References
- Aldenderfer , M. S. and Blashfield , R. R. 1984 . Cluster analysis. , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
- Blake , R. R. and Mouton , J. S. 1964 . The managerial grid. , Houston : Gulf Publishing .
- Brown , P. and Levinson , S. 1978 . “ Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomenon ” . In Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction , Edited by: Goody , E. 56 – 310 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Brown , P. and Levinson , S. 1987 . Politeness: Some universals in language usage. , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
- Canary , D. J. and Spitzberg , B. H. 1987 . Appropriateness and effectiveness perceptions of conflict strategies . Human Communication Research , 14 : 93 – 118 .
- Canary , D. J. and Spitzberg , B. H. 1989 . A model of perceived competence of conflict strategies . Human Communication Research , 15 : 630 – 699 .
- Cocroft , B. and Ting‐Toomey , S. 1994 . Facework in Japan and the United States . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 18 : 469 – 506 .
- Condon , J. C. 1984 . With respect to the Japanese: A guide for Americans. , Yarmouth, Maine : Intercultural Press .
- Cox , T. H. 1993 . Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research, and practice. , San Francisco : Berret‐Koehler .
- Cupach , W. R. and Canary , D. J. 1997 . Competence in interpersonal conflict. , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
- Cupach , W. R. and Metts , S. 1994 . Facework. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Douglas , W. 1988 . Affinity‐testing in initial interactions . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 4 : 3 – 15 .
- Goffman , E. 1959 . The presentation of self in everyday life. , Garden City, NY : Doubleday .
- Gudykunst , W. B. and Nishida , T. 1986 . The influence of cultural variability on perceptions of communication behavior associated with relationship terms . Human Communication Research , 13 : 147 – 166 .
- Gudykunst , W. B. , Yoon , Y. C. and Nishida , T. 1987 . The influence of individualism‐collectivism on perceptions of communication in ingroup and outgroup relationships . Communication Monographs , 54 : 295 – 306 .
- Hofstede , G. 1991 . Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. , London : McGraw‐Hill International Ltd. .
- Hui , C. H. and Triandis , H. C. 1986 . Individualism‐collectivism: A study of cross‐cultural researchers . Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology , 17 : 225 – 248 .
- Lim , T. S. 1994 . “ Facework and interpersonal relationships ” . In The challenge of facework: Cross‐cultural and interpersonal issues , Edited by: Ting‐Toomey , S. 209 – 229 . Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
- Lim , T. S. and Bowers , J. 1991 . Face‐work: Solidarity, approbation, and tact . Human Communication Research , 17 : 415 – 450 .
- Morisaki , S. and Gudykunst , W. B. 1994 . “ Face in Japan and the United States ” . In The challenge of facework: Cross‐cultural and interpersonal issues , Edited by: Ting‐Toomey , S. 47 – 94 . Albany, NY : State University of New York .
- Oetzel , J. G. 1998a . The effects of ethnicity and self‐construals on self‐reported conflict styles . Communication Reports , 11 : 133 – 144 .
- Oetzel , J. G. 1998b . Explaining individual communication processes in homogeneous and heterogeneous groups through individualism‐collectivism and self‐construal . Human Communication Research , 25 : 202 – 224 .
- Oetzel , J. G. 1999 . The influence of situational features on perceived conflict styles and self‐construals in small groups . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 23 : 679 – 695 .
- Ohbuchi , K. , Fukushima , O. and Tedeschi , J. T. 1999 . Cultural values in conflict management: Goal orientation, goal attainment, and tactical decision . Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology , 30 : 51 – 71 .
- Ohbuchi , K. and Takahashi , Y. 1994 . Cultural styles of conflict management in Japanese and Americans: Passivity, covertness, and effectiveness of strategies . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 24 : 1345 – 1366 .
- Rahim , M. A. 1983 . A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict . Academy of Management Journal , 26 : 368 – 376 .
- Rahim , M. A. 1992 . Managing conflict in organizations , (2nd ed.) , Westport, CT : Praeger .
- Rogan , R. G. and Hammer , M. R. 1994 . Crisis negotiations: A preliminary investigation of facework in naturalistic conflict discourse . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 22 : 216 – 231 .
- Sillars , A. L. 1980 . Attributions and communication in roommate conflicts . Communication Monographs , 47 : 180 – 200 .
- Spitzberg , B. H. , Canary , D. J. and Cupach , W. R. 1994 . “ A competence‐based approach to the study of interpersonal conflict. ” . In Conflict in personal relationships , Edited by: Cahn , D. D. 183 – 202 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Thomas , K. W. and Kilmann , R. H. 1974 . Thomas‐Kilmann conflict MODE instrument. , Tuxedo, NY : Xicom .
- Ting‐Toomey , S. 1983 . An analysis of verbal communication patterns in high and low marital adjustment groups . Human Communication Research , 9 : 306 – 319 .
- Ting‐Toomey , S. 1988 . “ A face negotiation theory ” . In Theories in intercultural communication , Edited by: Kim , Y. and Gudykunst , W. 213 – 235 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Ting‐Toomey , S. 1994 . “ Managing intercultural conflicts effectively ” . In Intercultural communication: A reader , 7th ed. , Edited by: Samovar , L. and Porter , R. 360 – 372 . Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
- Ting‐Toomey , S. and Kurogi , A. 1998 . Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face‐negotiation theory . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 22 : 187 – 225 .
- Ting‐Toomey , S. and Oetzel , J. G. Managing intercultural conflict effectively. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage . (in press)
- Ting‐Toomey , S. , Oetzel , J. G. and Yee‐Jung , K. in press . Self‐construal types and conflict management styles . Communication Reports. ,
- Ting‐Toomey , S. , Gao , G. , Trubisky , P. , Yang , Z. , Kim , H. S. , Lin , S.‐L. and Nishida , T. 1991 . Culture, face maintenance, and styles of handling interpersonal conflict: A study in five cultures . The International Journal of Conflict Management , 2 : 275 – 296 .
- Ting‐Toomey , S. , Yee‐Jung , K. , Shapiro , R. , Garcia , W. , Wright , T. and Oetzel , J. G. 2000 . Cultural/ethnic identity salience and conflict styles . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 24 : 47 – 81 .
- Triandis , H. 1995 . Individualism and collectivism. , Boulder, CO : Westview .
- Trubisky , P. , Ting‐Toomey , S. and Lin , S.‐L. 1991 . The influence of individualism‐collectivism and self‐monitoring on conflict styles . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 15 : 65 – 84 .
- Williams , F. 1992 . Reasoning with statistics: How to read quantitative research , (4th ed.) , Forth Worth, TX : Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich .
- Wilmot , W. W. and Hocker , J. L. 2001 . Interpersonal conflict , (6th ed.) , New York : McGraw Hill .