505
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
feature articles

Microscale and Macroscale Aspects of Water Management Challenges in PEM Fuel Cells

Pages 575-587 | Published online: 14 Jul 2010

REFERENCES

  • Adamson , K. 2004 . Hydrogen from Renewable Resources—The Hundred Year Commitment . Energy Policy , vol. 32 : 1231 – 1242 .
  • Vielstich , W. , Lamm , A. and Gasteiger , H. A. 2003 . Handbook of Fuel Cells—Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, vols. 1–4 , Chichester, West Sussex , , England : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Atkins , J. R. , Savett , S. C. and Creager , S. E. 2004 . Large-scale current flucuations in PEM fuel cells operating with reduced feed stream humidification . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 128 : 201 – 207 .
  • Ciureanu , M. 2004 . Effects of Nafion™ Dehydration in PEM Fuel Cells . Journal of Applied Electrochemistry , vol. 34 : 705 – 714 .
  • Huang , X. , Solasi , R. , Zou , Y. , Feshler , M. , Reifsnider , K. , Condit , D. , Burlatsky , S. and Madden , T. 2006 . Mechanical endurance of polymer electrolyte membrane and PEM fuel cell durability . Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Science , vol. 44 ( 16 ) : 2346 – 2357 .
  • Eikerling , M. 2006 . Water Management in Cathode Catalyst Layers of PEM Fuel Cells, A Structure-Based Model . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 153 ( 3 ) : E58 – E70 .
  • Yu , H. M. , Ziegler , C. , Oszcipok , M. , Zobel , M. and Hebling , C. 2006 . Hydrophilicity and Hydrophobicity Study of Catalyst Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells . Electrochemica Acta , vol. 51 : 1199 – 1207 .
  • Jung , U. H. , Park , K. T. , Park , E. H. and Kim , S. H. 2006 . Improvement of Low-humidity Performance of PEMFC by Addition of SiO2 Particles to Cataylst Layer . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 159 : 529 – 532 .
  • Wang , X. , Zhang , J. , Xu , H. , Zhu , X. , Chen , J. and Yi , B. 2006 . A Bi-funcational Micro-porous Layer with Composite Carbon Black for PEM Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 162 : 474 – 479 .
  • Yan , Q. , Toghiani , H. and Wu , J. 2006 . Investigation of Water Transport through Membrane in a PEM Fuel Cell by Water Balance Experiments . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 158 : 316 – 325 .
  • Larminie , J. and Dicks , A. 2003 . Fuel Cell Systems Explained, , 2nd Edition , Chichester, West Sussex , , England : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Ge , S. , Li , X. , Yi , B. and Hsing , I.-M. 2005 . Absorbtion, Desorption, and Transport of Water in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 152 ( 6 ) : A1149 – A1157 .
  • Meier , F. and Eigenberger , G. 2004 . Transport Parameters for Modeling of Water Transport in Ionomer Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells . Electrochemica Acta , vol. 49 : 1731 – 4747 .
  • Okada , T. , Xie , G. , Gorseth , O. , Kjelstrup , S. , Nikamura , N. and Arimura , T. 1998 . Ion and Water Transport of Nafion Membranes as Electrolytes . Electrochmica Acta , vol. 43 : 3741 – 4747 .
  • Karimi , G. and Li , X. 2005 . Electroosmotic Flow Through Polymer Electrolyte Membranes in PEM Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 140 : 1 – 11 .
  • Gurau , V. , Bluemle , M. J. , De Castro , E. S. , Tsou , Y.-M. , Mann , A. Jr. and Zawddzinski , T. A. Jr. 2006 . Characterization of Transport Properties in Gas Diffusion Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, Wettability I. (Internal Contact Angle to Water and Surface Energy of GDL Fibers) . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 160 : 1156 – 1162 .
  • Mathais , M. F. , Roth , J. , Fleming , J. and Lenhert , W. 2003 . Handbook of Fuel Cells-Fundamentals, Technology and Applications , Edited by: Vielstich , W. , Lamm , A. and Gasteiger , H. vol. 1 , 515 – 590 . Chichester, West Sussex , , England : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Narhe , R. D. and Beysens , D. A. 2006 . Water condensation on a super-hydrophobic spike surface . Eurphysics Letters , vol. 75 ( 1 ) : 98
  • Wasburn , E. W. 1921 . The Dynamics of Capillary Flow . Physical Review , vol. 17 ( 3 ) : 273 – 283 .
  • Owens , D. K. and Wendt , R. C. 1969 . Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , vol. 13 : 1741 – 1747 .
  • Yamada , H. , Hatanaka , T. , Murata , H. and Morimoto , Y. 2006 . Measurement of Flooding in Gas Diffusion Layers of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Conventional Flow Fields . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 159 : A1748 – A1754 .
  • Benziger , J. , Nehlsen , J. , Blackwell , D. , Brennan , T. and Itescu , J. 2005 . Water Flow in the Gas Diffusion Layers of PEM Fuel Cells . Journal of Membrane Science , vol. 261 : 98 – 108 .
  • Nam , J. H. and Kaviany , M. 2003 . Effective Diffusivity and Water-saturation Distribution in a Single- and Two-layer PEMFC Diffusion Medium . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , vol. 46 : 4595 – 4611 .
  • Pasaogullari , U. 2004 . and Wang, C.-Y., Two-Phase Transport and the role of Micro-porous Layer in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells . Electrochimica Acta , vol. 49 : 4359 – 4369 .
  • Par , G.-G. , Sohn , Y.-J. , Yang , T.-H. , Yoon , Y.-G. , Lee , W.-Y. and Kim , C.-S. 2004 . Effect of PTFE Content in the Gas Diffusion Media on the Performance of PEMFC . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 31 : 182 – 187 .
  • Shi , Y. , Xiao , J. , Pan , M. and Yuan , R. 2006 . A Fractal Model for the Gas Diffusion Layer of PEM Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 160 : 277 – 283 .
  • Zhan , Z. , Xiao , J. , Pan , M. and Yuan , R. 2006 . Effects of Porosity Distribution on the Liquid water Flux through Gas Diffusion Layers of PEM Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 160 : 1041 – 1048 .
  • Lin , G. and Nguyen , T. V. 2005 . Effect of Thickness and Hydrophobic Polymer Content of the Gas Diffusion Layer on Electrode Flooding Level in a PEMFC . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 152 : A1942 – A1948 .
  • Qi , Z. and Kaufman , A. 2002 . Improvement of Water Management by a Microporus Sublayer for PEM Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 109 : 38 – 46 .
  • Weber , A. Z. and Newman , J. 2006 . Coupled Thermal and Water Management in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 153 : A2205 – 2214 .
  • Litster , S. , Sinton , D. and Dijali , N. 2006 . Ex Situ Visualization of Liquid Water Transport in PEM Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layers . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 154 : 95 – 105 .
  • Udell , K. S. 1985 . Heat Transfer in Porous Media Considering Phase Change and Capillarity—The Heat Pipe Effect . Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , vol. 29 : 485 – 495 .
  • Buie , C. R. , Posner , J. D. , Fabian , T. , Cha , S.-W. , Kim , D. , Prinz , F. B. , Eaton , J. K. and Santiago , J. G. 2006 . Water Management in Proton Exhange Membrane Fuel Cells Using Integrated Electroosmotic Pumping . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 161 : 191 – 202 .
  • Feindel , K. W. , LaRocque , L. P.-A. , Starke , D. , Bergens , S. H. and Wasylishen , R. E. 2004 . In Situ Observations of Water Production and Distrubution in an Operating H2/O2 PEM Fuel Cells Assembly Using 1H NMR Microscopy . Journal of The American Chemical Society , vol. 126 ( 37 ) : 238 – 245 .
  • Borrelli , J. , Kandlikar , S. G. , Trabold , T. and Owejon , J. 2005 . Water Transport Visualization and Two-Phase Pressure Drop Measurements in a Simulated PEMFC Cathode Minichannel . Third International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels . June 13–15 2005 , Toronto, Ontario , Canada. ASME Publications . Proceedings of ICMM2005 Paper No. 75118
  • Hidrovo , C. H. , Wang , F.-M. , Steinbrenner , J. E. , Lee , E. S. , Vigneron , S. , Cheng , C.-H. , Eaton , J. K. and Goodson , K. E. 2005 . Water Slug Detachment in Two-Phase Hydrophobic Microchannel Flows . Third International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels . June 13–15 2005 , Toronto, Ontario , Canada. ASME Publications . Proceedings of ICMM2005 Paper No. 75261
  • Kumbur , E. C. , Sharp , K. V. and Mench , M. M. 2006 . Liquid Droplet Behavior and Instability in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Flow Channel . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 161 : 333 – 245 .
  • Zhang , F. Y. , Yang , X. G. and Wang , C. Y. 2006 . Liquid Water Removal from a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 153 : A225 – A232 .
  • Hickner , M. A. and Chen , K. S. Experimental Studies of Liquid Droplet Growth and Instabilty at the Gas Diffusion Layer/Gas Channel Interface . Third Internationl Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology . May 23–25 . pp. 65 – 69 . Ypsilanti, MI, vol. FUELCELL2005-74118
  • Palan , V. and Shepard , W. S. Jr. 2006 . Enhanced Water Removal in a Fuel Cell Stack by Droplet Atomization Using Structural and Acoustical Methods . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 159 : 1061 – 1071 .
  • Palan , V. , Shepard , W. S. Jr. and Williams , K. A. 2006 . Removal of Excess Water in a PEM Fuel Cell Stack by Vibrational and Acoustical Methods . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 161 : 1116 – 1125 .
  • He , G. , Ming , P. , Zhao , Z. , Abudula , A. and Xiao , Y. 2007 . A Two-Fluid Model for Two-Phase Flow in PEMFCs . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 163 : 864 – 873 .
  • Chen , K. S. , Hickner , M. A. and Noble , D. R. 2005 . Simplified Models for Predicting the Onset of Liquid Water Droplet Instability at the Gas Diffusion Layer/Gas Flow Channel Interface . International Journal of Energy Research , vol. 29 : 1113 – 1132 .
  • Schillberg , C. and Kandlikar , S. G. A Review of Models for Water Droplet Detachment from Gas Diffusion Layer-Gas Flow Channel Interface in PEMFCs . ASME Fifth International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels and Minichannels . June 18–20 . Puebla , Mexico : ASME Publications . vol. ICNMM2007-30029
  • English , N. J. and Kandlikar , S. G. An Experimental Investigation into the Effect of Surfactants on Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in Minichannels . Proceedings of ICMM2005, Third International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels . June 13–15 . Toronto, Ontario , , Canada : ASME Publications . Paper No. 75110
  • Mishima , K. and Hibiki , T. 1996 . Some Characteristics of Air-water Two-phase Flow in Small Diameter Vertical Tubes . International Journal of Multiphase Flow , vol. 22 : 703 – 712 .
  • Ma , H. P. , Zhang , H. M. , Hu , J. , Cai , Y. H. and Yi , B. L. 2006 . Diagnostic Tool to Detect Liquid Water Removal in the Cathode Channels of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 162 : 469 – 473 .
  • Geiger , A. B. , Tsukada , A. , Lehmann , E. , Vontobel , P. , Wokaun , A. and Scherer , G. G. 2002 . In Situ Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Flow Fields of PEFCS Using Neutron Radiology . Fuels Cells , vol. 2 ( 2 ) : 92 – 98 .
  • Satija , R. , Jacobson , D. L. , Arif , M. and Werner , S. A. 2004 . In Situ Neutron Imaging Technique for Evaluation of Water Mangement Systems in Operating PEM Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 129 : 11436 – 11437 .
  • Owejan , J. P. , Trabold , T. A. , Jacobson , D. L. , Baker , D. R. , Hussey , D. S. and Arif , M. 2006 . In-situ Investigation of Water Transpot in an Operating PEM Fuel Cell Using Neutron Radiology. Part 2 Transient Water Accumulation in an Intergrated Cathode Flow Field . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , vol. 49 : 4721 – 4731 .
  • Trabold , T. A. , Owejan , J. P. , Jacobson , D. L. , Arif , M. and Huffman , P. R. 2006 . In-situ Investigation of Water Transport in an Operating PEM Fuel Cell Using Neutron Radiology. Part 1-Experimental Method and Serpentine Flow Field Results . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , vol. 49 : 4712 – 4720 .
  • Hussey , D. S. , Jacobson , D. L. , Arif , M. , Huffman , P. R. , Williams , R. E. and Cook , J. C. 2005 . New neutron imaging facility at the NIST . Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment , vol. 542 ( 1–3 ) : 9 – 15 .
  • Kowal , J. J. , Turhan , A. , Heller , K. , Brenizer , J. and Mench , M. M. 2006 . Liquid Water Storage, Distribution, and Removal from Diffusion Media in PEFCs . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 153 : A1971 – A1978 .
  • Ludlow , D. J. , Calebrese , C. M. , Yu , S. H. , Dannehy , C. S. , Jacobson , D. L. , Hussey , D. S. , Arif , M. , Jensen , M. K. and Eisman , G. A. 2006 . PEM Fuel Cell Membrane Hydration Measuement by Neutron Imaging . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 162 : 271 – 278 .
  • Barreras , F. , Lozano , A. , Valiño , L. , Marín , C. and Pascau , A. 2005 . Flow Distrubution in a Bipolar Plate of a Proton Exhange Membrane Fuel Cell: Experimental and Numerical Simulation Studies . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 144 : 54 – 66 .
  • Cha , S. W. , O'Hayre , R. , Lee , S. J. , Sato , Y. and Prinz , F. B. 2004 . Geometric Scale Effect of Flow Channels on Performance of Fuel Cells . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 151 : A1856 – A1864 .
  • Cha , S. W. , O'Hayre , R. , Park , Y.-I. and Prinz , F. B. 2006 . Electrochemical Impedance of Flooding in Micro-Flow Channels for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 161 : 38 – 142 .
  • Son , S. Y. and Allen , J. S. Visualization and Predictive Modeling of Two-Phase Flow Regime Transition with Application Towards water Management in the Gas-Flow Channels of PEM Fuel Cells . Proceedings IMECE2005, 2005 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition . Nov. 5–11 . pp. 461 – 469 . Orlando , Flordia : ASME Publications . vol. ICMECE2005-82422
  • Taniguchi , A. and Yasuda , K. 2005 . Highly water-proof coating of gas flow channels by plasma polymerization for PEM fuel cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 141 : 8 – 12 .
  • Cai , Y. H. , Hu , J. , Ma , H. P. , Yi , B. L. and Zhang , H. M. 2006 . Effects of Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Properties in the Water Behavior in the Microchannels of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 161 : 843 – 848 .
  • Jiao , K. , Zhou , B. and Quan , P. 2006 . Liquid Water Transport in Parallel Serpentine Channels with Manifolds on Cathode Side of a PEM Fuel Cell Stack . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 154 : 124 – 137 .
  • Jiao , K. , Zhou , B. and Quan , P. 2006 . Liquid Water Transport in Straight Micro-Parallel-Channels with Manifolds for PEM Fuel Cells Cathode . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 157 : 226 – 243 .
  • Wang , C. Y. 2004 . Fundamental Models for Fuel Cell Engineering . Chemical Review , : 4727 – 4766 .
  • Weber , A. Z. , Darling , R. , Meyers , J. and Newman , J. 2003 . Handbook of Fuel Cells—Fundamentals, Technology and Applications , Edited by: Vielstich , W. , Lamm , A. and Gasteiger , H. vol. 1 , Chichester, West Sussex , , England : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Weber , A. Z. and Newman , J. 2004 . Transport in Polymer-Electrolyte Membranes III Model Validation in a Simple Fuel-Cell Model . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 151 ( 2 ) : A326 – A339 .
  • Wang , Z. H. , Wang , C. Y. and Chen , K. S. 2001 . Two-phase Flow and Transport in the Air Cathode of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 94 : 40 – 50 .
  • You , L. and Liu , H. 2002 . A Two-phase Flow and Transport Model for the Cathode of PEM Fuel Cells . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , vol. 45 : 2277 – 2287 .
  • Hu , M. , Gu , A. , Wang , M. , Zhu , X. and Yu , L. 2004 . Three dimensional, two phase flow mathematical model for PEM fuel cell: Part I . Model development . Energy Conversion and Management , vol. 45 : 1861 – 1882 .
  • Hu , M. , Zhu , X. , Wang , M. , Gu , A. and Yu , L. 2004 . Three dimensional, two phase flow mathematical model for PEM fuel cell: Part I I. Analysis and discussion of the internal transport mechanisms . Energy Conversion and Management , vol. 45 : 1883 – 1916 .
  • Um , S. and Wang , C. Y. 2004 . Three dimensional Analysis of Transport and Electrochemical Reactions in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 125 : 40 – 51 .
  • Berning , T. and Djilali , N. 2003 . A 3D, Modeling, Multicomponent Model of the Cathode and Anode of a PEM Fuel Cell . Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol. 150 : A1589 – A1598 .
  • Zong , Y. , Zhou , B. and Sobiesiak , A. 2006 . Water and Thermal Management in a Single P EM Fuel Cell with Non-Uniform Stack Temperature . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 161 : 143 – 159 .
  • Matamoros , L. and Brüggemann , D. 2006 . Simulation of the Water and Heat Management in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 161 : 203 – 213 .
  • Meng , H. 2006 . A three-dimensional PEM Fuel Cell Model with consistent treament of water tranport in MEA . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 162 : 426 – 435 .
  • Sivertsen , B. R. and Djilali , N. 2005 . CFD-based Modelling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 141 : 65 – 78 .
  • Yu , X. , Zhou , B. and Sobiesiak , A. 2005 . Water and Thermal Managment for Ballard P EM Fuel Cell stack . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 147 : 184 – 195 .
  • Shah , A. A. , Kim , G.-S. , Gervais , W. , Young , A. , Promislow , K. , Li , J. and Ye , S. 2006 . The Effects of Water and Microstructure on the Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 160 : 1251 – 1268 .
  • Pasaogullari , U. and Wang , C.-Y. 2005 . Two-Phase Modeling and Flooding Prediction of Polymer Electolyte Fuel Cells . Journal of The Electrochemical Society , vol. 152 : A380 – A390 .
  • Liu , Z. , Mao , Z. and Wang , C. 2006 . A Two Dimensional Partial Flooding Model for PEMFC . Journal of Power Sources , vol. 158 : 1229 – 1239 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.