Part 3: Ethnographic observations on child care and the distribution of hepatitis B virus in the nuclear family

References

• Barker , L. F. and Murray , R. 1972 . Relationship of Virus Dose to Incubation Time of Clinical Hepatitis and Time of Appearance of Hepatitis‐Associated Antigen . American Journal of Medical Science , 263 : 27 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley , R. P. and Lin , C. C. 1978 . Hepatoma Risk among HBsAg Carriers (Abstract) . American Journal of Epidemiology , 108 : 247
   Google Scholar
• Beasley , R. P. and Stevens , C. E. 1978 . “ Vertical Transmission of HBV and Interruption with Globulin ” . In Viral Hepatitis , Edited by: Vyas , C. N. , Cohen , S. N. and Schmid , R. 333 – 45 . Philadelphia : Franklin Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beasley , R. P. , Stevens , C. E. , Shiao , I. and Meng , H‐C. 1975 . Breast‐Feeding and Hepatitis B . Lancet , 2 : 1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berris , B. , Wrobel , D. M. , Sinclair , J. C. and Feinman , S. V. 1973 . Hepatitis B. Antigen in Families of Blood Donors . Ann. Inter. Med , 79 : 690 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billingham , R. E. , Brent , L. and Medawar , P. B. 1953 . Actively Acquired Tolerance of Foreign Cells . Nature (London) , 172 : 603 – 606 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg , B. S. 1964 . Polymorphisms of the serum proteins and the development of isoprecipitins in transfused patients . Bulletin, New York Academy of Medicine , 40 : 377 – 86 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vyas , C. N. , Perkins , H. A. and Schmid , R. , eds. 1972 . “ Australia antigen: The history of its discovery with comments on genetic and family aspects ” . In Hepatitis and Blood Transfusion , 63 – 83 . New York : Grune and Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Blumberg , B. S. , Melartin , L. , Guinto , R. A. and Werner , B. 1966 . Family studies of a human serum isoantigen system (Australia antigen) . American Journal of Human Genetics , 18 : 594 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg , B. S. , Friedlaender , J. S. , Woodside , A. , Sutnrck , A. I. and London , W. T. 1969 . Hepatitis and Australia antigen: Autosomal recessive inheritance of susceptibility to infection in humans . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 62 : 1108 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg , B. S. , Gerstley , B. J. S. , Sutnick , A. I. , Millman , I. and London , W. T. 1970 . Australia antigen, hepatitis virus and Down's syndrome . Ann. New York Academy of Sciences , 171 : 486 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg , B. S. , Larouzé , B. , London , W. T. , Werner , B. , Hesser , J. E. , Millman , I. , Saimot , G. and Payet , M. 1975 . The relation of infection with hepatitis B antigen to primary hepatic carcinoma . American Journal of Pathology , 81 : 669 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxall , E. H. 1977 . Vertical transmission of hepatitis‐B surface antigen . Biomed , 26 : 12 – 15 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boxall , E. H. , Flewett , T. H. , Dane , D. S. , Cameron , C. H. , MacCallum , F. O. and Lee , T. W. 1974 . Hepatitis‐B surface antigen in breast milk . Lancet , 2 : 1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnet , M. and Fenner , F. 1949 . The production of antibodies. , Second Edition , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Burnet , M. and White , D. O. 1972 . Natural history of infectious disease. , Fourth ed. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cazal , P. and Robinet‐Levy , M. 1972 . Investigation of apparently healthy carriers of Australia antigen . Am. J. Dis. Child , 123 : 383 – 86 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis , B. D. , Dulbecco , R. , Eisen , H. N. , Ginsberg , H. S. , Wood , W. B. Jr. and McCarthy , M. 1973 . Microbiology. , Second Edition , Hagerstown , Maryland : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Derso , A. , Boxall , E. H. , Tarlow , M. J. and Flewett , T. H. 1978 . Transmission of HBsAg from mother to infant in four ethnic groups . British Medical Journal , 1 : 949 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickie , E. R. 1979 . “ Family behavior and the transmission of hepatitis B virus in Malo, New Hebrides. Ethnology, ethnography and epidemiology in the study of the natural history of disease ” . University of Pennsylvania . Ph.D. dissertation.
   Google Scholar
• Dickie , E. R. , Merten , C. and Blumberg , B. S. The seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus on Malo Island Vanuatu Ms.
   Google Scholar
• Dickie , E. R. , London , W. T. , Merten , C. and Blumberg , B. S. 1981 . Hepatitis B virus infection in infants of anti‐HBs(+) mothers . Lancet , 1 : 1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresser , D. W. 1962a . Specific inhibition of antibody production. I. Protein‐over‐loading paralysis . Immunology , 5 : 161 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1962b . Specific inhibition of antibody production. I. Paralysis induced in adult mice by small quantities of protein antigen . Immunology , 5 : 378 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenough , W. H. 1970 . Description and comparison in cultural anthropology , New York : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Hanan , R. and Oyama , J. 1954 . Inhibition of antibody formation in mature rabbits by contact with the antigen at an early age . Journal of Immunology , 73 : 49 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hann , H. L. , London , W. T. , Whitford , P. , Kim , C‐Y. and Blumberg , B. S. 1979 . Hepatitis b virus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma: Family studies in Korea (Abstract) . Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology , 20 : C – 588 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawkes , R. A. , Vale , T. G. , Marshall , I. D. and Maclennen , R. 1972 . Contrasting seroepidemiology of Australia antigen and arbovirus antibodies in New Guinea . American Journal of Epidemiology , 95 : 228 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , G. , Arnold , W. , Shih , J. W‐K. , Kaplan , P. M. , Purcell , R. H. , Gerin , J. L. and Meyer zum Bueschenfelde , K. H. 1977 . Expression of hepatitis B virus‐secific markers in asymptomatic hepatits B surface antigen carriers . Infect, and Immunology , 17 : 550 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesser , J.E. 1974 . “ Infectious disease and population dynamics. Australia antigen (HBsAg) in parents, sex ratio of offspring, and fertility. Studies in an agrarian village of Greek Macedonia ” . University of Pennsylvania . Ph.D. dissertation.
   Google Scholar
• Hutt , S. J. and Hutt , C. 1970 . Direct observation and measurement of behavior , Springfield , Illinois : Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Mazzur , S. and Jones , N. 1977 . Limited family clustering of hepatits B surface antigen in a Melanesian population . American Journal of Epidemiology , 105 : 113 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf , E. S. , Schrater , F. and Klinman , N. R. 1979 . Murine models of tolerance induction in developing and mature B cells . Immunology Review , 43 : 143 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchison , N. A. 1964 . Induction of immunological tolerance in two zones of dosage . Proceedings, Royal Society Series B , 161 : 275 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1971 . Perspectives of immunological tolerance in transplantation . Transplant. Proc , 3 : 953 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordenfeit , E. and Kjellen , L. 1975 . Dane particles, DNA polymerase and e antigen in two different categories of hepatitis B antigen carriers . Interviroe , 5 : 225 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , R. D. 1945 . Immunogenetic consequences of vascular anastomoses between bovine twins . Science , 102 : 400 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaevangelou , C, , Hoofnagle , J. and Kremastinou , J. 1974 . Transplacental transmission of hepatitis‐B virus by symptom‐free chronic carrier mothers . Lancet , 2 : 746 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks , D. E. and Weigle , W. O. 1979 . Regulation of B cell unresponsiveness by suppressor cells . Immunology Review , 43 : 217 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richer , C. , Boisvert , F. and Phanuef , D. 1977 . Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the detection of the e antigen/antibody system . Personal communication ,
   Google Scholar
• Shikata , T. , Karasawa , R. , Abe , K. , Uzawa , T. , Suzuki , H. , Oda , T. , Imai , M. , Mayumi , M. and Moritsugu , Y. 1977 . Hepatitis B e antigen and inf ectivity of hepatitis B virus . Journal of Infectious Disease , 136 : 571 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. T. and Bridges , R. A. 1958 . Immunological unresponsiveness in rabbits produced by neonatal injection of defined antigens, journal of Exp . Medicine , 108 : 227 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , C. E. , Beasley , R. P. , Tsui , J. and Lee , W‐C. 1975 . Vertical transmission of hepatits B antigen in Taiwan . New England Journal of Medicine , 292 : 771 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , C. E. , Neurath , R. A. , Beasley , R. P. and Szmuness , W. 1979 . HBeAg and anti‐HBe detection by radioimmunoassay. Correlation with vertical trasnmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan . Journal of Medical Virology , 3 : 237 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szmuness , W. 1978 . Hepatocellular carcinoma and the hepatitis B virus: Evidence for a causal association . Prog. Med. Virology , 24 : 40 – 69 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szmuness , W. , Pick , R. and Prince , A. M. 1970 . The serum hepatitis virus specific antigen (SH): A preliminary report in an institution for the mentally retarded . American Journal of Epidemiology , 92 : 51 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szmuness , W. , Much , M. I. , Prince , A. M. , Hoofnagle , J. H. , Charubin , E. J. , Harley , E. J. and Block , G. H. 1975 . On the role of sexual behavior in the spread of hepatitis B infection . Ann. Inter. Medicine , 83 : 489 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traub , E. 1938 . Factors influencing the persistence of chorio‐meningitis virus in the blood of mice after clinical recovery . Journal of Exp. Medicine , 68 : 229 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villarejos , V. M. , Viscona , K. A. , Gutierrez , A. and Rodriguez , A. 1974 . Role of saliva, urine and feces in the transmission of type B hepatitis . New England Journal of Medicine , 291 : 1375 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman , H. and Pope , H. 1975 . Low dose unresponsiveness with a thymus independent antigen . Nature , 258 : 730 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigle , W. O. 1977 . Immunologic tolerance and immunopathology . Hospital Practice , 12 : 71 – 80002E .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar