The affective orientation to communication: Conceptual and empirical distinctions

References

• Anderson , J. 1983 . The architecture of cognition. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. , Behnke , R. and McCallum , K. 1978 . Situational determinants of communication apprehension. . Communication Monographs , 45 : 187 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berscheid , E. 1987 . “ Emotion and interpersonal communication. ” . In Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research , Edited by: Roloff , M. and Miller , G. 77 – 88 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , B. 1956 . Taxonomy of educational objectives (Handbook 1: Cognitive domain) , New York : McKay .
   Google Scholar
• Booth‐Butterfield , M. and Andrighetti , A. The role of affective orientation and nonverbal sensitivity in the interpretation of communication in acquaintance rape. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Eastern Communication Association . New Haven, CT.
   Google Scholar
• Booth‐Butterfield , M. and Booth‐Butterfield , S. 1990 . Conceptualizing affect as information in communication production. . Human Communication Research , 16 : 451 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boster , F. and Mongeau , P. 1984 . “ Fear‐arousing persuasive messages. ” . In Communication yearbook 8 , Edited by: Bostrom , R. 330 – 375 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bradac , J. , Bowers , J. and Courtright , J. 1979 . Three language variables in communication research: Intensity, immediacy, and diversity. . Human Communication Research , 5 : 257 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Buck , R. 1984 . The communication of emotion. , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Buck , R. 1985 . Prime theory: An integrated view of motivation and emotion. . Psychological Review , 92 : 389 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. and Petty , R. 1982 . The need for cognition. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 : 116 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. and Scheier , M. 1981 . Attention and self‐regulation: A control theory approach to human behavior. , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1977 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , (Revised edition) , Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Daly , J. 1978 . The assessment of social‐communicative anxiety via self‐reports: A comparison of measures. . Communication Monographs , 45 : 204 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly , J. and McCroskey , J. 1984 . Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension. , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dolin , D. and Booth‐Butterfield , M. 1993 . Reach out and touch someone: Analysis of nonverbal comforting responses. . Communication Quarterly , 41 : 383 – 393 .
   Google Scholar
• Duck , S. 1988 . Relating to others. , Chicago, IL : Dorsey Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duck , S. 1990 . Relationships as unfinished business: Out of the frying pan and into the 1990's. . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 7 : 5 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly , A. and Chaiken , S. 1993 . The psychology of attitudes. , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Esyenck , H. 1967 . The biological basis of personality. , Springfield, IL : Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Esyenck , H. 1983 . “ Psychophysiology and personality: Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. ” . In Physiological correlates of human behavior: Vol. III. Individual differences and psychopathology , Edited by: Gale , A. and Edwards , J. Vol. III , 13 – 30 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Esyenck , H. and Esyenck , S. 1964 . Manual of the Esyenck Personality Inventory. , San Diego, CA : Educational and Industrial Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Fenigstein , A. , Scheier , M. and Buss , A. 1975 . Public and private self‐consciousness: Assessment and theory. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 : 522 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , P. and Esterly , E. 1990 . Correlates of relationship beliefs: Gender, relationship experience, and relationship satisfaction. . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 7 : 331 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieze , T. , Parsons , J. , Johnson , P. , Ruble , D. and Zellman , G. 1978 . Women and sex roles: A social psychological perspective. , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. , Klopf , D. and Ishii , S. 1990 . Affect orientation: Japanese compares to Americans. . Communication Research Reports , 7 : 63 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Geen , R. 1983 . “ The psychophysiology of extraversion‐introversion. ” . In Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook , Edited by: Cacioppo , J. and Petty , R. 391 – 416 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , J. 1984 . A cognitive approach to human communication: An action assembly theory. . Communication Monographs , 51 : 289 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , J. and Geddes , D. 1988 . Representation and processing in the self‐system: An action‐oriented approach to self and self‐relevant phenomena. . Communication Monographs , 55 : 287 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , J. 1984 . Nonverbal sex differences. , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Isen , A. 1987 . “ Positive affect, cognitive processes, and social behavior. ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. 203 – 255 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , L. 1982 . A rose by any other name is still a rose: A comparative analysis of reticence, communication apprehension, unwillingness to communicate, and shyness. . Human Communication Research , 8 : 99 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerlinger , F. 1986 . Foundations of behavioral research , (3rd. Ed.) , New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , R. and Diener , E. 1987 . Affective intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. . Journal of Research in Personality , 21 : 1 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , R. , Diener , E. and Cropanzano , R. 1987 . Cognitive operations associated with individual differences in affect intensity. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 767 – 774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , R. , Diener , E. and Emmons , R. 1986 . Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 803 – 814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , J. 1986 . “ How mood influences cognition. ” . In Advances in cognitive science , Edited by: Sharkey , N. 290 – 314 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , S. 1987 . Monitoring and blunting: Validation of a questionnaire to assess styles of information‐seeking under threat. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 345 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier , M. , Carver , C. and Matthews , K. 1983 . “ Attentional factors in the perception of bodily states. ” . In Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook , Edited by: Cacioppo , J. and Petty , R. 510 – 542 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Segrin , C. 1990 . A meta‐analytic review of social skill deficits in depression. . Communication Monographs , 57 : 292 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segrin , C. 1992 . Specifying the nature of social skill deficits associated with depression. . Human Communication Research , 19 : 89 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segrin , C. and Dillard , J. 1991 . (Non)depressed persons’ cognitive and affective reactions to (un) successful interpersonal influence. . Communication Monographs , 58 : 115 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher , S. and Metts , S. 1989 . Development of the “Romantic Beliefs Scale” and examination of the effects of gender and gender‐role orientation. . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 6 : 387 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte , K. 1992 . Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. . Communication Monographs , 59 : 329 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar