References
- Alba , R. D. 1985 . The twilight of ethnicity among Americans of European ancestry: The case of Italians. . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 8 : 134 – 158 .
- Alba , R. D. 1990 . Ethnic identity: The transformation of white America , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
- Allen , M. 1993 . Critical and traditional science: Implications for communication research. . Western Journal of Communication , 57 : 200 – 208 .
- Allen , T. 1993 . The invention of the white race: Racial oppression and social control , NY : Verso .
- Andersen , P. A. , Lustig , M. W. and Andersen , J. A. 1987 . Regional patterns of communication in the United States: A theoretical perspective. . Communication Monographs , 54 : 128 – 144 .
- Banks , S. P. 1987 . Achieving unmarkedness in organizational discourse: A praxis perspective on ethnolinguistic identity. . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 6 : 171 – 189 .
- Barthes , R. 1975 . The pleasure of the text , New York : Hill and Wang. .
- Becker , H. S. 1963 . Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance , New York : The Free Press. .
- Becker , H. S. 1973 . Labelling theory revisited. Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance , New York : The Free Press. .
- Bernal , M. E. and Knight , G. , eds. 1993 . Ethnic identity , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press. .
- Blankenship , J. , Murphy , E. and Rosenwasser , M. 1974 . Pivotal terms in the early works of Kenneth Burke . Philosophy and Rhetoric , 7 : 1 – 24 .
- Bosmajian , H. A. 1978 . Freedom of speech and the language of oppression. . The Speech Teacher , 21 : 209 – 221 .
- Burke , K. 1954 . Permanence and change , (2nd ed.) , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
- Burke , K. 1959 . Attitudes towards history , (3rd ed.) , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
- Burke , K. 1968 . Counter‐statement , (3rd ed.) , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
- Burrell , G. and Morgan , G. 1988 . Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis , Portsmouth, NH : Heineman .
- Carbaugh , D. 1989 . Talking American: Cultural discourse on Donahue , Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
- Carbaugh , D. , ed. 1990 . Cultural communication and intercultural contact , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Chung , L. C. 1991 . Book reviews. . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 15 : 491 – 500 .
- Cohen , J. 1960 . A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 : 37 – 48 .
- Cohen , J. 1969 . A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , New York : Academic Press. .
- Collier , M. J. and Thomas , M. 1988 . “ Cultural identity: An interpretive perspective ” . In Theories in intercultural communication , Edited by: Kim , Y.Y. and Gudykunst , W.B. 99 – 122 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Davies , B. and Harre , R. 1983 . Positioning: The discursive production of selves. . Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior , 20 : 43 – 63 .
- Deleuze , G. and Guattari , F. 1983 . Anti‐Oedipus , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
- Deleuze , G. and Guattari , F. 1987 . A thousand Plateaus , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
- DiPiero , T. 1992 . White men aren't. . Camera Obscura , 30 : 112 – 137 .
- Derrida , J. 1982 . Margins of Philosophy , Edited by: Bass , A. Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Dyer , R. 1988 . White. . Screen , 29 : 44 – 65 .
- Fairchild , H. H. 1985 . Black, Negro or Afro‐American? The differences are crucial. . Journal of Black Studies , 16 : 47 – 55 .
- Ferguson , R. 1990 . “ Introduction: Invisible center ” . In Out there: Marginalization and contemporary cultures , Edited by: Ferguson , R. , Gever , M. , Trinh , T. M. and West , C. 9 – 14 . New York and Cambridge : New Museum of Contemporary Art and MIT Press .
- Foucault , M. 1972 . The archeology of knowledge , Edited by: Bass , A.M. Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Frankenburg , R. 1993 . White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
- Fusco , C. 1988 . Fantasies of oppositionality . Afterimage , December : 6 – 9 .
- Gallagher , C. A. 1994 . White construction in the university . Socialist Review , 1/2 : 167 – 187 .
- Gallois , C. , Franklyn‐Stokes , A. , Giles , H. and Coupland , N. 1988 . “ Communication accommodation in intercultural encounters ” . In Theories in intercultural communication , Edited by: Kim , Y. Y. and Gudykunst , W. B. 157 – 185 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Gans , H. 1979 . Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in America. . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 2 : 1 – 20 .
- Garza , R. T. and Herringer , L. G. 1987 . Social identity: A multidimensional approach. . Journal of Social Psychology , 127 : 299 – 308 .
- Giles , H. , Bourhis , R.Y. and Taylor , D. 1977 . Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations , London : Academic Press. .
- Giles , H. and Coupland , N. 1991 . Language: Contexts & consequences , Bristol, PA : Open University Press .
- Giles , H. , Coupland , N. and Coupland , J. , eds. 1991 . Contexts of accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. .
- Giles , H. and Johnson , P. 1981 . “ The role of language in ethnic group relations ” . In Intergroup behavior , Edited by: Turner , J. and Giles , H. 199 – 242 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Gonzalez , A. , Houston , M. and Chen , V. 1994 . Our voices: Essays in culture, ethnicity and communication , Los Angeles : Roxbury. .
- Gudykunst , W. B. and Hammer , M. 1988 . The influence of social identity and intimacy of interethnic relationships on uncertainty reduction processes. . Human Communication Research , 14 : 569 – 601 .
- Gudykunst , W. B. and Nishida , T. 1989 . “ Theoretical perspectives for studying intercultural communication ” . In Handbook of international and intercultural communication , Edited by: Asante , M. K. and Gudykunst , W. B. 17 – 46 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Gurin , P. , Miller , A. H. and Gurin , G. 1980 . Stratum identification and consciousness. . Social Psychology Quarterly , 43 : 30 – 47 .
- Hall , S. 1992 . “ New ethnicities ” . In Race, culture and difference , Edited by: Donald , J. and Rattansi , A. 252 – 259 . London : Sage .
- Hammersly , M. 1992 . What's wrong with ethnography? , NY : Routledge. .
- Hardiman , R. 1994 . “ White racial identity development in the United States ” . In Race, ethnicity and self: Identity in multicultural perspective , Edited by: Salett , E. P. and Koslow , D. R. 117 – 142 . Washington, DC : National Multicultural Institute .
- Hawes , L. , Pacanowsky , M. and Faules , D. 1988 . “ Approaches to the study of organizations: A conversation among the three schools of thought ” . In Handbook of organizational communication , Edited by: Goldhaber , G. M. and Barnett , G. A. 41 – 53 . New York : Ablex .
- Hecht , M. L. 1993 . 2002‐A research odyssey: Toward a development of communication theory of identity. . Communication Monographs , 60 : 76 – 82 .
- Hecht , M. L. , Collier , M. J. and Ribeau , S. 1993 . African American Communication , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Hecht , M. L. and Ribeau , S. 1987 . Afro‐American identity labels and communicative effectiveness. . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 6 : 319 – 326 .
- Hecht , M. L. and Ribeau , S. 1991 . Sociocultural roots of ethnic identity. A look at Black America. . Journal of Black Studies , 21 : 501 – 513 .
- Helms , J. 1994 . A race is a nice thing to have: A guide to being a white person , Topeka, KS : Content Communication .
- Hoffman , J. E. 1985 . Arabs and Jews, Blacks and Whites: Identity and group relations. . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 6 : 271 – 277 .
- Holsti , O. R. 1969 . Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities , Reading, MA : Addison Wesley .
- hooks , b. 1990 . Yearning: Race, gender, and cultural politics , Boston : South End. .
- Jewell , K. S. 1985 . Will the real Black, Afro‐American, Mixed, Colored, Negro, please stand up? Impact of the Black Social Movement twenty years later. . Journal of Black Studies , 16 : 57 – 75 .
- Krippendorf , K. 1980 . Content analysis , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
- Lampe , P. E. 1982 . Ethnic labels: Naming or name calling? . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 5 : 542 – 548 .
- Larkey , L. K. , Hecht , M. L. and Martin , J. N. 1993 . What's in a name: African American ethnic identity terms and self determination. . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 12 : 302 – 317 .
- Lincoln , Y. S. and Guba , E. G. 1985 . Naturalistic Inquiry , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Lieberson , S. 1991 . “ A new ethnic group in the United States ” . In Majority and minority, the dynamics of race and ethnicity in American life , Edited by: Yetman , N. R. 444 – 456 . Boston : Allyn Bacon .
- Lyotard , J. F. 1983 . “ Passages from Le Mur du Pacific, 1979 ” . In Sub Stance, 37/38 Edited by: Brochet , P. , Royle , N. and Woodward , K. 89 – 99 .
- McGee , M. C. 1980 . The “Ideograph”;: A link between Rhetoric and ideology . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 66 : 1 – 16 .
- McIntosh , P. 1992 . “ White privilege and male privilege ” . In Race, class and gender: An anthology , Edited by: Andersen , A. L. and Collins , P. H. 65 – 69 . Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
- Miller , J. B. 1992 . “ Domination and subordinatioa ” . In Race, class & gender in the United States: An integrated study , Edited by: Rothenberg , P. S. 20 – 25 . New York : St. Martins .
- Nakayama , T. 1994 . “ Dis/orienting identities ” . In Our Voices , Edited by: Gonzalez , A. , Houston , M. and Chen , V. 12 – 17 . Los Angeles : Roxbury .
- Nakayama , T. and Krizek , R. L. 1995 . Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 81 : 291 – 309 .
- Norusis , M. J. 1988 . SPSSpc and advanced statistics , Vol.2 , Chicago, IL : SPSS Inc. .
- Omi , M. and Winant , H. 1992 . “ Racial formations ” . In Race, class and gender in the United States , Edited by: Rothenberg , P. S. 26 – 35 . New York : St. Martin's Press .
- Omi , M. and Winant , H. 1994 . Racial formations in the United States from the 1960's‐1980's , (2nd ed) , New York : Routledge .
- Pearce , W. B. 1989 . Communication and the human condition , Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press .
- Ribeau , S. A. 1994 . “ How I came to know “In self realization there is truth.” . In Our Voices , Edited by: Gonzalez , A. , Houston , M. and Cen , V. 12 – 17 . Los Angeles, CA : Roxbury .
- Roediger , D.R. 1994 . Towards the abolition of whiteness , New York : Verso. .
- Roman , L. G. 1993 . “ White is a color! White defensiveness, postmodernism and antiracist pedagogy ” . In Race, identity and representation in education , Edited by: McCarthy , C. and Crichlow , W. 71 – 88 . New York : Routledge .
- Roosens , E. E. 1989 . Creating ethnicity: The process of ethnogenesis , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Rosaldo , R. 1989 . Culture and truth: The remaking of social analysis , Boston : Beacon Press. .
- Rosenberg , M. 1979 . Conceiving the self , New York : Basic Books. .
- Rosenberg , M. 1989 . Self‐concept research: A historical overview. . Social Forces , 68 : 34 – 44 .
- Salett , E. P. and Koslow , D. R. , eds. 1994 . Race, ethnicity and self: Identity in multicultural perspective , Washington, DC : National Multicultural Institute .
- Scheurich , J. J. 1993 . Toward a discourse on racism. . Educational Researcher , 22 : 5 – 10 .
- Sewell , D. 1989 . Knowing people: A Mexican‐American community's conception of a person , New York : AMS Press. .
- Sleeter , C. 1994 . White racism . Multicultural education , Spring : 5 – 8 .
- Spindler , G. and Spindler , L. 1990 . The American cultural dialogue , London : Falmer Press. .
- Stiano , K. V. 1980 . Ethnicity as process: The creation of an Afro‐American identity. . Ethnicity , 7 : 27 – 33 .
- Tajfel , H. 1981 . Human categories and social groups , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. .
- Tajfel , H. 1982 . Social identity and intergroup relations , Oxford : Cambridge University Press. .
- Terry , R. W. 1981 . “ The negative impact on values ” . In Impacts of racism on Americans , Edited by: Bowser , B. and Hunt , R. H. 119 – 152 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
- Turner , J.C. 1987 . Rediscovering the social group , London : Basil Blackwell. .
- Wallace , M. 1991 . Multiculturalism and oppositionality . Afterimage , 19 October : 6 – 9 .
- Waters , M. C. 1990 . Ethnic options: Choosing identities in America , Berkeley : University of California Press. .
- Weeks , J. 1981 . Sex, politics and society: The regulation of sexuality since 1800 , London : Longman. .
- White , C. L. 1989 . Measuring ethnic identity: An application of the Burke Tully method. . Sociological Focus , 22 : 249 – 261 .
- White , C. L. and Burke , P. J. 1987 . Ethnic role identity among black and white college students: An interactionist approach. . Sociological Perspectives , 30 : 310 – 331 .
- Wolf , M. 1992 . A thrice told tale: Feminism, postmodernism & ethnographic responsibility , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
- Zelinsky , W. 1973 . The cultural geography of the United States , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .