity, and Collective Joblessness: The Determinants, Constraints and Employment Effects of Robots and Artificial Intelligence on the Realm of Work.” Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management 6 (2): 86–91. doi:10.22381/PIHRM6220189.
  • Menon, T., L. Thompson, and H. S. Choi. 2006. “Tainted Knowledge vs. Tempting Knowledge: People Avoid Knowledge from Internal Rivals and Seek Knowledge from External Rivals.” Management Science 52 (8): 1129–1144. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0525.
  • Messingschlager, T. V., and M. Appel. 2022. “Creative Artificial Intelligence and Narrative Transportation.” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/aca0000495
  • Mirbabaie, M., F. Brünker, N. R. Möllmann Frick, and S. Stieglitz. 2022. “The Rise of Artificial Intelligence – Understanding the AI Identity Threat at the Workplace.” Electronic Markets 32 (1): 73–99. doi:10.1007/s12525-021-00496-x.
  • Mori, M. 1970. “The Uncanny Valley.” Energy 7 (4): 33–35.
  • Müller-Abdelrazeq, S. L., K. Schönefeld, M. Haberstroh, and F. Hees. 2019. “Interacting with Collaborative Robots – a Study on Attitudes and Acceptance in Industrial Contexts.” In Social Robots: Technological, Societal and Ethical Aspects of Human-Robot Interaction, edited by O. Korn, 101–117. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17107-0_6.
  • Mussweiler, T. 2003. “Comparison Processes in Social Judgment: Mechanisms and Consequences.” Psychological Review 110 (3): 472–489. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.472.
  • Nass, C., and Y. Moon. 2000. “Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers.” Journal of Social Issues 56 (1): 81–103. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153.
  • Paluch, S., S. Tuzovic, H. F. Holz, A. Kies, and M. Jörling. 2022. ““My Colleague is a Robot” – Exploring Frontline Employees' Willingness to Work with Collaborative Service Robots.” Journal of Service Management 33 (2): 363–388. doi:10.1108/JOSM-11-2020-0406.
  • Pereira, V., E. Hadjielias, M. Christofi, and D. Vrontis. 2023. “A Systematic Literature Review on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Workplace Outcomes: A Multi-Process Perspective.” Human Resource Management Review 33. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100857.
  • Perugini, M., M. Gallucci, and G. Costantini. 2014. “Safeguard Power as a Protection Against Imprecise Power Estimates.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 9 (3): 319–332. doi:10.1177/1745691614528519.
  • Pettit, N. C., N. Sivanathan, E. Gladstone, and J. C. Marr. 2013. “Rising Stars and Sinking Ships.” Psychological Science 24: 1579–1584. doi:10.1177/0956797612473120.
  • Pettit, N. C., K. Yong, and S. E. Spataro. 2010. “Holding Your Place: Reactions to the Prospect of Status Gains and Losses.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46: 396–401. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.007.
  • Raisch, S., and S. Krakowski. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence and Management: The Automation–Augmentation Paradox.” Academy of Management Review 46 (1): 192–210. doi:10.5465/amr.2018.0072.
  • Reh, S., C. Tröster, and N. Van Quaquebeke. 2018. “Keeping (Future) Rivals Down: Temporal Social Comparison Predicts Coworker Social Undermining via Future Status Threat and Envy.” Journal of Applied Psychology 103 (4): 399–415. doi:10.1037/apl0000281.
  • Robinson, N. L., J. Connolly, G. M. Johnson, Y. Kim, L. Hides, and D. J. Kavanagh. 2018. “Measures of Incentives and Confidence in Using a Social Robot.” Science Robotics 3 (21): Article eaat6963. doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aat6963.
  • Rosenthal-von der Pütten, A. M., and N. C. Krämer. 2014. “How Design Characteristics of Robots Determine Evaluation and Uncanny Valley Related Responses.” Computers in Human Behavior 36: 422–439. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.066.
  • Salovey, P., and J. Rodin. 1984. “Some Antecedents and Consequences of Social-Comparison Jealousy.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 (4): 780–792. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.4.780.
  • Savela, N., T. Turja, and A. Oksanen. 2018. “Social Acceptance of Robots in Different Occupational Fields: A Systematic Literature Review.” International Journal of Social Robotics 10 (4): 493–502. doi:10.1007/s12369-017-0452-5.
  • Schaubroeck, J., and S. S. Lam. 2004. “Comparing Lots Before and After: Promotion Rejectees’ Invidious Reactions to Promotees.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 94 (1): 33–47. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.01.001.
  • Scheepers, D., N. Ellemers, and N. Sintemaartensdijk. 2009. “Suffering from the Possibility of Status Loss: Physiological Responses to Social Identity Threat in High Status Groups.” European Journal of Social Psychology 39: 1075–1092. doi:10.1002/ejsp.609.
  • Schumann, K., J. Zaki, and C. S. Dweck. 2014. “Addressing the Empathy Deficit: Beliefs about the Malleability of Empathy Predict Effortful Responses When Empathy is Challenging.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107 (3): 475–493. doi:10.1037/a0036738.
  • Sharma, A., Y. Rathi, V. Patni, and D. K. Sinha. 2021. “A Systematic Review of Assistance Robots for Elderly Care.” In 2021 International Conference on Communication Information and Computing Technology (ICCICT), 1–6. IEEE. doi:10.1109/ICCICT50803.2021.9510142
  • Sherman, D. K., K. A. Hartson, K. R. Binning, V. Purdie-Vaughns, J. Garcia, S. Taborsky-Barba, S. Tomassetti, A. D. Nussbaum, and G. L. Cohen. 2013. “Deflecting the Trajectory and Changing the Narrative: How Self-Affirmation Affects Academic Performance and Motivation Under Identity Threat.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104 (4): 591–618. doi:10.1037/a0031495.
  • Simonsohn, U. 2014. “[17] No-Way Interactions.” Data Colada, March 12. https://datacolada.org/17.
  • Sindermann, C., P. Sha, M. Zhou, J. Wernicke, H. S. Schmitt, M. Li, R. Sariyska, M. Stravou, B. Becker, and C. Montag. 2021. “Assessing the Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence: Introduction of a Short Measure in German, Chinese, and English Language.” KI – Künstliche Intelligenz 35 (1): 109–118. doi:10.1007/s13218-020-00689-0.
  • Smith, R. H., and S. H. Kim. 2007. “Comprehending Envy.” Psychological Bulletin 133 (1): 46–64. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.46.
  • Smith, E. R., S. Sherrin, M. R. Fraune, and S. Šabanović. 2020. “Positive Emotions, More Than Anxiety or Other Negative Emotions, Predict Willingness to Interact with Robots.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46 (8): 1270–1283. doi:10.1177/0146167219900439.
  • Stein, J.-P., M. Appel, A. Jost, and P. Ohler. 2020. “Matter Over Mind? How the Acceptance of Digital Entities Depends on Their Appearance, Mental Prowess, and the Interaction Between Both.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 142. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102463.
  • Stein, J.-P., B. Liebold, and P. Ohler. 2019. “Stay Back, Clever Thing! Linking Situational Control and Human Uniqueness Concerns to the Aversion Against Autonomous Technology.” Computers in Human Behavior 95: 73–82. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.021.
  • Stein, J.-P., and P. Ohler. 2017. “Venturing into the Uncanny Valley of Mind – the Influence of Mind Attribution on the Acceptance of Human-Like Characters in a Virtual Reality Setting.” Cognition 160: 43–50. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.010.
  • Taylor, J., S. M. Weiss, and P. J. Marshall. 2020. “Alexa, How are You Feeling Today?” Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems 21 (3): 329–352. doi:10.1075/is.19015.tay.
  • Tesser, A. 1988. “Toward a Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model of Social Behavior.” In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, edited by L. Berkowitz, Vol. 21, 181–227. London: Academic Press.
  • Waytz, A., and M. I. Norton. 2014. “Botsourcing and Outsourcing: Robot, British, Chinese, and German Workers are for Thinking – Not Feeling – Jobs.” Emotion 14 (2): 434–444. doi:10.1037/a0036054.
  • Webb, T. L., and P. Sheeran. 2006. “Does Changing Behavioral Intentions Engender Behavior Change? A Meta-Analysis of the Experimental Evidence.” Psychological Bulletin 132 (2): 249–268. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249.
  • Weiss, A., J. Igelsböck, D. Wurhofer, and M. Tscheligi. 2011. “Looking Forward to a ‘Robotic Society’?” International Journal of Social Robotics 3 (2): 111–123. doi:10.1007/s12369-010-0076-5.
  • Wiese, E., P. P. Weis, Y. Bigman, K. Kapsaskis, and K. Gray. 2022. “It’s a Match: Task Assignment in Human–Robot Collaboration Depends on Mind Perception.” International Journal of Social Robotics 14 (1): 141–148. doi:10.1007/s12369-021-00771-z.
  • Woo, W. L. 2020. “Future Trends in I&M: Human-Machine co-Creation in the Rise of AI.” IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 23 (2): 71–73. doi:10.1109/MIM.2020.9062691.
  • Yam, K. C., E. Y. Goh, R. Fehr, R. Lee, H. Soh, and K. Gray. 2022. “When Your Boss is a Robot: Workers are More Spiteful to Robot Supervisors That Seem More Human.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 102: Article 104360. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104360.
  • Yee, D. M., S. Adams, A. Beck, and T. S. Braver. 2019. “Age-related Differences in Motivational Integration and Cognitive Control.” Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 19 (3): 692–714. doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00713-3.
  • Yogeeswaran, K., J. Złotowski, M. Livingstone, C. Bartneck, H. Sumioka, and H. Ishiguro. 2016. “The Interactive Effects of Robot Anthropomorphism and Robot Ability on Perceived Threat and Support for Robotics Research.” Journal of Human-Robot Interaction 5 (2): 29–47. doi:10.5898/JHRI.5.2.Yogeeswaran.
  • You, S., and L. P. Robert. 2018. “Human–Robot Similarity and Willingness to Work with a Robotic co-Worker.” In 13th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), March, 251–260. IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9473713.
  • Zhang, T., Zhang, W., Qi, L., & Zhang, L. (2016). “Falling Detection of Lonely Elderly People Based on NAO Humanoid Robot.” In IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA), 31–36. IEEE. doi:10.1109/ICInfA.2016.7831793.
  • Zhang, G., J. Zhong, and M. Ozer. 2020. “Status Threat and Ethical Leadership: A Power-Dependence Perspective.” Journal of Business Ethics 161 (3): 665–685. doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3972-5.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.