Reduction in public speaking state anxiety during performance as a function of sensitization processes

References

• Ayres , J. and Hopf , T. S. 1985 . Visualization: A means of reducing speech anxiety . Communication Education, , 34 : 318 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayres , J. and Hopf , T. S. 1991 . Visualization: The next generation . Communication Research Reports, , 8 : 133 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Baggert , H. L. , Saab , P. G. and Carver , C. S. 1996 . Appraisal, coping, task performance, and cardiovascular responses during evaluated speaking task . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 : 483 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. 1988 . Situational and predispositional correlates of public speaking anxiety . Communication Education, , 37 : 28 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. and Behnke , R. R. 1991 . Effects of public speaking trait anxiety and intensity of speaking task on heart rate during performance . Human Communication Research , 18 : 147 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. , Forst , E. C. and Stewart , R. A. 1986 . Communication apprehension and motivation as predictors of public speaking duration . Communication Education, , 35 : 143 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. and Friedland , M. H. 1990 . Public speaking state anxiety as a function of selected situational and predispositional variables . Communication Education, , 38 : 142 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. , Marshall , L. A. and Rudd , J. E. 2001 . A twins study of communicative adaptability: Heritability of individual differences . Quarterly Journal of Speech, , 87 : 366 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. , McCroskey , J. C. and Heisel , A. 1998 . Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm . Communication Monographs, , 65 : 197 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. , McCroskey , J. C. and Valencic , K. M. 2001 . The biology of communication: A communibiological perspective. , Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , J. G. and Shipherd , J. C. 1997 . Repeated exposure to interoceptive cues: Does habituation of fear occur in panic disorder patients: A preliminary report . Behaviour Research and Therapy, , 35 : 551 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , J. G. , Shipherd , J. C. and Read , J. 1999 . Response patterns to repeated CO2 inhalation in individuals with high anxiety sensitivity . Behaviour Research and Therapy, , 37 : 1073 – 1089 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. and Beatty , M. J. 1981a . A cognitive‐physiological model of speech anxiety . Communication Monographs, , 48 : 158 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. and Beatty , M. J. 1981b . A comparison of anticipatory and performance anxiety in public speaking . Texas Speech Communication Journal, , 1 : 3 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. and Carlile , L.W. 1971 . Heart rate as an index of speech anxiety . Speech Monographs, , 38 : 65 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke , R.R. , Carlile , L. W. and Lamb , D. 1974 . A psychophysiological study of state and trait anxiety in public speaking . Central States Speech Journal, , 25 : 249 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. and Sawyer , C. R. 1998 . Conceptualizing speech anxiety as a dynamic trait . Southern Communication Journal, , 63 : 160 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. and Sawyer , C. R. 1999 . Milestones of anticipatory public speaking anxiety . Communication Education, , 48 : 165 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. and Sawyer , C. R. 2000 . Anticipatory anxiety patterns for male and female public speakers . Communication Education, , 49 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. and Sawyer , C. R. 2001 . Patterns of psychological state anxiety as a function of anxiety sensitivity . Communication Quarterly, , 49 : 84 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Booth‐Butterfield , M. and Butterfield , S. 1986 . Effects of evaluation, task structure, trait‐CA, and reticience on state‐CA and behavioral disruption in dyadic settings . Communication Monographs, , 53 : 144 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunting , C. J. and Gibbons , E. S. 2001 . Plasma catecholamine and cardiovascular reactivity during an acute high ropes course event . International Journal of Psychophysiology, , 42 : 303 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capella , J. N. 1991 . The biological origins of automated patterns of human interaction . Communication Theory, , 1 : 4 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlile , L. W. , Behnke , R. R. and Kitchens , J. T. 1977 . A psychological pattern of anxiety in public speaking . Communication Quarterly, , 25 : 44 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrillo , E. , Moya‐Albiol , L. , Gonzalez‐Bono , E. , Salvador , A. , Ricarte , J. and Gomez‐Amor , J. 2001 . Gender differences in cardiovascular and electrodermal responses to public speaking task: The role of anxiety and mood states . International Journal of Psychophysiology, , 42 : 253 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , M. M. , Marin , N. W. and Murrell , K. L. 1999 . The efficacy of habituation in decreasing subjective distress among high anxiety‐sensitive college students . Journal of Anxiety Disorders, , 13 : 575 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell , S. and Borden , G. 1987 . Incorporating treatment for communication apprehension into oral communication courses . Communication Education, , 36 : 56 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer , K. K. 2000 . The multidimensional model: Teaching students to self‐manage high communication apprehension by self‐selecting treatments . Communication Education, , 49 : 72 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckman , P. S. and Shean , G. D. 1997 . Habituation of cognitive and physiological arousal and social anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy, , 35 : 1113 – 1121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. 1963 . Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. , New York : Lyle‐Stuart .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , K. 1995 . Apprehension, self‐perceived competency, and teacher immediacy in the laboratory‐supported public speaking course: Trends and relationships . Communication Education, , 44 : 64 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. 1991 . “ Biological dimensions of personality ” . In Handbook of personality , Edited by: Pervin , L. A. 224 – 276 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , W. S. Z. and Wolvin , A. D. 1993 . The differential impact of a basic communication course on perceived communication competencies in class, work, and social contexts . Communication Education, , 42 : 215 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth , J. and Eifert , G. H. 1998 . Response intensity in content‐specific fear conditioning comparing 20% versus 13% CO2 enriched air as unconditioned stimuli . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, , 107 : 291 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , T. , Sawyer , C. R. and Behnke , R. R. 1998 . Differences in anticipatory anxiety and adaptation rate as a function of affect management strategy . Communication Research Reports, , 15 : 17 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Fremouw , W. J. and Scott , M. D. 1979 . Cognitive restructuring: An alternative method for the treatment of communication apprehension . Communication Education, , 28 : 129 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1991 . “ The neuropsychology of temperament ” . In Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement , Edited by: Strelau , J. and Angleitner , A. 105 – 128 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. and McNaughton , N. 2000 . The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the function of the septo‐hippocampal system. , Oxford, , England, UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , P. , Wilhelm , F. H. , Kawachi , I. and Sparrow , D. 2001 . Gender differences in psycho‐physiological response to speech stress among older social phobics: Congruence and incongruence between self‐evaluative and cardiovascular reactions . Psychosomatic Medicine, , 63 : 765 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassmen , P. and Koivula , N. 2001 . Cardiac deceleration in elite golfers as modified by noise and anxiety during putting . Perceptual and Motor Skills, , 92 : 947 – 957 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath , C. W. 1995 . Biological origins of communicator style . Communication Quarterly, , 43 : 394 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , L. , Duran , R. L. and Stewart , J. 1990 . Rhetoritherapy revisited: A test of its effectiveness as a treatment for communication problems . Communication Education, , 39 : 207 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , L. and Keaten , J. 1992 . A test of the effectiveness of the reticence program at the Pennsylvania State University . Communication Education, , 41 : 361 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , L. and Keaten , J. A. 2000 . Treating communication anxiety: Implications of the communibiological paradigm . Communication Education, , 49 : 45 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. 1972 . The implementation of a large scale program of systematic desensitiza‐tion for communication apprehension . Speech Teacher, , 21 : 255 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. and Beatty , M. J. 1984 . Communication apprehension and accumulated communication state anxiety experiences: A research note . Communication Monographs, , 51 : 79 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzel , K. E. and Carrell , L. J. 1994 . The relationship between preparation and performance in public speaking . Communication Education, , 43 : 17 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mineka , S. and Thomas , C. 1999 . “ Mechanisms of change in exposure therapy for anxiety disorders ” . In Handbook of cognition and emotion , Edited by: Dalgleish , T. and Power , M. J. 747 – 764 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Mladenka , J. D. , Sawyer , C. R. and Behnke , R. R. 1998 . Anxiety sensitivity and speech trait anxiety as predictors of state anxiety during public speaking . Communication Quarterly, , 46 : 417 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Donohue , W. and Krasner , L. 1995 . “ Theories of behavior therapy: Philosophical and historical contexts ” . In Theories of behavior therapy: Exploring behavior change , Edited by: O'Donohue , W. and Krasner , L. 1 – 22 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Opton , E. Jr. , Rankin , N. O. and Lazarus , R. S. 1965 . A simplified method of heart rate measurement . Psychophysiology, , 2 : 87 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , G. M. 1986 . “ Rhetoritherapy: The principles of rhetoric in training shy people in speech effectiveness ” . In Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment , Edited by: Jones , W. H. , Cheek , J. M. and Briggs , S. R. 357 – 374 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , T. E. 1997 . Communication apprehension and the basic public speaking course: A national survey of in‐class treatment techniques . Communication Education, , 46 : 188 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , R. B. , Rubin , A. M. and Jordan , F. F. 1997 . Effects of instruction on communication apprehension and communication competence . Communication Education, , 46 : 104 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saab , P. G. 1989 . “ Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to challenge in males and females ” . In Handbook of research methods in cardiovascular behavioral medicine , Edited by: Schneiderman , N. , Weiss , S. M. and Kaufmann , P. 453 – 481 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Saab , P. G. , Matthews , K. A. , Stoney , C. M. and McDonald , R. H. 1989 . Premenopausal and postmenopausal women differ in their cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to behavioral stressors . Psychophysiology, , 26 : 270 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer , C. R. and Behnke , R. R. 1999 . State anxiety patterns and the behavioral inhibition system . Communication Reports, , 12 : 34 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Sherry , J. L. 2001 . Toward an etiology of media use motivation: The role of temperament in media use . Communication Monographs, , 68 : 274 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegler , M. D. and Guevremont , D. C. 1993 . Contemporary behavior therapy , (2nd ed.) , Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberer , C. D. 1966 . Anxiety and behavior. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. and Luschene , R. E. 1970 . Manual for the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stampfl , T. G. 1966 . “ Implosive therapy, part 1: The theory ” . In Behavior modification techniques in treatment of emotional disorders , Edited by: Armitage , S. G. 12 – 21 . Battle Creek, MI : V. A. Hospital Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Strelau , J. 1994 . “ The concepts of arousal and arousability as used in temperament studies ” . In Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior, , Edited by: Bates , J. E. and Wachs , T. D. 117 – 141 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Strelau , J. 1995 . “ Temperament and stress: Temperament as a moderator of stressors, emotional states, coping, and costs ” . In Stress and emotion: Anxiety, anger, and curiosity , Edited by: Spielberger , C. D. and Sarason , I. G. 215 – 254 . London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Strelau , J. 1996 . “ Temperament as a moderator of coping with stress ” . In Processes of the molar regulation of behavior, , Edited by: Battmann , W. and Dutke , S. 205 – 217 . Scottsdale, AZ : Pabst Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , R. F. , Groves , P. M. , Teyler , T. J. and Roemer , R. A. 1973 . “ A dual‐process theory of habituation: Theory and behavior ” . In Habituation , Edited by: Peeke , H. V. S. and Herz , M. J. 239 – 271 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , L. R. , Damarin , F. and Messick , S. 1966 . A base‐free measure of change . Psychometrika, , 31 : 457 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valencic , K. M. , Beatty , M. J. , Rudd , J. E. , Dobos , J. A. and Heisel , A. D. 1998 . An empirical test of the communibiological model of trait verbal aggressiveness . Communication Quarterly, , 46 : 327 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• van den Hout , M. , van der Molen , M. , Griez , E. , Lousberg , H. and Nansen , A. 1987 . Reduction of CO2‐induced anxiety in patients with panic attacks after repeated CO2 exposure . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 144 : 788 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Olst , E. H. 1971 . The orienting reflex. , The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Verburg , K. , Griez , E. , Meijer , J. and Pols , H. 1995 . Discrimination between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder by 35% carbon dioxide challenge . American Journal of Psychiatry, , 152 : 1081 – 1083 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vrijkotte , T. G.M. , Riese , H. and de Geus , E. J. C. 1996 . “ Cardiovascular reactivity to work stress assess by ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability ” . In Progress in ambulatory assessment: Computer‐assisted psychological and psychophysiological methods in monitoring and field studies, , Edited by: Fahrenberg , T. and Myrtek , M. 345 – 360 . Kirkland, WA : Hogrefe & Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Whitworth , R. H. and Cochran , C. 1996 . Evaluation of integrated versus unitary treatments for reducing public speaking anxiety . Communication Education, , 45 : 306 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , F. 1979 . Reasoning with statistics. , New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Wolpe , J. 1958 . Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolpe , J. 1995 . “ Reciprocal inhibition: Major agent of behavior change ” . In Theories of behavior therapy: Exploring behavior change, , Edited by: O'Donohue , W. and Krasner , L. 23 – 57 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Wolpe , J. and Lazarus , A. A. 1966 . Behavior therapy techniques: A guide to the treatment of neurosis. , New York : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar