Anxiety scale for distance education: development and validation

References

• Akbaş, U. 2022. “Ölçme Araç ve Sonuçlarında Bulunması Gereken Nitelikler.” In Eğitimde ölçme ve Değerlendirme, edited by B. Çetin, 45–78. Ankara: Anı yayıncılık.
   Google Scholar
• Alakurt, T. 2017. “Adaptation of Online Privacy Concern Scale Into Turkish Culture.” Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi 7 (4): 611–636. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2017.022.
   Google Scholar
• Alkış, Y., Z. Kadırhan, and M. Şat. 2017. “Development and Validation of Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users.” Computers in Human Behavior 72: 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsudais, A. S., A. S. Alghamdi, A. A. Alharbi, A. A. Alshehri, M. A. Alzhrani, S. Keskin, M. Sahin, and A. M. Althubaiti. 2022. “Social Anxiety in E-Learning: Scale Validation and Socio-Demographic Correlation Study.” Education and Information Technologies 27 (6): 8189–8201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10919-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arribathi, A. H., R. Suwarto, A. M. Budiarto, M. Supriyanti, and D. Mulyati. 2021. “An Analysis of Student Learning Anxiety During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Study in Higher Education.” The Journal of Continuing Higher Education 69 (3): 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2020.1847971.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman, L. F. 2004. Statistical Analyses for Language Assessment Book. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., and C. P. Chou. 1987. “Practical Issues in Structural Modeling.” Sociological Methods & Research 16 (1): 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bervell, B., and I. N. Umar. 2018. “Utilization Decision Towards lms for Blended Learning in Distance Education: Modeling the Effects of Personality Factors in Exclusivity.” Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal 10 (3): 309–333. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2018.10.018.
   Google Scholar
• Bervell, B., and I. N. Umar. 2020. “Blended Learning or Face-to-Face? Does Tutor Anxiety Prevent the Adoption of Learning Management Systems for Distance Education in Ghana?” Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning 35 (2): 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1548964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosmans, D., and S. Hurd. 2016. “Phonological Attainment and Foreign Language Anxiety in Distance Language Learning: A Quantitative Approach.” Distance Education 37 (3): 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2016.1233049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, T., C. Paine, A. N. Joinson, and U. D. Reips. 2007. “Development of Measures of Online Privacy Concern and Protection for use on the Internet.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58 (2): 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. 1966. “The Scree Test for the Number of Factors.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 1 (2): 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comrey, A. L., and H. B. Lee. 1992. A First Course in Factor Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. 1951. “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests.” Psychometrika 16: 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cüceloğlu, D. 2008. İnsan ve Davranısı Psikolojinin Temel Kavramları (17. b.). Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
   Google Scholar
• Darwish, M. A. A., S. M. Banat, W. Y. Sarhan, and W. A. Aleid. 2021. “Future Career Anxiety and its Relationship with Marital Distress among the al-Hussein bin Talal University Students.” Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 15 (1): e101398. https://brieflands.com/articles/ijpbs-101398.html.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. 1992. The Brief Symptom Inventory-BSI Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-II. USA: Clinical Pscyhometric Research Inc.
   Google Scholar
• De Vaus, D. 2004. Surveys in Social Research. (5th ed.). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• DeVellis, R. F. 2017. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Doz, D., and E. Doz. 2022. “The Impact of COVID-19 Distance Learning on Students’ Math Anxiety: An Exploratory Study.” International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 11 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.2219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekizoğlu, N., and Z. Özçınar. 2011. “A Study of Developing an Anxiety Scale Towards the Internet.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 15: 3902–3911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.392.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. 2017. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. 5th ed. SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Forero, G., M.-O. A. Carlos, and D. & Gallardo-Pujol. 2009. “Factor Analysis with Ordinal Indicators: A Monte Carlo Study Comparing DWLS and ULS Estimation.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 16 (4): 625–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903203573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., and D. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraenkel, J. R., N. E. Wallen, and H. H. Hyun. 2011. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
   Google Scholar
• Gökmen, ÖF, İ Duman, and M. B. Horzum. 2016. “Uzaktan Eğitimde Kuramlar, Değişimler ve Yeni Yönelimler. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları.” Dergisi 2 (3): 29–51. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/auad/issue/34059/376987.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, J., D. Cohen, C. Siskowski, and P. Toyinbo. 2017. “The Relationship Between Family Caregiving and the Mental Health of Emerging Young Adult Caregivers.” The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 44 (4): 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-016-9526-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttman, L. 1954. “Some Necessary Conditions for Common-Factor Analysis.” Psychometrika 19 (2): 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289162.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, L. M. 1986. “Social Anxiety, Problem Drinking, and Self-Awareness.” In Perception of Self in Emotional Disorder and Psychotherapy, edited by L. M. Hartman, and K. R. Blankstein, 265e282. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg, B. 1989. Theory and Practice of Distance Education. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Horzum, M. B., and O. Cakir. 2012. “Structural Equation Modeling in Readiness, Willingness and Anxiety of Secondary School Students About the Distance Learning.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47: 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.665.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus new Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jon-Chao, H., H. Chan-Jer, D. Chien-Yun, H. Ming-Yueh, L. Pei-Hsin, and -C.-C. Lee. 2012. “Technology Anxiety and Implicit Learning Ability Affect Technology Leadership to Promote the use of Information Technology at Elementary Schools.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 64: 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.065.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. 1960. “The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 20 (1): 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kass, R. A., and H. E. A. Tinsley. 1979. “Factor Analysis.” Journal of Leisure Research 11: 120–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1979.11969385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keegan, D. 2013. Foundations of Distance Education. 3rd ed.. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Keskin, S., M. Şahin, S. Uluç, and H. Yurdugul. 2023. “Online Learners’ Interactions and Social Anxiety: The Social Anxiety Scale for e-Learning Environments (SASE).” Interactive Learning Environments, 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1769681.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, B. R. 2011. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X., W. Lan, and A. Williams. 2021. “The Scale of Online Course Anxiety: Assessing College Students’ Anxiety in Online Courses.” Online Learning 25 (4): 440–460. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v25i4.2505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccallum, R. C., M. W. Browne, and H. M. Sugawara. 1996. “Power Analysis and Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modeling.” Psychological Methods 1 (2): 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmud, M. S., M. U. Talukder, and S. M. Rahman. 2021. “Does ‘Fear of COVID-19’ Trigger Future Career Anxiety? An Empirical Investigation Considering Depression from COVID-19 as a Mediator.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 67 (1): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020935488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga, M. 2010. “How to Factor-Analyze Your Data Right: Do’s, Don’ts, and how-To’s.” International Journal of Psychological Research 3 (1): 97–110. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id = 299023509007.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M. 1973. “Toward a Theory of Independent Learning and Teaching.” The Journal of Higher Education 44 (9): 661–679. https://doi.org/10.2307/1980599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netemeyer, R. G., W. O. Bearden, and S. Sharma. 2003. Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. 1978. Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C., and I. H. Bernstein. 1967. Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Öner, N., and V. A. Le Compte. 1985. State-trait Anxiety Inventory Handbook. Istanbul: Bogazici University.
   Google Scholar
• Özbey, M., and M. Kayri. 2023. “Investigation of Factors Affecting Transactional Distance in E-Learning Environment with Artificial Neural Networks.” Education and Information Technologies, 4399–4427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11346-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özkul, R., D. Kırnık, O. Dönük, Y. Altunhan, and Y. Altunkaynak. 2020. “Uzaktan Eğitim Uygulamalarına Ilişkin öğretmen Görüşleri: Ölçek çalışması.” Turkish Studies 15 (8): 3655–3667. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.46557.
   Google Scholar
• Pedhazur, E., and L. Schmelkin. 1991. Measurement, Design and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, O. 1988. “Distance Teaching and Industrial Production: A Comparative Interpretation in Outline.” In Distance Education: International Perspectives, edited by D. Sewart, D. Keegan, and B. Holmberg, 95–113. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pirrone, C., D. Di Corrado, A. Privitera, S. Castellano, and S. Varrasi. 2022. “Students’ Mathematics Anxiety at Distance and In-Person Learning Conditions During COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Any Differences? An Exploratory Study.” Education Sciences 12 (6): 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12060379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randler, C., M. B. Horzum, and C. Vollmer. 2014. “The Influence of Personality and Chronotype on Distance Learning Willingness and Anxiety among Vocational High School Students in Turkey.” The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 15 (6): 93–110. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/156199/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, T. C., and F. Brackett. 1998. User characteristics checklist. URL:http://mime1.gtri.gatech.edu/MM_Tools/UCC.html.
   Google Scholar
• Şahin, N. H., A. D. Batıgün, and S. Uğurtaş. 2002. “Kısa Semptom Envanteri (KSE): Ergenler Için Kullanımının Geçerlik, Güvenilirlik ve Faktör Yapısı [The Validity, Reliability and Factor Structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)].” Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 13 (2): 125–135. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/publication/detail/19460/kisa-semptom-envanteri-kse-ergenler-icin-kullaniminin-gecerlik-guvenilirlik-ve-faktor-yapisi.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaughnessy, K., J. N. Rocheleau, S. Kamalou, and D. A. Moscovitch. 2017. “The Effects of Social Anxiety and Online Privacy Concern on Individual Differences in Internet-Based Interaction Anxiety and Communication Preferences.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 20 (4): 212–217. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shindi, Y. A., M. M. Emam, and H. Farhadi. 2022. “Does Fear of COVID-19 Prolongation Lead to Future Career Anxiety among Adolescents? the Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms.” Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-022-00506-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simonson, M. 1999. “Equivalency Theory and Distance Education.” TechTrends 43: 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02818157.
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., R. L. Gorsuch, and R. E. Lushene. 1970. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Self Evaluation Questionnaire). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Thorndike, R. M. 2005. Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Uzun Şahin, C., and A. N. Serbest Baz. 2021. “Views and Anxiety Levels of University Students Regarding Distance Education During the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Yuksekogretim Dergisi 11 (3): 617–624. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.019000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. 2020. Distance Education Learning Environments Survey. Retrieved from: https://www.mindgarden.com/347-distance-education-learning-environments-survey08.02.2023.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, S. L., and B. J. Fraser. 2005. “Development and Validation of an Instrument for Assessing Distance Education Learning Environments in Higher Education: The Distance Education Learning Environments Survey (DELES).” Learning Environments Research 8: 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-005-1568-3.
   Google Scholar
• Wedemeyer, C. A. 1981. Learning at the Back Door: Reflection on Nontraditional Learning in the Life Span. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A. S. 2010. “Statistics Anxiety and Instructor Immediacy.” Journal of Statistics Education 18 (2): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10691898.2010.11889495.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, X., M. Zhang, L. Kong, Q. Wang, and J. C. Hong. 2021. “The Effects of Scientific Self-Efficacy and Cognitive Anxiety on Science Engagement with the “Question-Observation-Doing-Explanation” Model During School Disruption in COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Science Education and Technology 30: 380–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09877-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdugül, H., and P. Aşkar. 2008. “An Investigation of the Factorial Structures of Pupils’ Attitude Towards Technology (PATT): A Turkish Sample.” Elementary Education Online 7 (2): 288–309. . https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ilkonline/issue/8601/107109.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, T., Y. Bao, D. Guo, Y. Bai, R. Wang, X. Cao, H. Li, and Y. Hua. 2022. “Intolerance of Uncertainty and Future Career Anxiety among Chinese Undergraduate Students During COVID-19 Period: Fear of COVID-19 and Depression as Mediators.” Frontiers in Public Health 10), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1015446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar