The Tonya Harding controversy: An analysis of image restoration strategies

References

• Adler , J. 1994 . Tonya trouble. . Newsweek Olympic Special , Winter : 18 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. 1982 . Richard M. Nixon's rhetorical strategies in his public statements on Watergate. . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 47 : 192 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. 1988 . “ Senator Edward M. Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick tragedy. ” . In Oratorical encounters: Selected studies and sources of twentieth‐century political accusations and apologies , Edited by: Ryan , H. R. 187 – 200 . Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. 1994 . Accounts, excuses, and apologies: A theory of image restoration discourse. , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. and Brinson , S. L. 1994 . AT&T: Apologies are not enough. . Communication Quarterly , 42 : 75 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. , Gullifor , P. and Panici , D. 1991 . President Reagan's defensive discourse on the Iran‐Contra affair. . Communication Studies , 42 : 272 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , W. L. and Lindsey , J. J. 1987 . Argument strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's poisoned image. . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 23 : 136 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , P. and Levinson , S. 1978 . “ Universal in language usage: Politeness phenomena. ” . In Questions and politeness , Edited by: Goody , E. 56 – 310 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brummett , B. 1976 . Some implications of “process” or “intersubjectivity”: Postmodern rhetoric. . Philosophy & Rhetoric , 9 : 21 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brummett , B. 1981 . Burkean scapegoating, mortification, and transcendence in presidential campaign rhetoric. . Central States Speech Journal , 32 : 254 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Brummett , B. and Duncan , M. C. 1990 . Theorizing without totalizing: Specularity and televised sports. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 76 : 227 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. , Brown , D. , Comisky , P. W. and Zillmann , D. 1982 . Sports and spectators: Commentary and appreciation. . Journal of Communication , 32 : 109 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. , Comisky , P. and Zillmann , D. 1977 . Drama in sports commentary. . Journal of Communication , 27 : 140 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , K. 1970 . Rhetoric of religion. , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. 1973 . The philosophy of literary form, , 3rd. ed. , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cherwitz , R. A. and Hikins , J. W. 1986 . Communication and knowledge: An investigation in rhetorical knowledge. , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chung , C. 1994 . Eye‐to‐Eye with Connie Chung , February 10 [television program]
   Google Scholar
• Dionisopoulos , G. N. and Vibbert , S. L. 1988 . “ CBS vs. Mobil Oil: Charges of creative bookkeeping in 1979. ” . In Oratorical encounters: Selected studies and sources of twentieth‐century political accusations and apologies , Edited by: Ryan , H. R. 241 – 52 . Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Duffy , M. 1994 . With blades drawn. . Time , February 21 : 52 – 58 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrell , T. B. 1976 . Knowledge, consensus, and rhetorical theory. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 62 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell , T. 1989 . Media rhetoric as social drama: The Winter Olympics of 1984. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 6 : 158 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss , S. K. 1984 . Retooling an image: Chrysler Corporation's rhetoric of redemption. . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 48 : 75 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Gantz , W. 1981 . An exploration of viewing motives and behaviors associated with television sports. . Journal of Broadcasting , 25 : 263 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1967 . Interaction ritual. , New York : Anchor Books .
   Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1971 . Relations in public: Microstudies of the public order. , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Gold , E. R. 1978 . Political apologia: The ritual of self‐defense. . Communication Monographs , 46 : 306 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1994 . Grand jury: Skater was in on plot: 3 indicted on various charges in attack. . Columbia Daily Tribune , March 22 : 3A
   Google Scholar
• Gregg , R. B. 1984 . Symbolic inducement and knowing: A study in the foundations of rhetoric. , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grollier . 1994 . CD news: Newspapers on CD , NewsBank, Inc. . (on‐line database)
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Guard: Skater urged attack. “Get it done,” Harding reportedly said. . Columbia Daily Tribune , January 20 : 12A
   Google Scholar
• Harding , T. 1994 . Eye‐to‐Eye with Connie Chung , February 10 [television program]
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Harding broke pact, man says. . Columbia Daily Tribune , January 10 : 10A
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Harding hits rink while investigators look for attack link. . Columbia Daily Tribune , January 29 : 12A
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Harding sues to block Olympic panel hearing. . Columbia Daily Tribune , February 10 : 5A
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Harding suffers setback: Skating panel calls for disciplinary hearing. . Columbia Daily Tribune , February 6 : 9B
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Harding's ex‐husband may cut deal: Man allegedly might implicate skater . Columbia Daily Tribune , January 25 : 4A
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Harding's plea settles case, but questions remain. . Columbia Daily Tribune , March 17 : 1A
   Google Scholar
• Harrell , J. , Ware , B. L. and Linkugel , W. A. 1975 . Failure of apologia in American politics: Nixon on watergate. . Speech Monographs , 42 : 245 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Heisey , D. R. 1988 . “ President Ronald Reagan's apologia on the Iran‐Contra affair. ” . In Oratorical encounters: Selected studies and sources of twentieth‐century political accusations and apologies , Edited by: Ryan , H. R. 281 – 306 . Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Hocking , J. E. 1982 . Sports and spectators: Intra‐audience effects. . Journal of Communication , 32 : 100 – 08 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway , R. L. 1988 . “ In the matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer. ” . In Oratorical encounters: Selected studies and sources of twentieth‐century political accusations and apologies , Edited by: Ryan , H. R. 121 – 36 . Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , E. 1980 . Media events: The sense of occasion. . Studies in Visual Communication , 6 : 81 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Kruse , N. W. 1977 . Motivational factors in non‐denial apologia. . Central States Speech Journal , 28 : 13 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Kruse , N. W. 1981 . Apologia in team sport. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 67 : 270 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1994 . Lawyer: “Tonya was in on it.” . Columbia Daily Tribune , February 1 : 1A
   Google Scholar
• Leff , M. C. 1978 . In search of Ariadne's thread: A review of the recent literature on rhetorical theory. . Central States Speech Journal , 29 : 73 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Lessl , T. M. 1988 . “ The Scopes trial: “Darrow vs. Bryan” vs. “Bryan vs. Darrow.” . In Oratorical encounters: Selected studies and sources of twentieth‐century political accusations and apologies , Edited by: Ryan , H. R. 17 – 28 . Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• McDermott , S. T. , Hocking , J. E. , Johnson , L. and Atkin , C. K. 1989 . Adolescents’ responses to sports figure product endorsement. . Southern Communication Journal , 54 : 350 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , J. 1984 . The defense of Billie Jean King. . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 48 : 92 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . ‘94 winter games shatter past Olympic TV records. . Columbia Daily Tribune , March 2 : 1B
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Paper scrap draws FBI's attention: Harding to be charged next week, report says. . Columbia Daily Tribune , February 3 : 6A
   Google Scholar
• Parente , D. E. 1977 . The interdependence of sports and television. . Journal of Communication , 27 : 128 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prisuta , R. H. 1979 . Televised sports and political values. . Journal of Communication , 29 : 94 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Railsback , C. C. 1983 . Beyond rhetorical relativism: A structural‐material model of truth and objective reality. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 69 : 351 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1994 . Ratings week. . Broadcasting and Cable , 124 February 21 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Reid , L. N. and Soley , L. C. 1979 . Sports Illustrated's coverage of women in sports. . Journalism Quarterly , 56 : 861 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs , K. , Eastman , S. and Golobic , T. 1993 . Manufactured conflict in the 1992 Olympics. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 10 : 253 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roper Center . 1994 . “ Public opinion online ” . University of Connecticut. Available on Lexis/Nexis . (on line database)
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfield , L. W. 1968 . A case study in speech criticism: The Nixon‐Truman analog. . Speech Monographs , 35 : 435 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Rothenbuhler , E. W. 1988 . The living room celebration of the Olympic Games. . Journal of Communication , 38 : 61 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenbuhler , E. W. 1989 . Values and symbols in orientations to the Olympics. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 6 : 138 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , H. R. 1982 . Kategoria and apologia: On their rhetorical criticism as a speech set. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 68 : 256 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlenker , B. R. 1980 . Impression management. , Monterey, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Schonbach , P. 1980 . A category system for account phases. . European Journal of Social Psychology , 10 : 195 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , M. H. and Lyman , S. M. 1968 . Accounts. . American Sociological Review , 33 : 46 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , R. L. 1967 . On viewing rhetoric as epistemic. . Central States Speech Journal , 18 : 9 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , R. L. 1976 . On viewing rhetoric as epistemic: Ten years later. . Central States Speech Journal , 27 : 258 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Sellnow , T. L. 1993 . Scientific argument in organizational crisis communication: The case of Exxon. . Argumentation and Advocacy , 30 : 28 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Semin , G. R. and Manstead , A. S. R. 1983 . The accountability of conduct: A social psychological analysis. , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sykes , G. M. and Matza , D. 1957 . Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. . American Sociological Review , 22 : 664 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , J. T. and Reiss , M. 1981 . “ Verbal strategies in impression management. ” . In The psychology of ordinary explanations of social behavior , Edited by: Antaki , C. 271 – 326 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Television news index and abstracts. , Nashville, TN : Vanderbilt Television News Archive .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Three men plead guilty in attack on Kerrigan. . Columbia Daily Tribune , May 17 : 8A
   Google Scholar
• Trujillo , N. and Ekdom , L. R. 1985 . Sportswriting and American cultural values: The 1984 Chicago Cubs. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 2 : 262 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartabedian , R. A. 1985a . From Checkers to Watergate: Richard Nixon and the art of contemporary apologia. . Speaker and Gavel , 22 : 52 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Vartabedian , R. A. 1985b . Nixon's Vietnam rhetoric: A case study of apologia as generic paradox. . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 50 : 366 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Wanta , W. and Leggett , D. 1988 . “Hitting paydirt”: Capacity theory and sports announcers’ use of cliches. . Journal of Communication , 38 : 82 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware , B. L. and Linkugel , W. A. 1973 . They spoke in defense of themselves: On the generic criticism of apologia. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 59 : 273 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimer , W. B. 1981 . Why all knowing is rhetorical. . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 20 : 63 – 71 .
   Google Scholar