Understanding Emotional Response Theory: The Role of Instructor Power and Justice Messages

References

• Allen , M. , Witt , P. , & Wheeless , L. R. ( 2006 ). The role of teacher immediacy as a motivational factor in student learning: Using meta-analysis to test a causal model . Communication Education , 55 , 21 – 31 . doi: 10.1080/03634520500343368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , J. F. ( 1979 ). Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness . In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 3 (pp. 543 – 559 ). New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Beebe , S. A. , & Biggers , T. ( 1986 ). Trait emotion and emotional response . Communication Research Reports , 3 , 47 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Biggers , T. , & Rankis , O. F. ( 1983 ). Dominance–submissiveness as an effective response to situations and as a predictor of approach–avoidance . Social Behavior and Personality , 11 , 61 – 69 . doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1983.11.2.61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom , B. S. ( 1956 ). Taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook I: Cognitive domain . New York , NY : McKay .
   Google Scholar
• Brophy , J. ( 1987 ). Synthesis of research on strategies for motivating students to learn . Educational Leadership , 45 , 40 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon , J. K. , & LePoire , B. A. ( 1999 ). Nonverbal cues and interpersonal judgments: Participant and observer perceptions of intimacy, dominance, composure, and formality . Communication Monographs , 66 , 105 – 124 . doi: 10.1080/03637759909376467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burroughs , N. F. ( 2007 ). A reinvestigation of the relationship of instructor nonverbal immediacy and student compliance–resistance with learning . Communication Education , 56 , 453 – 475 . doi: 10.1080/03634520701530896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney , D. R. , Hall , J. A. , & LeBeau , L. S. ( 2005 ). Beliefs about the nonverbal expression of social power . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 29 , 105 – 123 . doi: 10.1007/s10919–005-2743-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee , S. H. , & Berger , C. R. ( 1987 ). What communication scientists do . In C. R. Berger & S. H. Chafee (Eds.), Handbook of communication science (pp. 99 – 122 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. ( 2003 ). Effects of teacher clarity and nonverbal immediacy on student learning, receiver apprehension, and affect . Communication Education , 52 , 135 – 147 . doi: 10.1080/03634520302471
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 2001 ). The relationship of teacher clarity and immediacy with student state receiver apprehension, affect, and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 , 59 – 68 . doi: 10.1080/03634520109379232
   Google Scholar
• Chory , R. M. ( 2007 ). Enhancing student perceptions of fairness: The relationship between instructor credibility and classroom justice . Communication Education , 56 , 89 – 105 . doi: 10.1080/03634520600994300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chory-Assad , R. M. ( 2002 ). Classroom justice: Perceptions of fairness as a predictor of student motivation, learning, and aggression . Communication Quarterly , 50 , 58 – 77 . doi: 10.1080/01463370209385646
   Google Scholar
• Chory-Assad , R. M. , & Paulsel , M. L. (2004a). Antisocial classroom communication: Instructor influence and interactional justice as predictors of student aggression. Communication Quarterly , 52, 98–114. doi: 10.1080/01463370409370184
   Google Scholar
• Chory-Assad , R. M. , & Paulsel , M. L. ( 2004b ). Classroom justice: Student aggression and resistance as reactions to perceived unfairness . Communication Education , 53 , 253 – 273 . doi: 10.1080/0363452042000265189
   Google Scholar
• Christ , W. G. , & Biggers , T. ( 1984 ). An exploratory investigation into the relationship between television program preference and emotion-eliciting qualities—A new theoretical perspective . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 48 , 293 – 307 . doi: 10.1080/10570318409374163
   Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. M. ( 1990 ). The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning . Communication Education , 39 , 323 – 340 . doi: 10.1080/03634529009378813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt , J. A. , Conlon , D. E. , Wesson , M. J. , Porter , C. O. L. H. , & Ng , K. Y. ( 2001 ). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 , 425 – 445 . doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comadena , M. E. , Hunt , S. K. , & Simonds , C. J. ( 2007 ). The effects of teacher clarity, nonverbal immediacy, and caring on student motivation, affective, and cognitive learning . Communication Research Reports , 24 , 241 – 248 . doi: 10.1080/08824090701446617
   Google Scholar
• Daly , J. A. , & Korinek , J. T. ( 1980 ). Instructional communication theory and research: An overview of classroom interaction . In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 4 (pp. 515 – 532 ). New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , C. , Edwards , A. , Qing , Q. , & Wahl , S. T. ( 2007 ). The influence of computer-mediated word-of-mouth communication on student perceptions of instructors and attitudes toward learning course content . Communication Education , 56 , 255 – 277 . doi: 10.1080/03634520701236866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , K. ( 2000 ). Perceived teacher confirmation: The development and validation of an instrument and two studies of the relationship to cognitive and affective learning . Human Communication Research , 26 , 264 – 291 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2958.2000.tb00758.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd , K. ( 2006 ). Communicating affection: Interpersonal behavior and social context . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• French , J. R. P. , & Raven , B. ( 1968 ). The bases for social power . In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150 – 167 ). Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frisby , B. N. , & Martin , M. M. ( 2010 ). Instructor–student and student–student rapport in the classroom . Communication Education , 59 , 146 – 164 . doi: 10.1080/03634520903564362
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. ( 1994a ). A model of immediacy in the classroom . Communication Quarterly , 42 , 133 – 144 . doi: 10.1080/01463379409369922
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. ( 1994b ). The use of affinity-seeking in producing liking and learning in the classroom . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 22 , 87 – 105 . doi: 10.1080/00909889409365391
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. ( 2005 ). Students' classroom communication effectiveness . Communication Quarterly , 53 , 197 – 212 . doi: 10.1080/01463370500089896
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. ( 2007 , November ). Instructors' and students' goals in the teaching–learning process. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. , & Houser , M. L. ( 2000 ). The instructor–student relationship as an interpersonal relationship . Communication Education , 49 , 207 – 219 . doi: 10.1080/03634520009379209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. , & Shulman , G. M. ( 1995 ). “What's in it for me?”: Increasing content relevance to enhance students' motivation . Communication Education , 44 , 40 – 50 . doi: 10.1080/03634529509378996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard , D. L. , Hunt , S. K. , Lippert , L. , & Paynton , S. T. ( 1998 ). Alternatives to traditional instruction: Using games and simulations to increase student learning and motivation . Communication Research Reports , 15 , 36 – 44 . doi: 10.1080/08824099809362095
   Google Scholar
• Goodboy , A. K. , Bolkan , S. , Myers , S. A. , & Zhao , X. (2011). Student use of relational and influence messages in response to perceived instructor power use in American and Chinese college classrooms. Communication Education , 60, 191–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodboy , A. K. , & Myers , S. A. ( 2008 ). The effect of teacher confirmation on student communication and learning outcomes . Communication Education , 57 , 153 – 179 . doi: 10.1080/03634520701787777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. , & Christophel , D. M. ( 1990 ). The relationship of teachers' use of humor in the classroom to immediacy and student learning . Communication Education , 39 , 46 – 62 . doi: 10.1080/03634529009378786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. , & Zakahi , W. R. ( 1990 ). A comparison of teacher and student perceptions of immediacy and learning: Monitoring process and product . Communication Education , 39 , 354 – 368 . doi: 10.1080/03634529009378815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan , S. M. , Chory , R. M. , & Goodboy , A. K. ( 2010 ). Understanding students' classroom justice experiences and responses . Communication Education , 59 , 453 – 474 . doi: 10.1080/03634523.2010.487282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan , S. M. , Houser , M. L. , Goodboy , A. K. , & Frymier , A. B. ( 2011 ). Students' early impressions of instructors: Understanding the role of relational skills and messages . Communication Research Reports , 28 , 74 – 85 . doi: 10.1080/08824096.2011.541362
   Google Scholar
• Horan , S. M. , & Myers , S. A. ( 2009 ). An exploration of college instructors' perceptions of classroom justice, power, and behavior alteration techniques . Communication Education , 58 , 483 – 496 . doi: 10.1080/03634520903055981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houser , M. L. , Cowan , R. L. , & West , D. A. ( 2007 ). Investigating a new education frontier: Instructor communication in CD-ROM texts—Do traditionally positive behaviors translate into this new environment? Communication Quarterly , 55 , 19 – 38 . doi: 10.1080/01463370600998319 .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Richmond , V. P. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1984 ). Power in the classroom IV: Alternatives to discipline . In R. N. Bostrom & B. H. Westley (Eds.), Communication Yearbook 8 (pp. 724 – 746 ). Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Richmond , V. P. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1985 ). Power in the classroom III: Instructor communication techniques and messages . Communication Education , 34 , 19 – 28 . doi: 10.1080/03634528509378579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Smith , V. R. , & Sorensen , G. ( 1988 ). Effects of teacher immediacy and strategy type on college student resistance to on-task demands . Communication Education , 37 , 54 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , D. H. , & Gorham , J. ( 1988 ). Effects of immediacy on recall of information . Communication Education , 37 , 198 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krathwohl , D. R. , Bloom , B. S. , & Masia , B. B. ( 1964 ). Taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook II: Affective domains . New York , NY : McKay .
   Google Scholar
• Lashbrook , V. J. , & Wheeless , L. R. ( 1978 ). Instructional communication theory and research: An overview of the relationship between learning theory and instructional communication . In B. Ruben (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 2 (pp. 439 – 456 ). New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , T. R. , Asada , K. J. , & Carpenter , A. C. ( 2009 ). Sample sizes and effect sizes are negatively correlated in meta-analyses: Evidence and implications of a publication bias against nonsignificant findings . Communication Monographs , 76 , 286 – 302 . doi: 10.1080/03637750903074685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , M. M. , Chesebro , J. L. , & Mottet , T. P. ( 1997 ). Students' perceptions of instructors' socio-communicative style and the influence of instructor credibility and situational motivation . Communication Research Reports , 14 , 431 – 440 . doi: 10.1080/08824099709388686
   Google Scholar
• Mazer , J. P. , & Hunt , S. K. ( 2008 ). The effects of instructor use of positive and negative slang on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate . Communication Research Reports , 25 , 44 – 55 . doi: 10.1080/08824090701831792
   Google Scholar
• Mazer , J. P. , Murphy , R. E. , & Simonds , C. J. (2007). I'll see you on “Facebook”: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education , 56, 1–17. doi: 10.1080/03634520601009710
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 1983 ). Power in the classroom I: Instructor and student perceptions . Communication Education , 32 , 175 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Richmond , V. P. , Plax , T. G. , & Kearney , P. ( 1985 ). Power in the classroom V: Behavior alteration techniques, communication training and learning . Communication Education , 34 , 214 – 226 . doi: 10.1080/03634528509378609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. , Richmond , V. P. , & Barraclough , R. A. ( 1996 ). Nonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: A cross-cultural investigation . Communication Education , 45 , 200 – 211 . doi: 10.1080/03634529609379049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Valencic , K. M. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 2004 ). Toward a general model of instructional communication . Communication Quarterly , 52 , 197 – 210 . doi: 10.1080/01463370409370192
   Google Scholar
• McPherson , M. B. , & Young , S. L. ( 2004 ). What students think when teachers get upset: Fundamental attribution error and student-generated reasons for teacher anger . Communication Quarterly , 52 , 357 – 369 . doi: 10.1080/01463370409370206
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. ( 1971 ). Silent messages . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. ( 1980 ). A new theory of psychology . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. ( 1981 ). Silent messages: Implicit communication of emotions and attitudes . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. , & Russell , J. A. ( 1974 ). An approach to environmental psychology . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Messman , S. J. , & Jones-Corely , J. ( 2001 ). Effects of communication environment, immediacy, and communication apprehension on cognitive and affective learning . Communication Monographs , 68 , 184 – 200 . doi: 10.1080/03637750128054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , K. ( 2002 ). The experience of emotion in the workplace: Teaching in the midst of tragedy . Management Communication Quarterly , 15 , 571 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. P. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 1998 ). Newer is not necessarily better: A reexamination of the affective learning measurement . Communication Research Reports , 15 , 370 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. P. , & Beebe , S. A. ( 2002 ). Relationships between teacher nonverbal immediacy, student emotional response, and perceived student learning . Communication Research Reports , 19 , 77 – 88 . doi: 10.1080/08824090209384834
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. P. , Frymier , A. B. , & Beebe , S. A. ( 2006 ). Theorizing about instructional communication . In T. P. Mottet , V. P. Richmond , & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Handbook of instructional communication: Rhetorical and relational perspectives (pp. 255 – 282 ). Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. P. , Parker-Raley , J. , Beebe , S. A. , & Cunningham , C. ( 2007 ). Instructors who resist “college lite”: The neutralizing effect of instructor immediacy on students' course-workload violations and perceptions of instructor credibility and affective learning . Communication Education , 56 , 145 – 167 . doi: 10.1080/03634520601164259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. ( 2002 ). Perceived aggressive instructor communication and student state motivation, learning, and satisfaction . Communication Reports , 15 , 113 – 121 . doi: 10.1080/08934210209367758
   Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. , & Knox , R. L. ( 2000 ). Perceived instructor argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness and student outcomes . Communication Research Reports , 17 , 299 – 309 . doi: 10.1080/08824090009388777
   Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. , & Rocca , K. A. ( 2000 ). The relationship between perceived instructor communicator style, argumentativeness, and verbal aggressiveness . Communication Research Reports , 17 , 1 – 12 . doi: 10.1080/08824090009388745
   Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. , & Rocca , K. A. (2001). Perceived instructor argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness in the college classroom: Effect on students perceptions of climate, apprehension, and state motivation. Western Journal of Communication , 65, 113–137. doi: 10.1080/10570310109374696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum , J. F. , & Friedrich , G. ( 2005 ). Instructional/developmental communication: Current theory, research, and future trends . Journal of Communication , 55 , 578 – 593 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02686.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsel , M. L. ( 2005 ). Classroom justice as a predictor of students' perceptions of empowerment and emotional response. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
   Google Scholar
• Paulsel , M. L. , & Chory-Assad , R. M. ( 2005 ). Perceptions of instructor interactional justice as a predictor of student resistance . Communication Research Reports , 22 , 283 – 291 . doi: 10.1080/000368105000317565
   Google Scholar
• Paulsel , M. L. , Chory-Assad , R. M. , & Dunleavy , K. N. ( 2005 ). The relationship between student perceptions of instructor power and classroom justice . Communication Research Reports , 22 , 207 – 215 . doi: 10.1080/00036810500207030
   Google Scholar
• Plax , T. G. , Kearney , P. , Downs , T. M. , & Stewart , R. A. ( 1986 ). College student resistance toward instructors' use of selective control strategies . Communication Research Reports , 3 , 20 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Plax , T. G. , Kearney , P. , McCroskey , J. C. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 1986 ). Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Education , 35 , 43 – 55 . doi: 10.1080/03634528609388318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , B. K. , Alexander , A. , & Castleberry , T. ( 2008 ). Examining teacher turnover in low performing schools: Relationships among emotional labor, communication symmetry, and intent to leave . Communication Research Reports , 25 , 10 – 22 . doi: 10.1080/08824090701831743
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. ( 1990 ). Communication in the classroom: Power and motivation . Communication Education , 39 , 181 – 195 . doi: 10.1080/03634529009378801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Gorham , J. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1987 ). The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning . In M. L. McLaughlin (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 10 (pp. 574 – 590 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Lane , D. R. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 2006 ). Teacher immediacy and the teacher–student relationship . In T. P. Mottet , V. P. Richmond , & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Handbook of instructional communication: Rhetorical and relational perspectives (pp. 167 – 193 ). Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1984 ). Power in the classroom II: Power and learning . Communication Education , 33 , 125 – 136 . doi: 10.1080/03634528509378579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , McCroskey , J. C. , Kearney , P. , & Plax , T. G. ( 1987 ). Power in the classroom VII: Linking behavior alteration techniques to cognitive learning . Communication Education , 36 , 1 – 12 . doi: 10.1080/03634528709378636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , McCroskey , J. C. , Plax , T. G. , & Kearney , P. ( 1986 ). Teacher nonverbal immediacy training and student affect . World Communication , 15 , 181 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Roach , K. D. , Richmond , V. P. , & Mottet , T. P. ( 2006 ). Teachers' influence messages . In T. P. Mottet , V. P. Richmond , & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Handbook of instructional communication: Rhetorical and relational perspectives (pp. 117 – 139 ). Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , R. Y. ( 1993 ). The usefulness of the verbal receptivity construct in instructional communication research . Communication Quarterly , 41 , 292 – 298 . doi: 10.1080/01463379309369890
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , J. L. , Plax , T. G. , & Kearney , P. ( 1996 ). Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator . Communication Education , 45 , 203 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. , & Barrett , L. F. ( 1999 ). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 , 805 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. , & Mehrabian , A. (1977). Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality , 11, 273–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. , & Mehrabian , A. ( 1978 ). Approach–avoidance and affiliations as functions of the emotion-eliciting qualities of an environment . Environment and Behavior , 10 , 355 – 387 . doi: 10.1177/0013916578103005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrodt , P. , Witt , P. , & Turman , P. ( 2007 ). Reconsidering the measurement of instructor power use in the college classroom . Communication Education , 56 , 308 – 332 . doi: 10.1080/03634520701256062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson , G. ( 1989 ). The relationship among teachers' self-disclosive statements, students' perceptions, and affective learning . Communication Education , 38 , 259 – 276 . doi: 10.1080/03634528909378762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teven , J. J. ( 2007 ). Teacher caring and classroom behavior: Relationships with student affect and perceptions of teacher competence and trustworthiness . Communication Quarterly , 55 , 433 – 450 . doi: 10.1080/01463370701658077
   Google Scholar
• Teven , J. J. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1997 ). The relationship of perceived teacher caring with student learning and teacher evaluation . Communication Education , 46 , 2 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titsworth , S. B. ( 2001 ). The effects of teacher immediacy, use of organizational lecture cues, and students' notetaking on cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 , 283 – 297 . doi: 10.1080/03634520109379256
   Google Scholar
• Tsetsura , K. , Bigam , M. , Buford , L. , & Chen , X. ( 2003 , May ). E-motional interaction between teaching assistants and students: Expressing emotions via WebCT. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Vinson , L. , & Biggers , T. ( 1993 ). Emotional responses as a predictor of compliance-gaining message selection . Southern Communication Journal , 58 , 192 – 206 . doi: 10.1080/10417949309372901
   Google Scholar
• Waldeck , J. H. , Kearney , P. , & Plax , T. ( 2001 ). Instructional and developmental communication theory and research in the 90s: Extending the research agenda for the 21st century . In W. Gudykunst (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 24 (pp. 207 – 230 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wanzer , M. B. , & Frymier , A. B. ( 1999 ). The relationship between student perceptions of instructor humor and students' reports of learning . Communication Education , 48 , 48 – 62 . doi: 10.1080/03634529909379152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanzer , M. B. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1998 ). Teacher socio-communicative style as a correlate of student affect toward teacher and course material . Communication Education , 47 , 43 – 52 . doi: 10.1080/03634529809379109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , K. , Martin , M. M. , & Cayanus , J. L. ( 2005 ). Student interest: A two-study re-examination of the concept . Communication Quarterly , 53 , 71 – 86 . doi: 10.1080/01463370500055996
   Google Scholar
• Weber , K. , Martin , M. M. , & Myers , S. A. ( 2011 ). The development and testing of the Instructional Beliefs Model . Communication Education , 60 , 51 – 74 . doi: 10.1080/03634523.2010.491122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , K. , & Patterson , B. R. ( 2000 ). Student interest, empowerment, and motivation . Communication Research Reports , 17 , 22 – 29 . doi: 10.1080/08824090009388747
   Google Scholar
• Witt , P. L. , & Wheeless , L. R. ( 2001 ). An experimental study of teachers' verbal and nonverbal immediacy and students affective and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 , 327 – 342 . doi: 10.1080/03634520109379259
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Q. , Oetzel , J. G. , Gao , X. , Wilcox , R. , & Takai , J. ( 2007 ). Teacher immediacy scales: Testing for validity across cultures . Communication Education , 56 , 228 – 248 . doi: 10.1080/03634520601089092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Q. , & Zhu , W. ( 2008 ). Exploring emotion in teaching: Emotional labor, burnout, and satisfaction in Chinese higher education . Communication Education , 57 , 105 – 122 . doi: 10.1080/03634520701586310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar