Relationships among loneliness, communication competence, and career success in a state bureaucracy: A field study of the ‘lonely at the top’ maxim

References

• Bartolome , F. and Evans , P. A. L. 1979 . Professional lives versus private lives: Shifting patterns of managerial commitment . Organizational Dynamics , 7 : 3 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass , B. M. 1981 . Stogdill's handbook of leadership , (Revised edition) , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , R. A. 1985 . Conversational involvement and loneliness . Communication Monographs , 52 : 218 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , R. A. 1991 . Gender, friendship network density, and loneliness . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 6 : 45 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , R. A. and Daly , J. A. 1985 . Some communicator correlates of loneliness . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 50 : 121 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , R. A. and Gonzalez , M. C. 1988 . Loneliness, negative life events, and the provisions of social relationships . Communication Quarterly , 36 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , R. A. , Roloff , M. E. , Van Camp , K. and Karol , S. H. 1990 . Is it lonely at the top?: Career success and personal relationships . Journal of Communication , 40 (1) : 9 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , J. and Peplau , L. A. 1982 . Loneliness: The relationship of self‐disclosure and androgyny . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 8 : 624 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernikow , L. 1986 . Lonely in America , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Braham , J. 1985 . Hazards at the top . Industry Week , 224 : 35 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Buhrmester , D. , Furman , W. , Wittenberg , M. T. and Reis , H. T. 1988 . Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 991 – 1008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss , D. M. and Barnes , M. 1986 . Preferences in human mate selection . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 559 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Department of Personnel Administration . 1989 . California State civil service pay scales, , 45th edition , Sacramento, CA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• California State Personnel Board . 1988 . Annual census of state employees and affirmative action report for the governor and legislature , Sacramento, CA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Coopersmith , S. 1967 . The antecedents of self‐esteem , San Francisco : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. and Franzoi , S. L. 1986 . Adolescent loneliness, self‐disclosure, and self‐consciousness: A longitudinal investigation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 595 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , S. M. and Gould , R. L. 1985 . “ Three vice‐presidents in mid‐life ” . In The executive dilemma , Edited by: Collins , E. G. C. 256 – 275 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Diamant , L. and Windholtz , G. 1981 . Loneliness in college students: Some therapeutic considerations . Journal of College Student Personnel , 22 : 515 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earle , W. B. , Giuliano , T. and Archer , R. L. 1983 . Lonely at the top: The effect of power on information flow in the dyad . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 9 : 629 – 637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , C. S. and Phillips , S. L. 1982 . “ Who is alone? Social characteristics of people with small networks ” . In Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy , Edited by: Peplau , L. A. and Perlman , D. 21 – 39 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Franzoi , S. L. and Davis , M. H. 1985 . Adolescent self‐disclosure and loneliness: Private self‐consciousness and parental influences . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 768 – 780 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasher , J. M. , Frasher , R. S. and Wims , F. B. 1982 . Sex‐role stereotyping in school superintendents’ personnel decisions . Sex Roles , 8 : 262 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumpert , D. E. and Boyd , D. P. 1984 . The loneliness of the small‐business owner . Harvard Business Review , 62 : 18 – 20 . 22 24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansberry , L. 1969 . To be young, gifted, and black , New York : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hartog , J. 1980 . “ Introduction: The anatomization ” . In The anatomy of loneliness , Edited by: Hartog , J. , Andy , J. R. and Cohen , Y. A. 1 – 12 . New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hildenbrandt , H. W. , Miller , E. L. and Edington , D. W. 1987 . The newly promoted executive , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan, School of Business Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild , A. 1989 . The second shift , New York : Viking .
   Google Scholar
• Hojat , M. 1982 . Loneliness as a function of selected personality variables . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 38 : 137 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , W. H. , Freemon , J. E. and Goswick , R. A. 1981 . The persistence of loneliness: Self and other determinants . Journal of Personality , 49 : 27 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , W. H. , Hobbs , S. A. and Hockenbury , D. 1982 . Loneliness and social skills deficits . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 : 682 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jong‐Gierveld and Raadschelders , J. 1982 . “ Types of loneliness ” . In Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy , Edited by: Peplau , L. A. and Perlman , D. 105 – 122 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Kabanoff , B. 1980 . Work and nonwork: A review of models, methods and findings . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 60 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiecolt‐Glaser , J. K. , Ricker , D. , George , J. , Messick , G. , Speicker , D. E. , Garner , W. and Glaser , R. 1985 . Urinary cortisol levels, cellular immunocompetency, and loneliness in psychiatric inpatients . Psychosomatic Medicine , 46 : 15 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovach , K. A. 1982 . Subconscious stereotyping in personnel decisions . Business Horizons , 25 : 60 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupke , T. E. , Hobbs , S. A. and Cheney , T. H. 1979 . Selection of heterosocial skills: I. Criterion‐related validity . Behavior Therapy , 10 : 327 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson , H. 1985 . “ On being a middle‐aged manager ” . In The executive dilemma , Edited by: Collins , E. G. C. 276 – 290 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lorr , M. and More , W. W. 1980 . Four dimensions of assertiveness . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 15 : 127 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , J. J. 1977 . The broken heart: The medical consequences of loneliness in America , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Mahon , N. E. 1982 . The relationship of self‐disclosure, interpersonal dependency, and life changes to loneliness in young adults . Nursing Research , 31 : 343 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major , B. and Konar , E. 1984 . An investigation of sex differences in pay expectations and their possible causes . Academy of Management Journal , 27 : 777 – 792 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroldo , G. K. 1981 . Shyness and loneliness among college men and women . Psychological Reports , 48 : 885 – 886 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , A. 1985 . “ Conflict at the summit: A deadly game ” . In The executive dilemma , Edited by: Collins , E. G. C. 15 – 29 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Meer , J. 1985 . Loneliness: Whether being lonely is a sometime thing or a sad way of life, understanding its causes can help . Psychology Today , 20 : 29 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Near , J. P. , Rice , R. W. and Hunt , R. G. 1980 . The relationship between work and nonwork domains: A review of the empirical research . Academy of Management Review , 5 : 415 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Newcomb , M. D. and Butler , P. M. 1986 . Loneliness and social support: A confirmatory hierarchical analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 12 : 520 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks , M. R. 1985 . “ Interpersonal communication and the quest for personal competence ” . In Handbook of interpersonal communication , Edited by: Knapp , M. L. and Miller , G. R. 171 – 201 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Peplau , L. A. 1985 . “ Loneliness research: Basic concepts and findings ” . In Social support: Theory, research and application , Edited by: Sarason , I. G. and Sarason , B. R. 269 – 286 . Boston : Martinus Nijhoff .
   Google Scholar
• Peplau , L. A. and Perlman , D. 1982 . “ Perspectives on loneliness ” . In Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy , Edited by: Peplau , L. A. and Perlman , D. 105 – 122 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , R. W. , Near , J. P. and Hunt , R. G. 1980 . The job‐satisfaction relationship: A review of empirical research . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 1 : 37 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riesman , D. 1950 . The lonely crowd , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Riggio , R. E. 1986 . Assessment of basic social skills . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 649 – 660 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. P. 1977 . How Americans use time , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Rubenstein , C. M. and Shaver , P. 1980 . “ Loneliness in two cities ” . In The anatomy of loneliness , Edited by: Hartog , J. , Audy , J. R. and Cohen , Y. A. 305 – 377 . New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rubenstein , C. M. and Shaver , P. 1982 . “ The experience of loneliness ” . In Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy , Edited by: Peplau , L. A. and Perlman , D. 206 – 223 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , D. W. , Peplau , L. A. and Cutrona , D. E. 1980 . The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 472 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitt , P. 1989 . Support group for CEOs: Executive committee eases loneliness at top . The Sacramento Bee , August 13 : D1 D4
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , B. J. and Saklofske , D. H. 1983 . Relationship between social support and selected measures of psychological well‐being . Psychological Reports , 53 : 847 – 850 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , F. N. 1989 . Management women and the new facts of life . Harvard Business Review , 67 : 65 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidenberg , R. 1980 . “ The lonely marriage in corporate America ” . In The anatomy of loneliness , Edited by: Hartog , J. , Audy , J. R. and Cohen , Y. A. 186 – 203 . New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sermat , V. 1980 . “ Some situational and personality correlates of loneliness ” . In The anatomy of loneliness , Edited by: Hartog , J. , Audy , J. R. and Cohen , Y. A. 305 – 319 . New York : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shapurian , R. and Hojat , M. 1987 . Selected bibliography on loneliness . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 2 ( 2 ) : 273 – 286 . Pt. 2
   Google Scholar
• Shaver , P. and Buhrmester , D. 1983 . “ Loneliness, sex role orientation, and group life: A social needs perspective ” . In Basic group process , Edited by: Paulus , P. B. 259 – 288 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Sheik , M. A. 1966 . Executive behavior: A temporal analysis , Los Angeles : University of Southern California . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Slater , P. 1976 . The pursuit of loneliness: American culture at the breaking point , (2nd edition) , Boston : Beacon .
   Google Scholar
• Sloan , W. W. and Solano , C. H. 1984 . The conversational styles of lonely males with strangers and roommates . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 10 : 293 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solano , C. H. , Batten , P. G. and Parish , E. A. 1982 . Loneliness and patterns of self‐disclosure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 524 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzberg , B. H. and Canary , D. J. 1985 . Loneliness and relationally competent communication . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 2 : 387 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzberg , B. H. and Cupach , W. R. 1984 . Communication competence , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Spitzberg , B. H. and Hecht , M. L. 1984 . A component model of relational competence . Human Communication Research , 10 : 575 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , C. 1984 . Can this business be saved? . Working Women , November : 78
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , D. B. 1981 . Isolated executives . Industry Week , August 10 : 36 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Voydanoff , P. 1987 . Work and family life , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , K. E. and Woods , M. E. 1976 . Time use: A measure of household production of goods and services , Washington, D.C. : American Home Economics Association .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , R. 1973 . Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , R. 1982 . “ Issues in the study of loneliness ” . In Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy , Edited by: Peplau , L. A. and Perlman , D. 71 – 80 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wenz , F. V. 1977 . Seasonal suicide attempts and forms of loneliness . Psychological Reports , 40 : 807 – 810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenberg , M. T. and Reis , H. T. 1986 . Loneliness, social skills, and social perception . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 12 : 121 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , M. M. 1953 . Paths of loneliness , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zakahi , W. R. and Duran , R. L. 1985 . Loneliness, communicative competence, and communication apprehension: Extension and replication . Communication Quarterly , 33 : 50 – 60 .
   Google Scholar