Crack cocaine injection in the Heartland: An ethnographic perspective

References

• Baslet , R. C. and Cravey , R. H. 1989 . Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. , 3rd ed. , Chicago : Year Book Medical Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , R. E. , Watters , J. K. and Chitwood , D. D. 1993 . HIV Risk‐Related Sex Behaviors among Injection Drug Users, Crack Smokers, and Injection Drug Users Who Smoke Crack . American Journal of Public Health , 83 : 1144 – 1148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgois , P. 1989 . In Search of Horatio Alger: Culture and Ideology in the Crack Economy . Contemporary Drug Problems , 16 : 619 – 649 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1996 . In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bourgois , P. , Lettiere , M. and Quesada , J. 1997 . Social Misery and the Sanctions of Substance Abuse: Confronting HIV Risk among Homeless Heroin Addicts in San Francisco . Social Problems , 44 : 155 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchignani , N. 1996 . Using Folio Views for Qualitative Data Analysis . Cultural Anthropology Methods , 8 : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , R. G. 1996 . The Political Economy of AIDS among Drug Users in the United States: Beyond Blaming the Victim or Powerful Others . American Anthropologist , 98 : 266 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , R. G. and Siegal , H. A. 1991 . The Crack Life: An Ethnographic Overview of Crack Use and Sexual Behavior among African‐Americans in a Midwest Metropolitan City . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 23 : 11 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , R. G. , Falck , R. S. , Wang , J. , Siegal , H. A. and Rahman , A. M. HIV Needle Risk Behaviors and Drug Use: A Comparison of Crack‐Smoking and Non‐Crack Smoking Injection Drug Users in Ohio . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , In press
   Google Scholar
• Chaisson , R. E. , Bacchetti , P. , Osmond , D. , Brodie , B. , Sande , M. A. and Moss , A. R. 1989 . Cocaine Use and HIV Seropositivity among Intravenous Drug Users in San Francisco . Journal of the American Medical Association , 261 : 561 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekar , P. H. 1991 . “ Skeletal Infections among Intravenous Drug Abusers ” . In Infections in Intravenous Drug Abusers , Edited by: Levine , D. P. and Sobel , J. D. 306 – 326 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chitwood , D. D. 1993 . “ Epidemiology of Crack Use among Injection Drug Users and Sex Partners of Injection Drug Users ” . In Handbook on Risk of AIDS: Injection Drug Users and Sexual Partners , Edited by: Brown , B. S. and Beschner , G. M. 155 – 169 . Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crane , L. R. 1991 . “ Epidemiology of Infections in Intravenous Drug Abusers ” . In Infections in Intravenous Drug Abusers , Edited by: Levine , D. P. and Sobel , J. D. 3 – 26 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap , E. and Johnson , B. D. 1992 . The Setting for the Crack Era: Macro Forces, Micro Consequences (1960–1992) . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 24 : 307 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlin , B. R. , Irwin , K. L. , Faruque , S. , McCoy , C. B. , Word , C. , Serrano , Y. , Indardi , J.A. , Bowser , B.P. , Schilling , R.F. and Holmberg , S. D. 1994 . Intersecting Epidemics—Crack Cocaine Use and HIV Infection among Inner‐City Young Adults . The New England Journal of Medicine , 331 : 1422 – 1427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman , A. G. , Goodman , L. S. and Rall , T. W. 1985 . The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. , 7th ed. , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Golub , A. and Johnson , B. D. 1994 . A Recent Decline in Cocaine Use among Youthful Arrestees in Manhattan, 1987 through 1993 . American Journal of Public Health , 84 : 1250 – 1254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatsukami , D. K. and Fischman , M. W. 1996 . Crack Cocaine and Cocaine Hydrochloride: Are the Differences Myth or Reality? . Journal of the American Medical Association , 276 : 1580 – 1588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , G. M. , Donoghoe , M. C. and Stimson , G. V. 1995 . Crack Use and Injection on the Increase among Injecting Drug Users in London . Addiction , 90 : 1397 – 1400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inciardi , J. A. 1992 . The War on Drugs II: The Continuing Epic of Heroin, Cocaine, Crack, Crime, AIDS, and Public Policy , Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1995 . Crack, Crack House Sex, and HIV Risk . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 24 : 249 – 269 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inciardi , J. A. , Lockwood , D. and Pottieger , A. E. 1993 . Women and Crack‐Cocaine , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. A. and Ouellet , L. J. 1996 . The Injection of Crack Cocaine among Chicago Drug Users . American Journal of Public Health , 86 : 266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin , C. A. , Mandell , W. and Vlahov , D. 1996 . The Relationship between Risky Networks’ Patterns of Crack Cocaine and Alcohol Consumption and HIV‐Related Sexual Behaviors among Adult Injection Drug Users: A Prospective Study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 42 : 175 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parham , S. M. and Pasieka , J. L. 1996 . Effect of pH Modification by Bicarbonate on Pain after Subcutaneous Lidocaine Injection . Canadian Journal of Surgery , 39 : 31 – 35 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratner , M. S. , ed. 1993 . Crack Pipe as Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex‐for‐Crack Exchanges , New York : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Siegal , H. A. , Carlson , R. G. , Falck , R. S. , Forney , M. A. , Wang , J. and Li , L. 1992 . High‐Risk Behaviors for Transmission of Syphilis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus among Crack Cocaine‐Using Women: A Case Study From the Midwest . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 19 : 266 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegal , H. A. , Falck , R. S. , Carlson , R. G. , Wang , J. and Rahman , A. M. 1998 . Health Services Research among Crack‐Cocaine Users: A Case Study from the Midwest . American Behavioral Scientist , 41 : 1063 – 1078 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , M. 1994 . AIDS and the Health Crisis of the Urban Poor: The Perspective of Critical Medical Anthropology . Social Science and Medicine , 39 : 931 – 948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar