Communication distortion: An intercultural lesson from the visa application process

References

• Adler , P. S. 1987 . “ Culture shock and the cross‐cultural learning experience. ” . In Toward internationalism , Edited by: Luce , L. F. and Smith , E. C. 24 – 35 . Cambridge, MA : Newbury .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , P. 1988 . “ Explaining intercultural differences in nonverbal communication. ” . In Intercultural communication: A reader , Edited by: Samovar , L. and Porter , R. 272 – 282 . Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Argyle , M. 1982 . “ Inter‐cultural communication. ” . In Cultures in contact , Edited by: Bochner , S. 61 – 80 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1978 . Social learning theory of aggression. . Journal of Communication , 28 : 12 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , C. R. 1979 . “ Beyond initial interactions. ” . In Language and social psychology , Edited by: Giles , H. and St. Clair , R. 122 – 144 . Oxford, London : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Bochner , S. 1982 . “ The social psychology of cross‐cultural relations. ” . In Cultures in contact , Edited by: Bochner , S. 5 – 44 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bochner , S. 1979 . “ Cultural Diversity: Implications for modernization and international education. ” . In Bonds without bondage: Explorations in transcultural interaction , Edited by: Kumar , S. 231 – 256 . Honolulu : University Press of Hawaii .
   Google Scholar
• Capella , J. N. and Greene , J. O. 1982 . A discrepancy arousal explanation of mutual influence in expressive behavior in adult and adult‐infant interaction. . Communication Monographs , 49 : 89 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cody , M. , Lee , W. and Chao , E. 1989 . “ Telling Lies: Correlates of deception among Chinese. ” . In Social psychology , Edited by: Forgas , J. and Innes , M. 358 – 369 . North Holland : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Collett , P. 1982 . “ Meetings and Misunderstandings. ” . In Cultures in contact , Edited by: Bochner , S. 81 – 98 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cupach , W. R. and Imahori , T. T. 1993 . “ Identity management theory: Communication competence in interpersonal episodes and relationship. ” . In Intercultural communication competence , Edited by: Wiseman , R. and Koester , J. 112 – 131 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dew , A. and Ward , C. 1993 . The effects of ethnicity and culturally congruent and incongruent nonverbal behaviors on interpersonal attraction. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 23 : 1376 – 1389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deTurck , M. A. , Harszlak , J. J. , Bodhorn , D. J. and Texter , L. A. 1990 . The effects of training social perceivers to detect deception from behavioral cues. . Communication Quarterly , 38 : 189 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Dinges , N. G. and Lieberman , D. A. 1989 . Intercultural communication competence: Coping with stressful work situations. . Internationaljournal of Intercultural Relations , 13 : 371 – 385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eakins , B. W. and Eakins , R. G. 1988 . “ Sex differences in nonverbal communication. ” . In Intercultural Communication: A Reader , Edited by: Samovar , L. and Porter , R. 292 – 309 . Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. 1971 . Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 17 : 124 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elaad , E. 1993 . Detection of deception: A transactional analysis. . The Journal of Psychology , 127 : 5 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. , Friesen , W. and Ellsworth , P. 1972 . Emotions in the human face: Guidelines for research and a review of findings. , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1930 . Civilization and its discontents. , London : Hogarth .
   Google Scholar
• Furnham , A. and Bochner , S. 1982 . “ Social difficulty in a foreign culture: An empirical analysis of culture shock. ” . In Cultures in contact , Edited by: Bochner , S. 161 – 198 . Oxford, London : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goody , E. N. 1978 . “ Towards theory of questions. ” . In Questions and politeness , Edited by: Goody , E. 27 – 37 . Cambridge, MA : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gudykunst , W. B. 1988 . “ Uncertainty and anxiety. ” . In Theories in intercultural communication , Edited by: Kim , Y. Y. and Gudykunst , W. B. 123 – 156 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gudykunst , W. B. 1991 . Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gudykunst , W. B. 1993 . “ Toward a theory of effective interpersonal and intergroup communication: An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) perspective. ” . In Intercultural communication competence , Edited by: Wiseman , R. and Koester , J. 33 – 71 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gudykunst , W. B. and Hammer , M. R. 1988 . “ Strangers and hosts: An uncertainty reduction based theory of intercultural adaptation. ” . In Cross cultural adaptation: current approaches (International and Intercultural Communication Annual , Edited by: Kim , Y. Y. and Gudykunst , W. B. Vol. 11 , 106 – 129 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gudykunst , W. B. and Kim , Y. Y. 1992 . Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Gudykunst , W. B. and Ting‐Toomey , S. 1988 . Culture and interpersonal communication. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Guerrero , L. K. and Andersen , P. 1994 . Patterns of matching and initiation: Touch behavior and touch avoidance across Romantic relationship stages. . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 18 : 137 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , E. T. 1976 . Beyond culture. , Garden City, NY : Anchor .
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 1980 . Culture's consequences. , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 1983 . “ Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions. ” . In Expiscations in cross‐cultural psychology , Edited by: Deregkowski , J. , Dziurawiec , S. and Annis , R. 335 – 355 . Lisse, , Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger .
   Google Scholar
• Homans , G. 1974 . Social behavior: Its elementary forms. , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Imahori , T. and Lanigan , M. 1989 . Relational model of intercultural communication competence. . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 13 : 269 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infante , D. A. and Wigley , C. J. 1986 . Verbal aggressiveness: An interpersonal model and measure. . Communication Monographs , 53 : 61 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. Y. 1988 . Communication and cross‐cultural adaptation. , London : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Kreps , G. L. 1990 . Organizational communication , (2nd Ed.) , New York, NY : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Lim , T. 1990 . The influences of receivers’ resistance on persuaders’ verbal aggressiveness. . Communication Quarterly , 38 : 170 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln , Y. S. and Guba , E. G. 1985 . Naturalistic inquiry. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , D. , Wallbort , H. and Scherer , K. 1989 . “ Emotions in intercultural communication. ” . In Handbook of international and intercultural communication , Edited by: Asante , M. and Gudykunst , W. 225 – 246 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , G. R. and Stiff , J. B. 1993 . Deceptive communication. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Noesjirwan , J. 1978 . A rule‐based analysis of cultural differences in social behaviour: Indonesia and Australia. . Internationaljournal of Psychology , 13 : 305 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Hair , D. , Cody , M. and McLaughlin , M. 1981 . Prepared lies, spontaneou lies, machiavellianism, and nonverbal communication. . Human Communication Research , 7 : 325 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hair , D. , Cody , M. , Wang , X. and Chao , E. 1990 . Vocal stress and deception detection among Chinese. . Communication Quarterly , 38 : 158 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Olaniran , B. A. . Social skills acquisition: A closer look at foreign students and factors influencing their level of social difficulty. . Paper presented at the International Communication Association . Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , M. L. 1982 . A sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. . Psychological Review , 89 : 231 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , I. A. 1936 . The philosophy of rhetoric. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Savile‐Troike , M. 1982 . The ethnography of communication. , Baltimore, MD : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ting‐Toomey , S. 1988 . “ Intercultural conflict styles: A face negotiation theory. ” . In Theories in intercultural communication , Edited by: Kim , Y. Y. and Gudykunst , W. B. 213 – 238 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Triandis , H. C. , Vassiliou , V. , Vassiliou , G. , Tanaka , Y. and Shanmugam , A. 1972 . The analysis of subjective culture. , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman , R. L. and Abe , H. 1986 . “ Cognitive complexity and intercultural effectiveness. ” . In Communication Yearbook, 9 , Edited by: McLaughlin , M. 611 – 624 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar