When Coffee Collapsed: An Economic History of HIV in Uganda

References

• Asiimwe, G. B. 2002 The Impact of Post-Colonial Policy Shifts in Coffee Marketing at the Local Level in Uganda: A Case Study of Mukono District, 1962-1998. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing BV.
   Google Scholar
• Asiimwe, G. B., and N. K. Wilfred 2006 A Historical Analysis of Produce Marketing Co-operatives in Uganda: Lessons for the Future. Kampala: Network of Ugandan Researchers and Research Users.
   Google Scholar
• Belshaw, D., P. Lawrence, and M. Hubbard 1999 Agricultural tradables and economic recovery in Uganda: The limitations of structural adjustment in practice. World Development 27(4):673–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00030-3.
   Google Scholar
• Béné, C., and S. Merten 2008 Women and fish-for-sex: Transactional sex, HIV/AIDS and gender in African f isheries. World Development 36(5):875–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.05.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergquist, W. C. 1978 The Coffee Conflict in Colombia,1886-1910. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, G. C., and J. Vincent 1991 Living on the edge: Changing social structures in the context of AIDS. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change H.B. Hansen, ed., Pp. 113–29. Oxford: James Currey Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Bourgois, P., and N. Scheper-Hughes 2004 Comments: An anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology 45(3):318–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, K., and R. E. Katikiro 2019 Fighting the tides: A review of gender and fisheries in Tanzania. Fisheries Research 216:79–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2019.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunker, S. G. 1984 Agricultural and political change in the Ugandan economic crisis. American Ethnologist 11(3):586–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1984.11.3.02a00120.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, V. M., N. Nakyanjo, W. Ddaaki, C. Payne, N. Hutchinson, M. Wawer, F. Nalugoda, et al. 2017 HIV self-testing values and preferences among sex workers, fishermen, and mainland community members in Rakai, Uganda: A qualitative study. PLoS One 12(8):1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183280.
   Google Scholar
• Camlin, C. S., Z. A. Kwena, and S. L. Dworkin 2013 Jaboya vs. jakambi: Status, negotiation, and HIV risks among female migrants in the “sex for fish” economy in Nyanza province, Kenya. AIDS Education and Prevention 25(3):216–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2013.25.3.216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, L. W., M. Grabowski, R. Ssekubugu, F. Nalugoda, G. Kigozi, B. Nantume, J. Lessler, et al. 2016 Heterogeneity of the HIV epidemic in agrarian, trading, and fishing communities in Rakai, Uganda: An observational epidemiological study. The Lancet HIV 3(8):e388–e396. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30034-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, J. 2005 The jaombilo of Tamatave (Madagascar), 1992-2004: Reflections on youth and globalization. Journal of Social History 38(4):891–914. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2005.0051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, J., and L. Thomas, eds 2009 Love in Africa. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, P.J. 2000 On the sexuality of “town women” in Kampala. Africa Today 47(3/4):28–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.2000.47.3-4.28.
   Google Scholar
• Deane, K., and J. Wamoyi 2015 Revisiting the economics of transactional sex: Evidence from Tanzania. Review of African Political Economy 42(145):437–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2015.1064816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, K. P. 2021 Magendo: Arbitrage and ambiguity on an East African frontier. Cultural Anthropology 36(1):110–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.14506/ca36.1.05.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, S. 2013 Before HIV: Sexuality, Fertility and Mortality in East Africa, 1900-1980. London: British Academy.
   Google Scholar
• Dubal, S. 2012 Renouncing Paul farmer: A desperate plea for radical political medicine. Being Ethical in an Unethical World (blog). May 27. http://samdubal.blogspot.com/2012/05/renouncing-paul-farmer-desperate-plea.html. Accessed 12 February 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Elkan, W. 1956 An African Labour Force: Two Case Studies in East African Factory Development. London: King & Jarrett.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, P. 1992 AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, P. 2004 An anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology 45(3):305–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/382250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, P. 2005 Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fiorella, K. J., C. S. Camlin, C. R. Salmen, R. Omondi, M. D. Hickey, D. Omollo, E. Milner, E A. Bukusi, Lia C.H. Fernald, J S. Brashares et al. 2015 Transactional fish-for-sex relationships amid declining fish access in Kenya. World Development 74:323–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster, T., A. Kentikelenis, B. Reinsberg, R. Omondi, M. Hickey, D. Omollo, E. M. Milner et al. 2019 How structural adjustment programs affect inequality: A disaggregated analysis of IMF conditionality, 1980–2014. Social Science Research 80:83–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye, M., and D. R. Urbina 2019 Fearing such a lady: University expansion, underemployment, and the hypergamy ideal in Kampala, Uganda. Journal of Family Issues 41(8):161–1187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, K. T 2005 Getting stuck in the compound: Some odds against social adulthood in Lusaka, Zambia. Africa Today 51(4):13–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.2979/AFT.2005.51.4.2.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, J. 2014 Labor migration, externalities and ethics: Theorizing the meso-level determinants of HIV vulnerability. Social Science & Medicine 100:38–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, J., and H. Wardlow, eds 2006 Modern Loves: The Anthropology of Romantic Courtship & Companionate Marriage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. 2007 The changing political economy of sex in South Africa: The significance of unemployment and inequalities to the scale of the AIDS pandemic. Social Science & Medicine 64(3):689–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. 2010 Love in the Time of AIDS: Inequality, Gender, and Rights in South Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Iliffe, J. 2006 The African AIDS Epidemic: A History. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund 1989 Annual report, No. 7608-UG. Washington, DC: IMF. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/archive/pdf/ar1989.pdf. Accessed 11 December 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Iyamulemye, E. 2017 The history of coffee in Uganda. African Fine Coffees Review Magazine 7(4):8–11. https://afca.coffee/the-history-of-coffee-in-uganda/. Accessed 14 November 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. L. 2014 Fishwork in Uganda: A multispecies ethnohistory about fish, people, and ideas about fish and people. PhD thesis, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, W. R., and E. J. Wilson 1982 The “oil crises” and African economies: Oil wave on a tidal flood of industrial price inflation. Daedalus 11(2):211–41.
   Google Scholar
• Kamali, A., R. N. Nsubuga, E. Ruzagira, U. Bahemuka, G. Asiki, M.A. Price, R. Newton, P Kaleebu, P Fast, et al 2016 Heterogeneity of HIV incidence: A comparative analysis between fishing communities and in a neighbouring rural general population, Uganda, and implications for HIV control. Sexually Transmitted Infections 92(6):447–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentikelenis, A. E. 2017 Structural adjustment and health: A conceptual framework and evidence on pathways. Social Science & Medicine 187:296–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhanen, J. 2008 The historiography of HIV and AIDS in Uganda. History in Africa 35:301–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0009.
   Google Scholar
• Kwena, Z. A., E. Bukusi, E. Omondi, M. Ng’ayo, and K. K. Holmes 2012 Transactional sex in the fishing communities along Lake Victoria, Kenya: A catalyst for the spread of HIV. African Journal of AIDS Research 11(1):9–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2012.671267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyomuhendo, G. B., and M. K. McIntosh 2006 Women, Work & Domestic Virtue in Uganda, 1900-2003. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Long Live your Excellency Long Live the peace-loving Ugandans. Long Live the Liberalized Ugandan Coffee Industry. 1998 New Vision, January 26.
   Google Scholar
• Lubega, M., N. Nakyaanjo, S. Nansubuga, E. Hiire, G. Kigozi, G. Nakigozi, T. Lutalo, et al. 2015 Understanding the socio-structural context of high HIV transmission in Kasensero fishing community, South Western Uganda. BMC Public Health 15:1033. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2371-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPherson, E., Sadalaki, M. Njoloma, V. Nyongopa, L. Nkhwazi, V. Mwapasa, D. Lalloo et al. 2012 Transactional sex and HIV: Understanding the gendered structural drives of HIV in fishing communities in Southern Malawi. Journal of the International AIDS Society 15(Suppl 1): 1–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.15.3.17364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mains, D. 2007 Neoliberal times: Progress, boredom, and shame among young men in urban Ethiopia. American Ethnologist 34(4):659–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2007.34.4.659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, L. 1940 Native Marriage in Buganda. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani, M. 1976 Politics and class formation in Uganda. New York: Monthly Review Press.
   Google Scholar
• Masquelier, A. 2005 The scorpion’s sting: Youth, marriage and the struggle for social maturity in Niger. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11:59–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merten, S., and T. Haller 2007 Culture, changing livelihoods, and HIV/AIDS discourse: Reframing the Institutionalization of fish-for-sex exchange in the Zambian Kafue Flats. Culture, Health, and Sexuality 9(1):69–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050600965968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalopoulos, L. T. M., S. N. Baca-Atlas, S. Simona, T. Jiwatram-Negron, A. Ncube, and M. Chery 2017 Life at the river is a living hell: A qualitative study of trauma, mental health, substance use and HIV risk behavior among female fish traders from the Kafue Flatlands in Zambia. BMC Women’s Health 17(1):1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0369-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirembe, S. 1994 Government declares lake water unsafe. Daily Monitor, May 16:17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Mojola, S.A. 2011 Fishing in dangerous waters: Ecology, gender and economy in HIV risk. Social Science & Medicine 72(2):149–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojola, S.A. 2014 Love, Money, and HIV: Becoming a Modern African Woman in the Age of AIDS. Oakland: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nathenson, P., S. Slater, P. Higdon, C. Alidinger, and E. Ostheimer 2017 No sex for fish: Empowering women to promote health and economic opportunity in a localized place in Kenya. Health Promotion International 32(5):800–07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New Frost Hits Brazil Coffee 1994 New York Times, July 11. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/11/business/new-frost-hits-brazil-coffee.html. Accessed 17 January 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, A., and E. Worby 2012 The sexual economy of a sugar plantation: Privatization and social welfare in Northern Tanzania. American Ethnologist 39(2):354–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01369.x.
   Google Scholar
• Nunan, F. 2010 Mobility and fisherfolk livelihoods on Lake victoria: Implications for vulnerability and risk. Geoforum 41(5):776–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.04.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyanzi, S., B. Nyanzi, B. Kalina, and R. Pool 2004 Mobility, sexual networks and exchange among bodabodamen is southwest Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality 6(3):239–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050310001658208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obbo, C. 1980 African Women: Their Struggle for Economic Independence. Vol. 34. London: Zed Press.
   Google Scholar
• Obbo, C. 1990 Sexual Relations Before AIDS. Liege, Belgium: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, J.A. 1996 ‘Producing’ Respect: The ‘Proper Woman’ in Postcolonial Kampala. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Packard, R. M., and P. Epstein 1992 Medical research on AIDS in Africa: A historical perspective. In AIDS: The Making of a Chronic Disease E. Fee and D.M. Fox, eds., Pp. 346–75. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, J., and R. Chapman 2010 Anthropological perspectives on structural adjustment and public health. Annual Review of Anthropology 39:149–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phiri, N., and P. Baker 2009 A Synthesis of the Work of the Regional Coffee Wilt Programme 2000-2007: Coffee Wilt Disease in Africa. Wallingford, United Kingdom: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b3fe5274a27b2000a51/Coffee_ExecSummary.pdf. Accessed 10 December 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ratmann, O., J. Kagaayi, M. Hall, T. Golubchick, G. Kigozi, X. Xi, C. Wymant, et al. 2020 Quantifying HIV transmission flow between high-prevalence hotspots and surrounding communities: A population-based study in Rakai. The Lancet HIV 7(3):e173–e183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30378-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoepf, B. G. 1988 Women, AIDS, and economic crisis in Central Africa. Canadian Journal of African Studies 22(3):625–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serwadda, D., R. D. Mugerwa, N. K. Sewankambo, A. Lwegaba, J. W. Carswell, G. B. Kirya, A. C. Bayley, et al. 1985 Slim disease: A new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. The Lancet 326(8460):849–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90122-9.
   Google Scholar
• Sewankambo, N. K., R. H. Gray, S. Ahmad, D. Serwadda, F. Wabwire-Mangen, F. Nalugoda, N. Kiwanuka, et al. 2000 Mortality associated with HIV infection in rural Rakai District, Uganda. AIDS 14(15):2391–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200010200-00021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sileo, K. M., L. M. Bogart, G. J. Wagner, W. Musoke, R. Naigino, B. Mukasa, and R. K Wanyenze 2019 HIV fatalism and engagement in transactional sex among Ugandan fisherfolk living with HIV. SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance 16(1):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2019.1572533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southall, A. W., and C. W. Gutkind 1956 Townsmen in the making: Kampala and its Suburbs. East African Studies No. 9. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, R. 2016 Whether they promised each other some thing is difficult to work out: The complicated history of marriage in Uganda. African Studies Review 59(1):127–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.6.
   Google Scholar
• Stoebenau, K., L. Heise, J. Wamoyi, and N. Bobrova 2016 Revisiting the understanding of “transactional sex” in sub-Saharan Africa: A review and synthesis of the literature. Social Science & Medicine 168:186–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susser, I. 2009 AIDS, Sex, and Culture: Global Politics and Survival in Southern Africa. Winchester: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Swidler, A., and S. C. Watkins 2007 Ties of dependence: AIDS and transactional sex in rural Malawi. Studies in Family Planning 38(3):147–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2007.00127.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2006 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census: Analytical Report, Population Size and Distribution. Kampala, Uganda: Uganda Bureau of Statistics. https://ubos.org/wpcontent/uploads/publications/03_20182002_CensusPopndynamicsAnalyticalReport.pdf. Accessed 12 December 2019.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2015 UNAIDS terminology guidelines. 9. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2015_terminology_guidelines_en.pdf. Accessed 7 July 2021.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2020 Global HIV & AIDS statistics – 2020 fact sheet. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheetresources/fact-sheet. Accessed 21 February 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, B. 2003 Sacred Trees, Bitter Harvests: Globalizing Coffee in Northwest Tanzania: Globalizing Coffee in Colonial Northwest Tanzania. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• White, L. 1990 The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whyte, S. R. 1991 Medicines and self-help: The privatization of health care in eastern Uganda. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment & Revolutionary Change HB Hansen, ed., Pp. 130–40. London: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank 2009 African development indicators 2008/2009. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12350/46768.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 12 December 2019.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization 2021 Social determinants of health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1. Accessed 24 March 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Wyrod, R. 2016 AIDS and Masculinity in the African City: Privilege, Inequality, and Modern Manhood. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Young, C., N. P. Sherman, and T. H. Rose 1981 Cooperatives & Development: Agricultural Politics in Ghana and Uganda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar