Classification and Regression Tree Analysis to Examine Risk of Post-Traumatic Symptoms Among Maltreated, Multiracial Adolescents

References

• Acheson, D. T., Kwan, B., Maihofer, A. X., Risbrough, V. B., Nievergelt, C. M., Clark, J. W., Tu, X. M., Irwin, M. R., & Baker, D. G. (2019). Sleep disturbance at pre-deployment is a significant predictor of post-deployment re-experiencing symptoms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10, 1679964. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1679964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, J. G., Putnam, F. W., Carlson, E. B., Libero, D. Z., & Smith, S. R. (1997). Development and validation of a measure of adolescent dissociation: The Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(8), 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199708000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barboza, G. E., Dominguez, S., & Pinder, J. (2017). Trajectories of post-traumatic stress and externalizing psychopathology among maltreated foster care youth: A parallel process latent growth curve model. Child Abuse & Neglect, 72, 370–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baugh, L. M., Cox, D. W., Young, R. A., & Kealy, D. (2019). Partner trust and childhood emotional maltreatment: The mediating and moderating roles of maladaptive schemas and psychological flexibility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 12, 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, B. H., Ridenour, T. A., & Fishbein, D. H. (2019). Associations between child maltreatment, harsh parenting, and sleep with adolescent mental health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1261-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S. E., Mukunzi, J. N., & Noorishad, P. G. (2021). Overrepresentation of Black children in the child welfare system: A systematic review to understand and better act. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, Y., Harachi, T. W., Gillmore, M. R., & Catalano, R. F. (2006). Are multiracial adolescents at greater risk? Comparisons of rates, patterns, and correlates of substance use and violence between monoracial and multiracial adolescents. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, M. E., & Scott, J. C. (2019). Intersection of race and religion for youth in foster care: Examining policy and practice. Children and Youth Services Review, 98, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engler, A. D., Sarpong, K. O., Van Horne, B. S., Greeley, C. S., & Keefe, R. J. (2022). A systematic review of mental health disorders of children in foster care. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 23(1), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020941197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, A., Waller, G., Smerden, J., & Faupel, A. W. (2001). The Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale: Psychometric properties and difference in scores across age groups. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(10), 722–727. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200110000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, S., Reynolds, J. L., Hsu, W.-W., Barnes, J., & Tyler, K. (2014). Examining multiracial youth in context: Ethnic identity development and mental health outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1688–1699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0163-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, S., Elklit, A., Shevlin, M., & Armour, C. (2021). Predictors of PTSD treatment response trajectories in a sample of childhood sexual abuse survivors: The roles of social support, coping, and PTSD symptom clusters. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36, 1283–1307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517741212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373, 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61706-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, T., Usami, S., Jacobucci, R., & McArdle, J. J. (2015). Using classification and regression trees (CART) and random forests to analyze attrition: Results from two simulations. Psychology and Aging, 30, 911–929. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jocson, R. M., Alers-Rojas, F., Ceballo, R., & Arkin, M. (2020). Religion and spirituality: Benefits for Latino adolescents exposed to community violence. Youth & Society, 52, 349–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X18772714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczkurkin, A. N., Asnaani, A., Zhong, J., & Foa, E. B. (2016). The moderating effect of state anger on treatment outcome in female adolescents with PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakaje, A., Al Zohbi, R., Alyousbashi, A., Abdelwahed, R. N., Aldeen, O. H., Alhalabi, M. M., Ghareeb, A., & Latifeh, Y. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anger and mental health of school students in Syria after nine years of conflict: A large-scale school-based study. Psychological Medicine, 52, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720003761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattan, M. W., & Cowen, M. E. (2009). Encyclopedia of medical decision making. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kaur, H., & Kearney, C.A. (2013). Ethnic identity, family cohesion, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 22, 1085–1095. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.845278
   Google Scholar
• Kaur, H., & Kearney, C.A. (2015). An examination of posttraumatic stress symptoms among maltreated multiracial youth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 24, 487–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1029181
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, A. C., & Prock, K. A. (2018). “I still feel like I am not normal”: A review of the role of stigma and stigmatization among female survivors of child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19(5), 512–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016673601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolko, D. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Zhang, J., Barth, R. P., Leslie, L. K., & Burns, B. J. (2010). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents referred for child welfare investigation: A national sample of in-home and out-of-home care. Child Maltreatment, 15, 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509337892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory: Manual. Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Lajnef, T., Chaibi, S., Ruby, P., Aguera, P. E., Eichenlaub, J. B., Samet, M., Kachouri, A., & Jerbi, K. (2015). Learning machines and sleeping brains: Automatic sleep stage classification using decision-tree multi-class support vector machines. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 250, 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon, S. C., Roy, J., Clark, M. A., Friedmann, P. D., & Rakowski, W. (2003). Classification and regression tree analysis in public health: Methodological review and comparison with logistic regression. Annals of Behavioral Medicine : A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 26(3), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2603_02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lievaart, M., Franken, I. H. A., & Hovens, J. E. (2016). Anger assessment in clinical and nonclinical populations: Further validation of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72, 263–278. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2017). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the Dissociative Experiences Scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malvaso, C. G., Delfabbro, P. H., & Day, A. (2016). Risk factors that influence the maltreatment-offending association: A systematic review of prospective and longitudinal studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 31, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., & Deblinger, E. (2014). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy. In S. Timmer & A. Urquiza (Eds.), Evidence-based approaches for the treatment of maltreated children: Considering core components and treatment effectiveness (pp. 165–185). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Markham, F., Young, M., & Doran, B. (2013). Detection of problem gambler subgroups using recursive partitioning. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11, 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-012-9408-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B., Rocks, S., Catalina, S., Zemaitis, N., Daniels, K., & Londono, J. (2019). The missing link in contemporary health disparities research: A profile of the mental and self-rated health of multiracial young adults. Health Sociology Review, 28, 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2019.1607524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., Long, J. D., Negriff, S., Susman, E. J., Shalev, I., Li, J. C., & Putnam, F. W. (2017). Childhood sexual abuse and early timing of puberty. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60, 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyedire, N. G., Ekoh, A. T., Chukwuorji, J. C., & Ifeagwazi, C. M. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among firefighters: Roles of resilience and locus of control. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 32, 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2017.1369885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, M. G., Luoma, J. B., & Freyd, J. J. (2017). Shame and dissociation in survivors of high and low betrayal trauma. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 26, 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2016.1228020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2016). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Y. H., English, D., Thompson, R., & White, C. R. (2018). The impact of childhood stressful life events on health and behavior in at-risk youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 85, 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.11.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, E.H., & Kearney, C.A. (2015). Identifying heightened risk for posttraumatic symptoms among maltreated youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3767–3773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0184-9
   Google Scholar
• Rudolfsson, L., & Tidefors, I. (2014). I have cried to Him a thousand times, but it makes no difference: Sexual abuse, faith, and images of God. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17, 910–922. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2014.950953
   Google Scholar
• Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R. A., Green, B. L., Halamandaris, P. V., Rubenstein, H., Nester, J., Resko, J., Hetz, B., & McHugh, M. (2000). The children’s PTSD inventory: Development and reliability. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007750021626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schamborg, S., Tully, R. J., & Browne, K. D. (2016). The use of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-II with forensic populations: A psychometric critique. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, 1239–1256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15577932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. B., Sippel, L. M., Presseau, C., Rozek, D., Mota, N., Gordon, C., Horvath, M., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2018). Locus of control in US combat veterans: Unique associations with posttraumatic stress disorder 5-factor model symptom clusters. Psychiatry Research, 268, 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subica, A. M., & Wu, L. T. (2018). Substance use and suicide in Pacific Islander, American Indian, and multiracial youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54, 795–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, S., Menzies, C., Fortier, J., Garces, I., Struck, S., Taillieu, T., Georgiades, K., & Afifi, T. O. (2020). Child maltreatment and sleep problems among adolescents in Ontario: A cross sectional study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 99, 104309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2020). Child maltreatment 2018. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/report/child-maltreatment-2018.
   Google Scholar
• Vidal, S., Connell, C. M., Prince, D. M., & Tebes, J. K. (2019). Multisystem-involved youth: A developmental framework and implications for research, policy, and practice. Adolescent Research Review, 4, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-018-0088-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler-Zimring, A., & Kearney, C.A. (2011). Posttraumatic stress and related symptoms among neglected and physically and sexually maltreated adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 601–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20683
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., & Hiller, R. M. (2021). The relevance of cognitive behavioral models of post-traumatic stress following child maltreatment: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(1), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019827894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). INSPIRE handbook: Action for implementing the seven strategies for ending violence against children. Author.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, W., Chen, Y., & Xia, L.-X. (2020). Childhood maltreatment and aggression: The mediating roles of hostile attribution bias and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 162, 110007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar