369
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

“We Must Not Think Evil of This Man”: A Case Study of Amish and English Forgiveness

Pages 424-444 | Published online: 28 Jun 2012

References

  • Alvesson , M. , & Karreman , D. ( 2000 ). Varieties of discourse: On the study of organizations through discourse analysis . Human Relations , 53 , 1125 – 1149 . doi: 10.1177/0018726700539002
  • Ambrose , M. L. ( 2002 ). Contemporary justice research: A new look at familiar questions . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 89 , 803 – 812 . doi: 10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00030-4
  • Anonymous. (2007, February 25). Forgiveness, trust not equal. Grand Rapid Press, p. J6.
  • Aquino , K. , Grover , S. L. , Goldman , B. , & Folger , R. ( 2003 ). When push doesn't come to shove: Interpersonal forgiveness in workplace relationships . Journal of Management Inquiry , 12 , 209 – 216 . doi: 10.1177/1056492603256337
  • Baumeister , R. F. , Exline , J. J. , & Sommer , K. L. ( 1997 ). The victim role, grudge theory, and two dimensions of forgiveness . In E. L. Worthington , Jr. (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 79 – 104 ). Philadelphia , PA : Templeton Foundation .
  • Berry , J. W. , & Worthington , E. L. Jr. , ( 2001 ). Forgiveness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 48 , 447 – 455 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.48.4.447
  • Berry , J. W. , Worthington , E. L. Jr. , Parrott , L. III , O'Connor , L. E. , & Wade , N. G. ( 2000 ). Dispositional forgivingness: Development and construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF) . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 , 1277 – 1290 . doi: 10.1177/01461672012710004
  • Bradfield , M. , & Aquino , K. ( 1999 ). The effects of blame attributions and offender likableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace . Journal of Management , 25 , 607 – 632 . doi: 10.1177/014920639902500501.
  • Braithwaite , J. ( 1999 ). Restorative justice: Assessing optimistic and pessimistic accounts . Crime and Justice , 25 , 1 – 127 .
  • Brett , J. M. , & Gelfand , M. J. ( 2005 , January ). Lessons from abroad: When culture affects negotiating style . Negotiation , pp. 3 – 5 .
  • Bright , D. S. , Fry , R. E. , & Cooperrider , D. L. ( 2006 ). Forgiveness from the perspectives of three response modes: Begrudgement, pragmatism, and transcendence . Journal of Management Spirituality and Religion , 3 , 78 – 103 . doi: 10.1080/14766080609518612
  • Brotman , B. (2007, March 19). How do people find the strength to forgive? Chicago Tribune .
  • Carlson , R. ( 2006 , November 23 ). Forgiveness is best policy. Buffalo News, p. C3 .
  • Charmaz , K. ( 2000 ). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods . In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research ( , 2nd ed. , pp. 509 – 535 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Corbin , J. , & Strauss , A. ( 1990 ). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria . Qualitative Sociology , 13 , 3 – 21 . doi: 10.1007/BF00988593
  • Cooren , F. ( 2004 ). Textual agency: How texts do things in organizational settings . Organization , 11 , 373 – 393 . doi: 10.1177/1350508404041998
  • Creamer , A. ( 2006 , October 15 ). In wake of tragedy, some can still forgive. The Sacramento Bee, p. L1 .
  • Cupach , W. R. , & Metts , S. ( 1994 ). Facework . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Diaz , G. ( 2006 , October 6 ). Lessons from Lancaster County. Orlando Sentinel .
  • Dreher , R. ( 2006 , October 10 ). Amish faith shines, even in darkness. Dallas Morning News .
  • Enright , R. D. , & Coyle , C. T. ( 1997 ). Research the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions . In E. L. Worthington (Ed.). Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 139 – 161 ). Philadelphia , PA : Templeton Foundation .
  • Enright , R. D. , & Eastin , D. L. ( 1992 ). Interpersonal forgiveness within the helping professions . Counseling and Values , 36 , 84 – 104 .
  • Enright , R. D. , Eastin , D. , Golden , S. , Sarinopoulos , I. , & Freedman , S. ( 1992 ). Interpersonal forgiveness within the helping professions: An attempt to resolve differences of opinion . Counseling and Values , 36 , 84 – 101 . doi: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.1991.tb00966.x
  • Enright , R. D. , Gassin , E. A. , & Wu , C. ( 1992 ). Forgiveness: A developmental view . Journal of Moral Education , 21 , 99 – 114 . doi: 10.1080/0305724920210202
  • Enright , R. D. , & the Human Development Study Group. ( 1991 ). The moral development of forgiveness . In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (vol. 1 , pp. 123 – 151 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Falsani , C. ( 2006 , September 1 ). Web sites hold ways to seek, offer forgiveness. Chicago Sun-Times, p. 34 .
  • Felix-Ortiz , M. ( 2006 , November 29 ). Advice: The first step in forgiveness is to acknowledge your emotions. San Antonio Express-News, p. 9 G.
  • Fincham , F. D. ( 2000 ). The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving . Personal Relationships , 7 , 1 – 23 . doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00001.x
  • Forgiving the unforgivable. (2006, October 7). Chicago Tribune .
  • Fratangelo , D. ( 2006 , April 15 ). Five-year-old Kai Leigh Harriott forgives man who shot her [Television broadcast] . NBC nightly News . New York , NY : National Broadcasting Company .
  • Friedman , R. A. ( 1989 ). Interaction practices as carriers of organizational culture: A study of labor negotiations at International Harvester . Journal of Contemporary Ethnography , 18 , 3 – 29 . doi: 10.1177/089124189018001001
  • From Pennsylvania: A growing lesson on forgiveness. (2006, October 10). Christian Science Monitor, p. 18 .
  • Gassin , E. A. ( 2001 ). Interpersonal forgiveness from an Eastern Orthodox perspective . Journal of Psychology and Theology , 29 , 187 – 200 .
  • Girard , M. , Mullet , E. , & Callahan , S. ( 2002 ). Mathematics of forgiveness . American Journal of Psychology , 115 , 351 – 375 . doi: 10.2307/1423422
  • Goffman , E. ( 1971 ). Relations in public: Microstudies of the public order . New York , NY : Basic Books .
  • Grogan , J. ( 2006 , October 13 ). A searing lesson in forgiveness. The Philadelphia Inquirer, p. B01 .
  • Grovier , T. ( 2002 ). Forgiveness and revenge . New York , NY : Routledge .
  • Heracleous , L. ( 2006 ). Discourse, interpretation, organization . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hope , D. ( 1987 ). The healing paradox of forgiveness . Psychotherapy , 24 , 240 – 244 . doi: 10.1037/h0085710
  • Hostetler , J. A. ( 1995 ). The Amish . Scottsdale , PA : Herald .
  • Igou , B. (1999). The Amish in their own words: Amish writings from 25 years of Family Life magazine . Scottsdale , PA : Herald.
  • Jacoby , J. ( 2006 , October 8 ). Undeserved forgiveness. The Boston Globe, p. E9 .
  • Jacoby , S. ( 1983 ). Wild justice: The evolution of revenge . New York , NY : Harper & Row .
  • Johnstone , G. ( 2002 ). Restorative justice: Ideas, values, debates . Portland , OR : Willan .
  • Kanz , J. E. ( 2000 ). How do people conceptualize and use forgiveness? The forgiveness attitudes questionnaire . Counseling & Values , 44 , 174 – 189 . doi: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.2000.tb00170.x
  • Kearns , J. N. , & Fincham , F. D. ( 2004 ). A prototype analysis of forgiveness . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 , 838 – 855 . doi: 10.1177/0146167204264237
  • Kellett , P. M. , & Dalton , D. G. ( 2001 ). Managing conflict in a negotiated world: A narrative approach to achieving productive dialogue and change . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Kelley , D. ( 1998 ). The communication of forgiveness . Communication Studies , 49 , 255 – 271 . doi: 10.1080/10510979809368535
  • Kelley , D. , & Waldron , V. R. ( 2005 ). An investigation of forgiveness-seeking communication and relational outcomes . Communication Quarterly , 53 , 339 – 358 . doi: 10.1080/01463370500101097
  • Kelley , D. , & Waldron , V. R. ( 2006 ). Forgiveness: Communicative implications for social relationships . In C. S. Beck (Ed.), Communication yearbook (pp. 303 – 342 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Kennedy , H. ( 2006 , October 8 ). Amazing grace. The most horrible crime you could imagine—And a community's stunning ability to forgive. New York Daily News, p. 25 .
  • Kennedy , H. , & Wisloski , J. ( 2006 , October 5 ). Raw anguish for tiny angels. Hundreds mourn 5 schoolgirls executed by deranged gunman. New York Daily News, p. 25 .
  • Kidder , D. L. ( 2007 ). Restorative justice: Not “rights” but the right way to heal relationships at work . International Journal of Conflict Management , 18 , 4 – 22 . doi: 10.1108/10444060710759291
  • Kleinfeld , J. ( 2006 , October 13 ). Amish forgive, but can the rest of us? Anchorage Daily News, p. B6 .
  • Konstam , V. , Holmes , W. , & Levine , B. ( 2003 ). Empathy, selfism, and coping as elements of the psychology of forgiveness: A preliminary study . Counseling and Values , 47 , 172 – 182 . doi: 10.1002/j.2161-007X.2003.tb00264.x
  • Kraybill , D. B. ( 1989 ). The riddle of Amish culture . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Kraybill , D. B. ( 1994 ). The Amish struggle with modernity . Hanover , NH : University Press of New England .
  • Kraybill , D. B. , Nolt , S. M. , & Weaver-Zercher , D. L. ( 2007 ). Amish grace: How forgiveness transcended tragedy . San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
  • Lawler-Row , K. A. , Scott , C. A. , Raines , R. L. , Edlis-Matityahou , M. , & Moore , E. W. ( 2007 ). The varieties of forgiveness experience: Working toward a comprehensive definition of forgiveness . Journal of Religion and Health , 46 , 233 – 248 . doi: 10.1007/s10943-006-9077-y
  • Lindlof , T. F. , & Taylor , B. C. ( 2002 ). Qualitative communication research methods () , 2nd ed. . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Littlejohn , S. W. , & Domenici , K. ( 2001 ). Engaging communication in conflict: Systemic practice . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • McCoppin , R. ( 2006 , October 6 ). Victims say forgiveness difficult, but necessary. Chicago Daily Herald, p. 6 .
  • McCullough , M. E. ( 2001 ). Forgiveness: Who does it and how do they do it? Current Directions in Psychological Science , 10 , 194 – 197 . doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00147
  • McCullough , M. E. ( 2008 ). Beyond revenge: The evolution of the forgiveness instinct . San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
  • McCullough , M. E. , Bellah , C. G. , Kilpatrick , S. D. , & Johnson , J. L. ( 2001 ). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the big five . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 , 601 – 610 . doi: 10.1177/0146167201275008
  • McCullough , M. E. , Bono , G. , & Root , L. M. ( 2007 ). Rumination, emotion, and forgiveness: Three longitudinal studies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 , 490 – 503 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.490
  • McCullough , M. E. , Rachal , K. C. , Sandage , S. J. , Worthington , E. L. Jr. , Brown , S. W. , & Hight , T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73, 1586–1603. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
  • Mitchell , R. ( 2006 , October 7 ). Stanford forgiveness projects director Frederic Luskin and midwife Rita Rhoads speak about forgiveness . CBS saturday early show . New York , NY : Columbia Broadcasting System .
  • Murphy , J. G. ( 2000 ). Two cheers for vindictiveness . Punishment and Society , 2 , 131 – 143 . doi: 10.1177/14624740022227917
  • Oller , R. ( 2006 , February 18 ). Forgiveness helps Witte heal after 1972 brawl. The Columbus Dispatch, p. 05E .
  • One man's quest for forgiveness, one woman's return to a nightmare. (2007, February 24). Associated Press .
  • Palca , J. ( 2006 , October 9 ). The Amish culture of forgiveness [Radio broadcast]. National Public Radio: Talk of the Nation .
  • Phatak , A. V. , & Habib , M. H. ( 1996 , May/June ). The dynamics of international business negotiations. Business Horizons, pp. 30–38 .
  • Phillips , L. , & Jorgensen , M. S. ( 2002 ). Discourse analysis as theory and method . London , England : Sage .
  • Pitts , J. ( 2006 , December 7 ). Give forgiveness a change: Imagine if the anniversary of John Lennon's murder became a day of forgiving—A difficult virtue with the potential power to heal. The Baltimore Sun, p. 1C .
  • Poole , M. S. , Seibold , D. R. , & McPhee , R. D. ( 1985 ). Group decision-making as a structurational process . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 7 , 74 – 102 . doi: 10.1080/00335638509383719
  • Putnam , L. L. , & Cooren , F. ( 2004 ). Alternative perspectives on the role of text and agency in constituting organizations . Organization , 11 , 323 – 333 . doi: 10.1177/1350508404041995
  • Putnam , L. L. , & Fairhurst , G. L. ( 2001 ). Discourse analysis in organizations . In F. M. Jablin & L. L. Putnam (Eds.), The new handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods (pp. 78 – 136 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Ricoeur , P. ( 2004 ). Memory, history, forgetting ( K. Blamey & D. Pellauer , Trans. ). Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
  • Roberts , M. ( 2006 , October 18 ). Fruitage of forgiveness: A widow's letter to the Amish. Christian Science Monitor, p. 9 .
  • Rye , M. S. , Pargament , K. I. , Ali , M. A. , Beck , G. L. , Dorff , E. N. , Hallisey , C. , … Williams , J. G. ( 2000 ). Religious perspectives on forgiveness . In M. E. McCullough , K. I. Pargament & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 17 – 40 ). New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Sandage , S. J. , Hill , P. C. , & Vang , H. C. ( 2003 ). Toward a multicultural positive psychology: Indigenous forgiveness and Hmong culture . Counseling Psychologist , 31 , 564 – 592 . doi: 10.1177/0011000003256350
  • Sandage , S. J. , & Wiens , T. W. ( 2001 ). Contextualizing models of humility and forgiveness: A reply to Gassin . Journal of Psychology and Theology , 29 , 201 – 211 .
  • Sandage , S. J. , & Williamson , I. ( 2005 ). Forgiveness in cultural context . In E. L. Worthington Jr. , (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 41 – 56 ). New York , NY : Routledge .
  • Sawyer , D. , Roberts , R. , & Cuomo , C. ( 2006 , October 13 ). What is forgiveness? “We will all make mistakes” [Television broadcast] . Good morning America . New York , NY : American Broadcasting Company .
  • Schmitt , M. , Gollwitzer , M. , Forster , N , & Montada , L. ( 2004 ). Effects of objective and subjective account components on forgiving . Journal of Social Psychology , 144 , 465 – 486 . doi: 10.3200/SOCP.144.5.465-486
  • Scolforo , M. ( 2007 , September 22 ). Amish forgave after school shooting, but painful memories linger. Associated Press .
  • A second look at forgiveness. (2007, June 19). Christian Science Monitor .
  • Shamlian , J. ( 2006 , October 5 ). Amish forgiving man who shot girls in school house . The Today Show . New York , NY : National Broadcasting Company .
  • Susman , C. ( 2006 , October 2 ). To forgive is divine. Palm Beach Post, p. 1D .
  • Tavuchis , N. ( 1991 ). Mea culpa: A sociology of apology and reconciliation . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
  • Titscher , S. , Meyer , M. , Wodak , R. , & Vetter , E. ( 2002 ). Methods of text and discourse analysis . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Tripp , T. M. , Bies , R. J. , & Aquino , K. ( 2007 ). A vigilante model of justice: Revenge, reconciliation, forgiveness, and avoidance . Social Justice Research , 20 , 10 – 34 . doi: 10.1007/s11211-007-0030-3
  • Tsang , J. , McCullough , M. E. , & Hoyt , W. T. ( 2005 ). Psychometric and rationalization accounts of the religion-forgiveness discrepancy . Journal of Social Issues , 61 , 785 – 805 . doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00432.x
  • Umbreit , M. S. , & Ritter , R. ( 2006 ). Arab offenders meet Jewish victims: Restorative family dialogue in Israel . Conflict Resolution Quarterly , 24 , 99 – 109 . doi: 10.1002/crq.160
  • Van Ingen , L. ( 2006 , October 18 ). Forgiveness is a matter of faith. Intelligencer Journal, p. 1A .
  • Von Dobeneck , M. ( 2007 , January 27 ). A new school rises on the faith of the Amish. The Washington Post, p. B9 .
  • Wade , N. G. , & Worthington , E. L. Jr. ( 2003 ). Overcoming interpersonal offenses: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling and Development , 81 , 343 – 353 . doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00261.x
  • Waldron , V. R. , & Kelley , D. L. ( 2005 ). Forgiving communication as a response to relational transgressions . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 22 , 723 – 742 . doi: 10.1177/0265407505056445
  • Waldron , V. R. , & Kelley , D. L. ( 2007 ). Communicating forgiveness . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Witvliet , C. V. , Ludwig , T. E. , & Bauer , D. J. ( 2002 ). Please forgive me: Transgressors’ emotions and physiology during imagery of seeking forgiveness and victim responses . Journal of Psychology and Christianity , 21 , 219 – 233 .
  • Worthington , E. L. Jr. ( 1997 ). The pyramid model of forgiveness: Some interdisciplinary speculations about unforgiveness and the promotion of forgiveness . In E. L. Worthington , Jr. (Ed .), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 107 – 137 ). Philadelphia , PA : Templeton Foundation .
  • Worthington , E. L. Jr. ( 2003 ). Forgiving and reconciling: Bridges to wholeness and hope . Downers Grove , IL : InterVarsity Press .
  • Worthington , E. L. Jr. , & Drinkard , D. T. ( 2000 ). Promoting reconciliation through psychoeducational and therapeutic interventions . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 26 , 93 – 101 . doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2000.tb00279.x
  • Worthington , E. L. Jr. , & Scherer , M. ( 2004 ). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses . Psychology & Health , 19 , 385 – 405 . doi: 10.1080/0887044042000196674
  • Younger , J. W. , Piferi , R. L. , Jobe , R. L. , & Lawler , K. A. ( 2004 ). Dimensions of forgiveness: The views of laypersons . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 21 , 837 – 855 . doi: 10.1177/0265407504047843
  • Zechmeister , J. S. , Garcia , S. , Romero , C. , & Vas , S. N. ( 2004 ). Don't apologize unless you mean it: A laboratory investigation of forgiveness and retaliation . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 23 , 532 – 564 . doi: 10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309
  • Zechmeister , J. S. , & Romero , C. ( 2002 ). Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and unforgiveness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82 , 675 – 686 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.675

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.