References
- Abbot , P. 1988 . Do presidents talk too much? The rhetorical presidency and its alternative . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 18 : 347 – 362 .
- Abel , E. 1987 . Leaking , New York : Priority Press .
- Alter , J. 1990 . All the president's men . Newsweek , January 15 : 56
- Babb , L. L. , ed. 1974 . Of the press, by the press, for the press (and others too) , Washington, DC : Washington Post Company .
- Baker , R. 1971 . Hardened to lies, perhaps . The New York Times , March 1 : 39
- Barber , J. D. 1977 . The presidential character. , (2nd ed.) , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
- Barber , J. D. 1988 . Politics by humans: Research on american leadership , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
- Bennett , W. L. 1983 . News: The politics of illusion , New York : Longman .
- Black , E. 1988 . Secrecy and disclosure as rhetorical forms . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 74 : 133 – 150 .
- Bok , S. 1982 . Secrets: On the ethics of concealment and revelation , New York : Pantheon .
- Burns , J. M. 1984 . The power to lead , New York : Simon and Schuster .
- Campbell , K. K. and Jamieson , K. H. 1990 . Deeds done in words: Presidential rhetoric and the genres of governance , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago .
- Cannon , L. 1984 . Phantom of the white house . Washington Post , December 24 : A25
- Ceaser , J. W. , Thurow , G. E. , Tulis , J. and Bessette , J. M. 1981 . The rise of the rhetorical presidency . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 11 : 158 – 171 .
- Ceaser , J. W. 1985 . “ The rhetorical presidency revisited ” . In Modern presidents and the presidency , Edited by: Landy , M. 15 – 34 . Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
- Culbertson , H. M. 1980 . Leaks—a dilemma for editors as well as officials . Journalism Quarterly , 57 : 402 – 407 . 18 85 – 90 .
- Denton , R. E. Jr. and Woodward , G. C. 1985 . Political communication in America , New York : Praeger .
- Denton , R. E. Jr. and Woodward , G. C. 1990 . Political communication in America , (2nd ed.) , New York : Praeger .
- Denton , R. E. Jr. and Hahn , D. F. 1986 . Presidential communication: Analysis and description , New York : Praeger .
- Edelman , M. 1988 . Constructing the political spectacle , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Edwards , G. C. III. 1982 . “ Presidential manipulation of public opinion ” . In Rethinking the presidency , Edited by: Cronin , T. E. 200 – 217 . Boston, MA : Little Brown & Co. .
- Edwards , G. C. III. 1983 . The public presidency. The pursuit of popular support , New York : St. Martin's Press .
- Edwards , G. C. III and Wayne , S. J. 1985 . Presidential leadership: Politics and policy making , New York : St. Martin's Press .
- Entman , R. M. 1989 . Democracy without citizens: Media and the decay of American politics , New York : Oxford .
- Erickson , K. V. 1989 . Presidential leaks: Rhetoric and mediated political knowledge . Communication Monographs , 56 : 199 – 214 .
- Ferre , J. P. 1980 . Contemporary approaches to journalistic ethics . Communication Quarterly , 28 : 44 – 48 .
- Cans , H. J. 1979 . Deciding what's News. A study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time , New York : Pantheon Books .
- Germino , D. 1984 . The inaugural addresses of American presidents: The public philosophy and rhetoric , Lanham, MD : University Press of America .
- Geyelin , P. L. 1966 . Lyndon B. Johnson and the world , New York : Praeger .
- Gouran , D. 1976 . “ Guidelines for the analysis of responsibility in governmental communication ” . In Teaching about doublespeak , Edited by: Dietrich , D. 20 – 31 . Urbana, IL : National Council of Teachers of English .
- Greenfield , M. 1984 . Must reality be off the record? . Newsweek , April 16 : 100
- Greenstein , F. I. , ed. 1988 . Leadership in the modern presidency , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Gronbeck , B. E. 1978 . The functions of presidential campaigning . Communication Monographs , 45 : 266 – 80 .
- Grossman , M. B. and Kumar , M. J. 1981a . “ The refracting lens. The president as he appears through the media ” . In The presidency and information policy , Edited by: Relyea , H. C. 102 – 138 . New York : Center for the Study of the Presidency .
- Grossman , M. B. and Kumar , M. J. 1981b . Portraying the president: The white house and the news media , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
- Hahn , D. F. 1987 . The media and the presidency: Ten propositions . Communication Quarterly , 35 : 254 – 266 .
- Hahn , D. F. . Goodbye democracy, hello autocracy . Unpublished manuscript presented at the Eastern Communication Association Rhetoric and Public Address Fall Conference . Syracuse, NY.
- Hahn , D. F. 1990b . “Government and communication: Lies.” . Unpublished manuscript
- Halloran , R. 1983 . A primer on the fine art of releasing information . New York Times , January 14 : A16
- Halperin , M. H. and Hoffman , D. 1977 . Top secret: National security and the right to know , Washington, DC : New Republic Books .
- Hart , R. P. 1984a . Verbal style and the presidency. A computer‐based analysis , New York : Academic Press .
- Hart , R. P. 1984b . The language of the modern presidency . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 14 : 249 – 264 .
- Hart , R. P. 1987a . The sound of leadership: Presidential leadership in the modern age , Chicago : University of Chicago .
- Hart , R. P. 1987b . “ Some footnotes on the role of public communication in incumbent politics ” . In Communication Yearbook, 10 , Edited by: McLaughlin , M. L. 117 – 145 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
- Henry , W. A. III . 1984 . On and off the record: Reporters wrestle with rules for attribution . Time , August 27 : 52
- Hertsgaard , M. 1988 . On bended knee: The press and the Reagan presidency , New York : Farrar Straus Giroux .
- Hess , S. 1981 . The Washington reporters , Washington, DC : The Brookings Institution .
- Hess , S. 1984 . The government/press connection: Press officers and their offices , Washington, DC : The Brookings Institution .
- Hosenball , M. 1987 . Leak‐a‐boo: A Washington (dis)information guide . The New Republic , October 12 : 23 – 25 .
- Hulteng , J. L. 1985 . The messenger's motives: Ethical problems of the news media , (2nd ed.) , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall, Inc. .
- Huspek , M. and Kendall , K. E. 1991 . On withholding political voice: An analysis of the political vocabulary of a ‘nonpolitical’ speech community . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 77 : 1 – 19 .
- Isaacs , N. E. 1986 . United gates: The mismanaged press , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Jensen , J. V. 1981 . Argumentation: Reasoning in communication , New York : Van Nostrand .
- Josephson , M. 1989 . A map through the journalism jungle . Ethics , 2 : 38 – 44 .
- Kernell , S. 1986 . Going public: New strategies of presidential leadership , Washington, DC : Congressional Quarterly Press .
- Kessler , F. 1982 . The dilemmas of presidential leadership, of caretakers and kings , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
- Kraft , J. 1966 . Profiles in power , New York : New American Library .
- Linsky , M. 1986 . Impact: How the press affects federal policy‐making , New York : W. W. Norton & Company .
- Locander , R. C. 1986 . The president, the press, and the public: Friends and enemies of democracy . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 16 : 140 – 150 .
- Mathews , D. 1990 . Democracy doesn't begin with elections . The New York Times , May 28 : 20
- McGaffin , W. and Knoll , E. 1968 . Anything but the truth , New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons .
- McCloskey , R. J. 1982 . How not to stop leaks . The Washington Post , February 1 : A1
- Merrill , J. C. 1974 . The imperative of freedom , New York : Hastings House .
- Minor , D. 1970 . The information war , New York : Hawthorn .
- Mullen , W. F. 1976 . Presidential power and politics , New York : St. Martin's Press .
- Nessen , R. 1977 . Poor Jody Powell . Newsweek , January 31 : 9
- Nessen , R. 1978 . It sure looks different from inside , Chicago, IL : Playboy .
- Nielsen , T. R. 1974 . Ethics of speech communication , Indianapolis, IN : Bobbs‐Merril .
- Nimmo , D. and Combs , J. E. 1983 . Mediated political realities , New York : Longman .
- Orman , J. M. 1980 . Presidential secrecy and deception: Beyond the power to persuade , Westport, CT : Greenwood Press .
- Patterson , E. 1983 . DOE dismantlement . Congressional Quarterly Almanac , 38 : 112 – 114 .
- Peters , C. 1973 . Why the white house press didn't get the Watergate story . The Washington Monthly , July/August 4 : 6
- Peters , C. 1980 . How Washington works , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
- 1989 . President Bush meets the press in a wide ranging discussion . Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report , 47 January 28 : 194
- Reedy , G. E. 1971 . The twilight of the presidency , New York : Mentor Books .
- Reedy , G. E. 1985 . “ The presidency in the era of mass communication ” . In Modern presidents and the presidency , Edited by: Landy , M. 35 – 42 . Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
- Relyea , H. C. 1981 . “ The presidency and the people's right to know ” . In The presidency and information policy , Edited by: Relyea , H. C. 1 – 33 . New York : Center for the Study of the Presidency .
- Rescher , N. 1977 . Dialectics: A controversy‐oriented approach to the theory of knowledge , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
- Rivers , W. L. 1982 . The other government , New York : Universe .
- Rose , R. 1970 . People in politics , New York : Basic Books .
- Schmertz , H. 1986 . The media and the presidency . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 16 : 11 – 21 .
- Schwartzenberg , R. G. 1980 . The superstar show of government , Woodbury, NJ : Barron's .
- Shap , W. 1927 . President and press . Atlantic Monthly , July : 240
- Shaw , D. 1984 . Press watch: A provocative look at how newspapers report the news , New York : Macmillan .
- Small , W. 1972 . Political power and the press , New York : W. W. Norton .
- Smith , C. 1990 . Presidential press conferences , New York : Praeger .
- Smith , C. A. and Smith , K. B. 1985 . The president and the public , Lanham, MD : University Press of America .
- Smith , C. A. 1990 . Political communication , San Diego, CA : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. .
- Smoller , F. T. 1990 . The six o'clock presidency: A theory of presidential press relations , NY : Praeger .
- Spragens , W. C. 1979 . The presidency and the mass media in the age of television , Washington, DC : University Press of America .
- Spragens , W. C. 1980 . From spokesman to press secretary: White house media operations , Washington, DC : University Press of America .
- Sulzberger , A. O. 1981 . Reagan says ban on abortion may not be needed . New York Times , March 7 : A11
- Tebbel , J. and Watts , S. M. 1985 . The press and the presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Teison , H. 1969 . Campaign politics . The Saturday Review , October 18 : 21
- April 2 1989 . The presidency, the press, and the people , April 2 , San Diego : KPBS & University of California . PBS, (Producers).
- Thompson , K. W. , ed. 1983 . Three press secretaries on the presidency and the press , Lanham, MD : University Press of America .
- Thompson , K. W. , ed. 1985 . The media: The credibility of institutions, policies, and leadership , Lanham, MD : University Press of America .
- Trattner , J. H. 1982 . Some notes on background . Foreign Service Journal , 59 : 28 – 33 .
- Tulis , J. K. 1987 . The rhetorical presidency , Princeton, Nj : Princeton University Press .
- Wallace , K. R. 1968 . “ An ethical basis of communication ” . In On speech and speakers , Edited by: Steward , C. J. and Kendall , H. B. 51 – 54 . New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
- Weigert , A. 1970 . The immoral rhetoric of scientific sociology . American Sociologist , 5 : 111 – 119 .
- Weisman , S. R. 1981 . Reagan insists congress cut budget and taxes together . New York Times , February 18 : A10
- 1983 . Who said that? , New York : The National News Council .
- Wilkins , R. 1989 . Robbing the future . Mother Jones Magazine , September 6 : 6
- Windt , T. O. 1986 . Presidential rhetoric: Definition of a field of study . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 16 : 102 – 116 .
- Wise , D. 1973 . Lying: Government deception, secrecy, and power , New York : Random House .
- Yudof , M. K. 1983 . When government speaks: Politics, law, and government expression in America , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
- Zeidenstein , H. C. 1984 . News media perceptions of white house news management . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 14 : 391 – 98 .