1,130
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

John F. Kennedy, the Construction of Peace, and the Pitfalls of Androgynous Rhetoric

Pages 154-170 | Published online: 08 May 2009

References

  • A strategy of peace . ( 1963, June 11 ). The Washington Post , p. A14 .
  • American rhetoric: Top 100 speeches. (n.d.) . Retrieved June 1, 2008, from http://www.americanrhetoric.com/top100speechesall.html
  • Blankenship , J. , & Robson , D. C. ( 1995 ). A “feminine style” in women's political discourse: An exploratory essay . Communication Quarterly , 43 , 353 – 366 .
  • Bruner , M. S. ( 1989 ). Symbolic uses of the Berlin Wall, 1961–1989 . Communication Quarterly , 37 , 319 – 328 .
  • Burke , K. ( 1951 ). Rhetoric—old and new . The Journal of General Education , 5 , 202 – 209 .
  • Burke , K. ( 1966 ). Language as symbolic action: Essays on life, literature, and method. Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Burke , K. , Burroughs-Denhart , N. , & McClish , G. ( 1994 ). Androgyny and identity in gender communication . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 80 , 482 – 497 .
  • Campbell , K. K. ( 1986 ). Style and content in the rhetoric of early Afro-American feminists . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 72 , 434 – 445 .
  • Campbell , K. K. ( 1998 ). The discursive performance of femininity: Hating Hillary . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 1 , 1 – 19 .
  • CIA Information Report . ( 1963, June 11 ). Soviet reaction to 10 June speech of President Kennedy (Papers of President Kennedy, National Security Files, Subjects, Box 305A, Folder 2) . Boston , MA : John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library .
  • Clark , E. C. ( 1993 ). The schoolhouse door: Segregation's last stand at the University of Alabama . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Clark , M. E. ( 2004 ). Rhetoric, patriarchy & war: Explaining the dangers of “leadership” in mass culture . Women & Language , 27 ( 2 ), 21 – 28 .
  • Dedication set for monument to JFK on campus of American University . ( 1964, June 2 ). The Washington Post , p. B1 .
  • Department of State . ( 1963, June 12 ). Telegram from Department of State to embassies and consulates ( Theodore C. Sorensen Papers, JFK Speech Files 1961–1963, Box 72, Folder 8 ). Boston , MA : John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library .
  • Doty , W. G. ( 1993 ). Myths of masculinity . New York : Crossroad .
  • Dow , B. J. , & Tonn , M. B. ( 1993 ). “Feminine style” and political judgment in the rhetoric of Ann Richards . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 79 , 286 – 302 .
  • Forbes , C. ( 2004 ). The radical rhetoric of Caterina da Siena . Rhetoric Review , 23 , 121 – 140 .
  • Foreign Broadcast Information Division . ( 1963, June 12 ). Special memorandum: Foreign radio and press reaction to the President's foreign policy speech at American University on 10 June 1963 (Papers of President Kennedy, National Security Files, Subjects, Box 305A, Folder 1) . Boston , MA : John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library .
  • Foreign Broadcast Information Service . ( 1963, June 14 ). Daily report, supplement: Foreign radio and press reaction to the President's foreign policy speech at American University on 10 June 1963 (Papers of President Kennedy, National Security Files, Subjects, Box 305A, Folder 3) . Boston , MA : John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library .
  • Foss , S. K. , & Griffin , C. L. (1995). Beyond persuasion: A proposal for an invitational rhetoric. Communication Monographs , 62, 2–18.
  • Foust , C. R. ( 2004 ). A return to feminine public virtue: Judge Judy and the myth of the tough mother . Women's Studies in Communication , 27 , 269 – 293 .
  • Gilligan , C. ( 1982 ). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Goldzwig , S. R. , & Dionisopoulos , G. N. ( 1995 ). Legitimating liberal credentials for the presidency: John F. Kennedy and The Strategy of Peace . Southern Communication Journal , 60 , 312 – 331 .
  • Goossen , R. W. ( 1997 ). Women against the good war: Conscientious objection and gender on the American home front, 1941–1947 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
  • Griffin , L. M. ( 1984 ). When dreams collide: Rhetorical trajectories in the assassination of President Kennedy . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 70 , 111 – 131 .
  • Hariman , R. ( 1995 ). Political style: The artistry of power . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Hayden , S. ( 1999 ). Negotiating femininity and power in the early twentieth century West: Domestic ideology and feminine style in Jeannette Rankin's suffrage rhetoric . Communication Studies , 50 , 83 – 102 .
  • Hayden , S. ( 2003 ). Family metaphors and the nation: Promoting a politics of care through the Million Mom March . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 89 , 196 – 215 .
  • Howell , B. W. ( 2003 ). Ronald Reagan's address at Moscow State University: A rhetoric of conciliation and subversion . Southern Communication Journal , 68 , 107 – 120 .
  • Ivie , R. L. ( 1974 ). Presidential motives for war . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 60 , 337 – 345 .
  • Ivie , R. L. ( 1980 ). Images of savagery in American justifications for war . Communication Monographs , 47 , 279 – 294 .
  • Jamieson , K. H. ( 1988 ). Eloquence in an electronic age: The transformation of political speechmaking . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Johnson , D. I. ( 2005 ). Feminine style in presidential debate discourse, 1960–2000 . Communication Quarterly , 53 , 3 – 20 .
  • Jones , J. M. , & Rowland , R. C. ( 2007 ). Reagan at Moscow State University: Consubstantiality underlying conflict . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 10 , 77 – 106 .
  • Kennedy , J. F. ( 1963 ). John F. Kennedy: American University commencement address . Retrieved June 1, 2008 from http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkamericanuniversityaddress.html
  • Kimble , J. J. ( 2004 ). Feminine style and the rehumanization of the enemy: Peacemaking discourse in Ladies Home Journal, 1945–1946 . Women & Language , 27 ( 2 ), 65 – 70 .
  • Lardner , G., Jr. ( 1963, June 11 ). 10,000 at AU wilt in heat as JFK talks of Cold War. The Washington Post , p. A16 .
  • Leroux , N. R. ( 1992 ). Perceiving rhetorical style: Toward a framework for criticism . Rhetoric Society Quarterly , 22 , 29 – 44 .
  • Menges , C. C. ( 1988, June 24 ). The four “detentes”: That old summit magic . National Review , pp. 37 – 40 .
  • Murphy , J. M. ( 2004 ). The language of the liberal consensus: John F. Kennedy, technical reason, and the “new economics” at Yale University . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 90 , 133 – 162 .
  • New hope for a test ban . ( 1963, June 11 ). The New York Times , p. 36 .
  • O'Donnell , K. P. , & Powers , D. F. ( 1970 ). Johnny, we hardly knew ye: Memories of John Fitzgerald Kennedy . Boston : Little, Brown .
  • Parry-Giles , S. J. , & Parry-Giles , T. ( 1996 ). Gendered politics and presidential image construction: A reassessment of the “feminine style.” Communication Monographs , 63 , 337 – 353 .
  • Parry-Giles , T. , & Parry-Giles , S. J. ( 2002 ). The West Wing's prime-time presidentiality: Mimesis and catharsis in a postmodern romance . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 88 , 209 – 227 .
  • Pearson , J. C. , Child , J. T. , Mattern , J. L. , & Kahl , D. H., Jr. ( 2006 ). What are students being taught about ethics in public speaking textbooks? Communication Quarterly , 54 , 507 – 521 .
  • Perkins , S. J. (1989). The rhetoric of androgyny as revealed in The Feminine Mystique . Communication Studies , 40, 69–80.
  • Roberts , C. M. ( 1963, June 11 ). Hope, fear, timing pace a-brake effort . The Washington Post , pp. A1 , A16 .
  • Ruddick , S. ( 1995 ). Maternal thinking: Toward a politics of peace . Boston : Beacon .
  • Schlesinger , A. M., Jr. ( 1965 ). A thousand days: John F. Kennedy in the White House . Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
  • See , J. W. ( 2002 ). An uneasy truce: John F. Kennedy and Soviet–American détente, 1963 . Cold War History , 2 ( 2 ), 161 – 194 .
  • Shugart , H. A. , Waggoner , C. E. , & O'Brien Hallstein , D. L. ( 2001 ). Mediating third-wave feminism: Appropriation as postmodern media practice . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 18 , 194 – 210 .
  • Skow , L. M. , & Dionisopoulos , G. N. ( 1997 ). A struggle to contextualize photographic images: American print media and the “burning monk.” Communication Quarterly , 45 , 393 – 409 .
  • Sorensen , T. C. ( 1965 ). Kennedy . New York : Harper & Row .
  • Text of Khrushchev on Kennedy speech . ( 1963, June 14 ). (Papers of President Kennedy, National Security Files, Subjects, Box 305A, Folder 3) . Boston , MA : John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library .
  • Thompson , J. M. ( 1995 ). Incarcerated souls: Women as individuals in Margaret Fuller's Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Communication Quarterly , 43 , 53 – 63 .
  • Turner , V. ( 1967 ). The forest of symbols: Aspects of Ndembu ritual . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
  • Vivian , B. ( 2002 ). Style, rhetoric, and postmodern culture . Philosophy & Rhetoric , 35 , 223 – 243 .
  • Wenger , A. , & Gerber , M. ( 1999 ). John F. Kennedy and the limited test ban treaty: A case study of presidential leadership . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 29 , 460 – 487 .
  • Wenger , A. , & Suri , J. ( 2001 ). At the crossroads of diplomatic and social history: The nuclear revolution, dissent and détente . Cold War History , 1 ( 3 ), 1 – 42 .
  • Windt , T. O. , Jr. ( 1987 ). Seeking détente with superpowers: John F. Kennedy at American University . In T. O. Windt , Jr. & B. Ingold (Eds.), Essays in presidential rhetoric ( , 2nd ed. , pp. 135 – 148 ). Dubuque , IA : Kendall/Hunt .
  • Zurakowski , M. M. ( 1994 ). From doctors and lawyers to wives and mothers: Enacting “feminine style” and changing abortion rights arguments . Women's Studies in Communication , 17 , 45 – 68 .
  • An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2005 Eastern Communication Association Conference in Pittsburgh, PA.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.