The very model of a modern major (media) candidate: Colin Powell and the rhetoric of public opinion

References

• ABC News . November 3 1995 . “ Colin Powell on the brink of a decision ” . In Nightline , November 3 , Atlanta, Georgia : WSB .
   Google Scholar
• ABC News . November 8 1995 . Nightline , November 8 , Atlanta, Ga. : WSB .
   Google Scholar
• Ager , D. E. 1994 . “ The media in elections: Evidence on the role and impact ” . In Media power in politics , Edited by: Graber , D. 161 – 175 . Washington, D.C. : CQ Press .
   Google Scholar
• Alter , J. 1995 . What really matters . Newsweek , 126 : 52
   Google Scholar
• Barone , M. 1993 . Will the Republicans produce a presidential front‐runner? . U.S. News and World Report , 115 December 27 : 49
   Google Scholar
• Barry , J. 1996 . The very model of a political general . Newsweek , 126 September 11 : 31 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , C. 1991 . Cartoon . National Forum of Editorial Cartoons , 3 October : 12
   Google Scholar
• Belliveau , J. 1995 . A look at the Colin Powell factor . Washington Post , January 8 : C3
   Google Scholar
• Benenson , B. 1995 . Media mania and general Powell . Congressional Quarterly Weekly , 53 November 11 : 3471
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , W. L. 1996 . News: The politics of illusion , 3rd ed. , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Blankenship , J. , Fine , M. G. and Davis , L. K. 1983 . The 1980 Republican primary debates: The transformation of actor to scene . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 79 : 25 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenthal , S. 1981 . Marketing the president . New York Times Magazine , September 3 : 43
   Google Scholar
• Boyte , H. C. 1995 . “ Public opinion as public judgement ” . In Public opinion and the communication of consent , Edited by: Glasser , T.L. and Salmon , C.T. 417 – 436 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. 1962 . A grammar of motives , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• CBS . October 15 1995 . Sunday Morning , October 15 , Atlanta, Georgia : WGNX .
   Google Scholar
• Chaffee , S. and Frank , S. 1996 . How Americans get political information: Print versus broadcast news . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Scientists , 546 : 48 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez , K. 1995 . Poll: California would welcome third party . Sacramento Bee , September 18 : A3
   Google Scholar
• Clines , F. X. 1995 . Variation on a war game: How Powell arrived at no . New York Times , November 12 : 1 12
   Google Scholar
• Corcoran , F. 1986 . KAL 007 and the Evil Empire: Mediated disaster and forms of rationalization . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 3 : 297 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespi , I. 1989 . Public opinion, polls, and democracy , Boulder, Co. : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Denton , R. and Woodward , G. 1990 . Political communication in America , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , S. 1995 . Colinitis . The Progressive , 5 November : 17
   Google Scholar
• Edelman , M. 1988 . Constructing the political spectacle , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J.L. 1997 . Political cartoons in the 1988 presidential campaign: Image, metaphor, and narrative , New York : Garland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Entman , R. M. 1989 . Democracy without citizens: Media and the decay of American politics , New York : Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Entman , R. M. and Page , B. I. 1994 . “The news before the storm: The Iraq war debate and the limits to media independence” . In Taken by storm: The media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War , Edited by: Bennett , W.L. and Paletz , D.L. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Fallows , J. 1996 . Why Americans hate the media . The Atlantic Monthly , February : 45 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Fineman , H. 1995a . Powell on the march . Newsweek , 126 September 11 : 26 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Fineman , H. 1995b . A Powell scenario . Newsweek , 126 September 25 : 38 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzgerald , M. 1988 . Autopsy of 1988 campaign reporting: Journalists and politicians meet in Iowa to dissect coverage . Editor and Publisher , 121 December 8 : 14 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Gans , H. 1979 . Deciding what's news , New York : Pantheon .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . General Powell tops as presidential contender . JET , 87 December 13 : 36
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , N. 1995 . General letdown . TIME , 146 November 20 : 48 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin , T. 1990 . Blips, bites, and savvy talk: Televisions's impact on politics . Dissent , 37 Winter : 18 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Graber , D. A. 1985 . Mass media and American politics , Washington D. C. : CQ Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hacker , K. 1995 . Candidate images in presidential elections , Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Hallen , D. 1992 . Sound bite news: Television coverage of elections, 1968–1988 . Journal of Communication , 42 : 5 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , R. P. , Turner , K. J. and Knupp , R. E. 1984 . “ A rhetorical profile of religious news: TIME 1947–1976 ” . In Rhetorical dimensions in media: A critical case book , Edited by: Medurst , M. J. and Benson , T. W. 254 – 265 . Dubuque, Iowa : Kendall/Hunt .
   Google Scholar
• Herbst , S. 1993 . Numbered voices: How opinion polling has shaped American politics , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hertsgaard , M. 1989 . On bended knee: The press and the Reagan presidency , New York : Farrar Straus Giroux .
   Google Scholar
• Kagay , M. R. 1991 . “ The use of public opinion polls by the New York Times ” . In Polling and presidential election coverage , Edited by: Lavrakas , P.J. and Holley , J.K. 19 – 56 . Newbury Park, CA : SAGE .
   Google Scholar
• Kalb , M. 1994 . “ A view from the press ” . In Taken by storm: The media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War , Edited by: Bennett , W.L. and Paletz , D.L. 3 – 7 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kendall , K. E. 1993 . Public speaking in the presidential primaries through media eyes . American Behavioral Scientist , 37 : 240 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , E. and Schudson , M. 1995 . “The press and the illusion of public opinion: The strange case of Ronald Reagan's ‘popularity” . In Public opinion and the communication of consent , Edited by: Glasser , T. L. and Salmon , C.T. 132 – 155 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Meyrowitz , J. 1994 . Visible and invisible candidates: A case study in ‘competing logics’ of campaign coverage . Political Communication , 11 : 145 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , D. W. 1994 . Dole leads GOP presidential hopefuls . The Gallup Poll Monthly , April : 24 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , W. R. , Just , M. R. and Crigler , A. N. 1992 . Common knowledge: News and the construction of political meaning , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , R. P. 1966 . The weekly fiction magazines . Central States Speech Journal , 17 : 118 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , T. E. 1980 . The mass media election: How Americans choose their president , New York : Praeger . 1980
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , T. E. 1993 . Out of order , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , T. E. 1997 . The news media: An effective political actor? . Political Communication , 14 October‐December : 445 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1995 . Pedestal for Powell . Sacramento Bee , September 18 : B6
   Google Scholar
• Ranelagh , J. 1991 . America's black Eisenhower: Colin Powell: Architect of victory . National Review , 43 April 1 : 26
   Google Scholar
• Rhee , J. 1996 . How polls drive campaign coverage: The Gallup, CNN, USA Today tracking poll and USA Today's coverage of the 1992 presidential campaign . Political Communication , 13 April‐June : 213 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , S. V. , Anster , B. and Barone , M. 1993 . Colin Powell superstar . U.S. News and World Report , 115 September 20 : 48 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , G. J. 1995 . “ Making news and manufacturing consent: The journalistic narrative and its audience ” . In Public opinion and the communication of consent , Edited by: Glasser , T. L. and Salmon , C.T. 348 – 369 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. W. 1995 . Pack journalism chasing Powell . Sacramento Bee , September 30 : B7
   Google Scholar
• Stacks , J. F. 1995 . The Powell factor . TIME , 146 July 10 : 23 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , Steven . 1993 . Washington: President Powell? . The Atlantic Monthly , 276 October : 22 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Trent , J. S. and Friedenberg , R. 1995 . Political campaign communication: Principles and practices , (3rd ed.) , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Tuchman , G. 1972 . Objectivity as a strategic ritual: an examination of newsmen's notions of objectivity . American Journal of Sociology , 77 : 661 – 679 .
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk , T. A. 1988 . News as Discourse , Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . 1988
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , B. 1995 . The reluctant warrior . Washington Post Weekly Edition , 12 October 2–8 : 6 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Zaller , J. 1994 . “ Elite leadership of mass opinion: New evidence from the gulf war ” . In Taken by storm: The media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War , Edited by: Bennett , W. Lance and Paletz , D. L. 186 – 209 . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zaller , J. and Hunt , M. 1994 . The rise and fall of candidate Perot: Unmediated vs. mediated politics‐Part I . Political Communication , 11 : 357 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar