References
- Althaus , S. L. , & Tewksbury , D. ( 2000 ). Patterns of Internet and traditional news media use in a networked community . Political Communication , 17 , 21 – 45 . doi: 10.1080/10584600019849510.1080/105846000198495
- Atkin , D. J. , Jeffres , L. W. , & Neuendorf , K. A. ( 1998 ). Understanding Internet adoption as telecommunications behavior . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 42 , 475 – 490 . doi: 10.1080/08838159809364463
- Baum , M. A. ( 2003 ). Soft news and political knowledge: Evidence of absence or absence of evidence? . Political Communication , 20 , 173 – 190 . doi: 10.1080/10584600390211181
- Blumler , J. G. , & Gurevitch , M. ( 2001 ). The new media and our political communication discontents: Democratizing cyberspace . Information, Communication & Society , 4 , 1 – 13 . doi: 10.1080/713768514
- Bonfadelli , H. ( 2002 ). The Internet and knowledge gaps: A theoretical and empirical investigation . European Journal of Communication , 17 , 65 – 84 . doi: 10.1177/0267323102017001607
- Bucy , E. P. , Gantz , W. , & Wang , Z. ( 2007 ). Media technology and the 24-hour news cycle . In C. Lin & D. Atkin (Eds.), Communication technology & social change (pp. 143 – 163 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
- Caplan , S. , Perse , E. M. , & Gennaria , J. E. ( 2007 ). Computer-mediated technology and social interaction . In C. Lin & D. Atkin (Eds.), Communication technology & social change (pp. 39 – 57 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
- Chaffee , S. H. , Zhao , X. , & Leshner , G. ( 1994 ). Political knowledge and the campaign media of 1992 . Communication Research , 21 , 305 – 324 . doi: 10.1177/009365094021003004
- Chew , F. , & Palmer , S. ( 1994 ). Interest, the knowledge gap, and televised programming . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 38 , 271 – 287 . doi: 10.1080/08838159409364265
- Dahlberg , L. ( 1998 ). Cyberspace and the public sphere: Exploring the democratic potential of the net . Convergence , 4 , 70 – 84 . doi: 10.1177/135485659800400108
- Delli Carpini , M. X. , & Keeter , S. ( 1996 ). What Americans know about politics and why it matters . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
- Drew , D. , & Weaver , D. ( 1990 ). Media attention, media exposure and media effect . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 67 , 740 – 748 .
- Drew , D. , & Weaver , D. (1991). Voter learning in the 1988 presidential election: Did the debates and the media matter? Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 68, 27–37.
- Dutton , W. H. ( 2005a ). Continuity or transformation? Social and technical perspectives on information and communication technologies . In W. H. Dutton , B. Kahin , R. O'Callaghan & A. W. Wyckoff (Eds.), Transforming enterprise: The economic and social implications of information technology (pp. 13 – 24 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
- Dutton , W. H. ( 2005b ). The Internet and social transformation: Reconfiguring access . In W. H. Dutton , B. Kahin , R. O'Callaghan & A. W. Wyckoff (Eds.), Transforming enterprise: The economic and social implications of information technology (pp. 375 – 397 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
- Eveland , W. P., Jr. ( 2004 ). The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The roles of information, motivation and elaboration . Political Communication , 21 , 177 – 193 . doi: 10.1080/10584600490443877
- Eveland , W. P., Jr. , & Scheufele , D. A. ( 2000 ). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation . Political Communication , 17 , 215 – 237 . doi: 10.1080/105846000414250
- Gaziano , C. ( 1997 ). Forecast 2000: Widening knowledge gaps . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 74 , 237 – 264 .
- Gaziano , E. , & Gaziano , C. ( 1994 , November ). Collective voluntarism and public affairs knowledge: A typology for knowledge gap theory development . Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL .
- Griffin , R. J. ( 1990 ). Energy in the eighties: Education, communication and the knowledge gap . Journalism Quarterly , 67 , 554 – 566 .
- Hawkins , R. P. , & Pingree , S. ( 1982 ). Television's influence on social reality . In D. Pearl , L. Bouthilet , & J. Lazar (Eds.), Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific process and implications for the eighties (DHHS Pub. No. ADM 82–1196 ; vol. 2 , pp. 224 – 247 ). Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- Hofstetter , C. R. , Sticht , T. G. , & Hofstetter , C. H. ( 1999 ). Knowledge, literacy and power . Communication Research , 26 , 58 – 80 . doi: 10.1177/009365099026001004
- Jeffres , L. W. ( 2002 ). Urban communication systems: Neighborhoods and the search for community . Cresskill , NJ : Hampton .
- Johnson , T. J. , Braima , M. A. M. , & Sothirajah , J. ( 1999 ). Doing the traditional media sidestep: Comparing the effects of the Internet and other nontraditional media with traditional media in the 1996 presidential campaign . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 76 , 99 – 123 .
- Kemph , A. M. , & Remington , P. L. ( 2007 ). New challenges for telephone survey research in the twenty-first century . Annual Review of Public Health , 28 , 113 – 126 . doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144059
- Krugman , H. E. ( 1965 ). The impact of television advertising: Learning without involvement . Public Opinion Quarterly , 29 , 349 – 356 . doi: 10.1086/267335
- Kwak , N. ( 1999 ). Revisiting the knowledge gap hypothesis: Education, motivation and media use . Communication Research , 26 , 385 – 413 . doi: 10.1177/009365099026004002
- Lazarsfeld , P. , Berelson , B. , & Gaudet , H. ( 1968 ). The people's choice () , 3rd ed. . New York , NY : Columbia University Press .
- Lee , G. , & Cappella , J. N. ( 2001 ). The effects of political talk radio on political attitude formation: Exposure versus knowledge . Political Communication , 18 , 369 – 394 . doi: 10.1080/10584600152647092
- Lemert , J. B. ( 1993 ). Do televised presidential debates help inform voters? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 37 , 83 – 94 . doi: 10.1080/08838159309364205
- Lin , C. A. , & Atkin , D. J. (Eds.). ( 2007 ). Communication technology and social change . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
- Lindstrom , P. B. ( 1997 ). The Internet: Nielsen's longitudinal research on behavioral changes in use of this counterintuitive medium . Journal of Media Economics , 10 , 35 – 40 . doi: 10.1207/s15327736me1002_3
- Martinelli , K. A. , & Chaffee , S. H. (1995). Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 72, 18–32.
- McLeod , D. M. , & Perse , E. M. ( 1994 ). Direct and indirect effects of socioeconomic status on public affairs knowledge . Journalism Quarterly , 71 , 433 – 442 .
- McLeod , J. M. , Guo , Z. , Daily , K. , Steele , C. A. , Huang , H. , Horowitz , E. , & Chen , H. ( 1996 ). The impact of traditional and nontraditional media forms in the 1992 presidential election . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 73 , 401 – 416 .
- Norris , P. , & Sanders , D. ( 2003 ). Message or medium? Campaign learning during the 2001 British general election . Political Communication , 20 , 233 – 262 . doi: 10.1080/10584600390218878
- Online papers modestly boost newspaper readership . ( 2006 , July 30 ). Washington , DC : Pew Research Center . Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org
- Pavlik , J. V. , & McIntosh , S. ( 2004 ). Converging media: An introduction to mass communication . Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
- Price , V. , & Zaller , J. ( 1993 ). Who gets the news? Alternative measures of news recap-tion and their implications for research . Public Opinion Quarterly , 57 , 133 – 164 . doi: 10.1086/269363
- Robinson , J. P. ( 1976 ). Interpersonal influence in election campaigns: Two-step flow hypotheses . Public Opinion Quarterly , 40 , 304 – 319 . doi: 10.1086/268307
- Scheufele , D. A. , Nisbet , M. C. , Brossard , D. , & Nisbet , E. C. ( 2004 ). Social structure and citizenship: Examining the impacts of social setting, network heterogeneity, and informational variables on political participation . Political Communication , 21 , 315 – 338 . doi: 10.1080/10584600490481389
- Schudson , M. ( 1995 ). Creating public knowledge . Media Studies Journal , 9 , 27 – 32 .
- Snyder , L. B. ( 1990 ). Channel effectiveness over time and knowledge and behavior gaps . Journalism Quarterly , 67 , 875 – 886 .
- Tewksbury , D. , Weaver , A. J. , & Maddex , B. D. ( 2001 ). Accidentally informed: Incidental news exposure on the World Wide Web . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 78 , 533 – 554 .
- Tichenor , P. J. , Donohue , G. C. , & Olien , C. ( 1980 ). Community conflict and the press . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
- Tichenor , P. J. , Olien , C. , & Donohue , G. C. ( 1970 ). Mass media flow and differential growth of knowledge . Public Opinion Quarterly , 34 , 159 – 170 . doi: 10.1086/267786
- Valente , T. W. , & Saba , W. P. ( 2001 ). Campaign exposure and interpersonal communication as factors in contraceptive use in Bolivia . Journal of Health Communication , 6 , 303 – 322 . doi: 10.1080/108107301317140805
- Vincent , R. , & Basil , M. ( 1997 ). College students' news gratifications, media use and current events knowledge . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 41 , 380 – 392 . doi: 10.1080/08838159709364414
- Viswanath , K. , & Finnegan , J. R., Jr . ( 1996 ). The knowledge gap hypothesis: Twenty years later . In B. R. Burleson & A. W. Kunkel (Eds.), Communication Yearbook 19 (pp. 187 – 227 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Weaver , D. , & Drew , D. ( 1995 ). Voter learning in the 1992 presidential election: Did the “nontraditional” media and debates matter? . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 72 , 7 – 17 .
- Weaver , D. , & Drew , D. ( 2001 ). Voter learning and interest in the 2000 presidential election: Did the media matter? Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 78 , 787 – 798 .
- Weiss , M. J. ( 2001 ). Online America . American Demographics , 23 , 53 – 60 .
- Whitney , D. C. , & Wartella , E. ( 1988 ). The public as dummies: Comments on American ignorance . Knowledge , 10 ( 2 ), 99 – 110 .
- Wyatt , R. , Katz , E. , & Kim , J. ( 1997 , May ). Bridging the spheres: Political and personal conversation in public and private spaces . Paper presented to the Political Communication Division at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .