368
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Influence of Ambivalence on Adolescents' Reactions to Anti-Drug Messages

&
Pages 131-148 | Published online: 08 May 2008

References

  • Allen , M. ( 1998 ) . Comparing the persuasive effectiveness one- and two-sided messages . In M. Allen & R. W. Preiss (Eds.), Persuasion: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 89 – 98 ). Cresskill , NJ : Hampton Press .
  • Allport , G. W. ( 1935 ) . Attitudes . In C. A. Murchison (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 798 – 844 ). New York : Russell and Russell .
  • Alvarez , R. M. , & Brehm , J. ( 1995 ). American ambivalence toward abortion policy: Development of a heteroskedastic probit model of competing values . American Journal of Political Science , 39 , 1055 – 1082 .
  • Alvarez , R. M. , & Brehm , J. ( 1997 ). Are Americans ambivalent towards racial policies? American Journal of Political Science , 41 , 345 – 374 .
  • Alvarez , M. R. , & Brehm , J. ( 2002 ) . Hard choice, easy answers: Values, information, and American public opinion . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Armitage , C. J. , & Conner , M. ( 2000 ). Attitudinal ambivalence: A test of three key hypotheses . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 , 1421 – 1432 .
  • Bassili , J. N. ( 1996 ). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 , 637 – 653 .
  • Bell , D. W. , & Esses , V. M. (2002). Ambivalence and response amplification: A motivational perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28(8), 1143–1152.
  • Brown , J. S. , & Farber , I. E. ( 1951 ). Emotions conceptualized as intervening variables—with suggestions toward a theory of frustration . Psychological Bulletin , 48 , 465 – 495 .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. , Gardner , W. L. , & Berntson , G. G. ( 1997 ). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space . Personality & Social Psychology Review , 1 ( 1 ), 3 – 25 .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. , von Hippel , W. , & Ernst , J. M. ( 1997 ). Mapping cognitive structures and processes through verbal content: The thought-listing technique . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 , 928 – 940 .
  • Cameron , C. A. , Stritzke , W. G. K. , & Durkin , K. ( 2003 ). Alcohol expectancies in late childhood: An ambivalence perspective on transitions toward alcohol use . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 44 ( 5 ), 687 – 698 .
  • Chaiken , S. , Liberman , A. , & Eagly , A. H. ( 1989 ) . Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context . In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 212 – 252 ). New York : Guilford Press .
  • Chen , S. , & Chaiken , S. ( 1999 ) . The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context . In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 73 – 96 ). New York : Guilford Press .
  • David , C. , Cappella , J. N. , & Fishbein , M. ( 2006 ). The social diffusion of influence among adolescents: Group interaction in a chat room environment about antidrug advertisements . Communication Theory , 16 , 118 – 140 .
  • Eagly , A. H. , & Chaiken , S. ( 1993 ) . The psychology of attitude . Fort Worth , Tex. : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers .
  • Feldman , S. , & Zaller , J. ( 1992 ). The political culture of ambivalence: Ideological responses to the welfare state . American Journal of Political Science , 36 , 268 – 307 .
  • Festinger , L. ( 1957 ) . A theory of cognitive dissonance . Evanston , Ill. : Row, Peterson .
  • Fishbein , M. ( 2000 ). The role of theory in HIV prevention . AIDS Care , 12 ( 3 ), 273 – 278 .
  • Haddock , G. ( 2003 ). Making a party leader less of a party member: The impact of ambivalence on assimilation and contrast effects in political party attitudes . Political Psychology , 24 ( 4 ), 769 – 780 .
  • Hass , R. G. , Katz , I. , Rizzo , N. , Bailey , J. , & Eisenstadt , D. ( 1991 ). Cross-racial appraisal as related to attitude ambivalence and cognitive complexity . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 ( 1 ), 83 – 92 .
  • Hass , R. G. , Katz , I. , Rizzo , N. , Bailey , J. , & Moore , L. ( 1992 ). When racial ambivalence evokes negative affect, using a disguised measure of mood . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 18 , 786 – 797 .
  • Hornik , R. , Maklan , D. , Cadell , D. , Barmada , C. , Jacobsohn , L. , et al. . ( 2003 ) . Evaluation of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign: 2003 report of findings . Washington , DC : Westat .
  • Hoyle , R. H. , Stephenson , M. T. , Palmgreen , P. , Lorch , E. P. , & Donohew , R. L. ( 2002 ). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation-seeking . Personality and Individual Differences , 32 , 401 – 414 .
  • Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M. , Bachman , J. G. , & Schulenberg , J. E. ( 2004 ) . Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2003 . NIH Publication No. 04-5506 . Bethesda , Md. : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
  • Jonas , K. , Diehl , M. , & Bromer , P. ( 1997 ). Effects of attitudinal ambivalence on information processing and attitude-intention consistency . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 33 , 190 – 210 .
  • Kaplan , K. J. ( 1972 ). On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique . Psychological Bulletin , 77 ( 5 ), 361 – 372 .
  • Katz , I. , & Hass , R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55, 893–905.
  • Krosnick , J. A. , & Petty , R. E. ( 1995 ). Attitude strength: An overview . In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 1 – 24 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Lavine , H. ( 2001 ). The electoral consequences of ambivalence toward presidential candidates . American Journal of Political Science , 45 , 915 – 929 .
  • Lipkus , I. M. , Green , L. G. , Feaganes , J. R. , & Sedikides , C. ( 2001 ). The relationship between attitudinal ambivalence and desire to quit smoking among college smokers . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 31 , 113 – 133 .
  • Lipkus , I. M. , Pollak , K. I. , McBride , C. M. , Schwartz-Bloom , R. , Lyna , P. , & Bloom , P. N. ( 2003 ). Assessing attitudinal ambivalence towards smoking and its association with desire to quite among teen smokers . Psychology & Health , 20 ( 3 ), 373 – 387 .
  • Maio , G. R. , Bell , D. W. , & Esses , V. M. ( 1996 ). Ambivalence and persuasion: The processing of messages about immigrant groups . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 32 , 513 – 536 .
  • Palmgreen , P. , Donohew , L. , Lorch , E. P. , Hoyle , R. H. , & Stephenson , M. T. ( 2002 ) . Television campaigns and sensation-seeking targeting of adolescent marijuana use: A controlled time series approach . In R. C. Hornik (Ed.), Public health communication: Evidence for behavior change (pp. 35 – 56 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Petty , R. E. , & Cacioppo , J. T. ( 1986 ) . Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change . New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Petty , R. E. , & Wegener , D. T. ( 1999 ) . The elaboration likelihood model: Current status and controversies . In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 41 – 72 ). New York : Guilford Press .
  • Povey , R. , Wellens , B. , & Conner , M. ( 2001 ). Attitudes towards following meat, vegetarian and began diets: An examination of the role of ambivalence . Appetite , 37 , 15 – 26 .
  • Priester , J. R. ( 2002 ). Sex, drugs, and attitudinal ambivalence: How feelings of evaluative tension influence alcohol use and safe sex behaviors . In W. D. Crano & M. Burgoon (Eds.), Mass media and drug prevention: Classic and contemporary theories and research (pp. 145 – 162 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Prochaska , J. O. , Redding , C. A. , & Evers , K. E. ( 1997 ) . The transtheoretical model and states of change . In K. Glanz , F. M. Lewis , & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice ( , 2nd ed. , pp. 60 – 84 ). San Francisco , Calif. : Jossey-Bass .
  • Riketta , M. ( 2000 ). Discriminative validation of numerical indices of attitude ambivalence . Current Research in Social Psychology , 5 ( 5 ), 63 – 83 .
  • Scott , W. A. ( 1968 ). Attitude measurement . In F. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 204 – 273 ). Reading , Mass. : Addison-Wesley .
  • Scott , W. A. ( 1969 ). Structure of natural cognitions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 12 , 261 – 278 .
  • Stephenson , M. T. ( 2003 ). Examining adolescents' responses to anti-marijuana PSAs . Human Communication Research , 29 ( 3 ), 343 – 369 .
  • Stephenson , M. T. , & Palmgreen , P. ( 2001 ). Sensation-seeking, perceived message sensation value, personal involvement, and processing of anti-marijuana PSAs . Communication Monographs , 68 , 49 – 71 .
  • Thompson , M. M. , Zanna , M. P. , & Griffin , D. W. ( 1995 ) . Let's not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence . In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents & consequences (pp. 361 – 386 ). Mahwah , NJ : LEA .
  • Wegener , D. T. , Downing , J. , Krosnick , J. A. , & Petty , R. E. ( 1995 ) . Measures and manipulations of strength-related properties of attitudes: Current practice and future directions . In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 455 – 487 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Yzer , M. C. , Cappella , J. N. , Fishbein , M. , Hornik , R. , & Ahern , R. K. (2003). The effectiveness of gateway communications in anti-marijuana campaigns. Journal of Health Communication , 8, 129–143.
  • Yzer , M. C. , Cappella , J. N. , Fishbein , M. , Hornik , R. , Sayeed , S. , & Ahern , R. K. ( 2004 ). The role of distal variables in behavior change: Effects of adolescents' risk for marijuana use on intention to use marijuana . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 34 , 1229 – 1250 .
  • Zaller , J. , & Feldman , S. ( 1992 ). A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences . American Journal of Political Science , 36 , 579 – 616 .
  • Zhao , X. ( 2005 ). Ambivalence in adolescents' attitudes toward marijuana use: Its influence on intention, behavior, and the processing of anti-drug messages . Unpublished doctoral dissertation , University of Pennsylvania .
  • Zhao , X. , Sayeed , S. , Cappella , J. , Fishbein , M. , Hornik , R. , & Ahern , R. K. ( 2006 ). Targeting norm-related beliefs about marijuana use in an adolescent population . Health Communication , 19 , 187 – 196 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.