The relationship of teacher clarity and teacher immediacy with students’ experiences of state receiver apprehension

References

• Abrami , P. C. , Leventhal , L. and Perry , R. P. 1982 . Educational seduction . Review of Educational Research , 52 : 446 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , L. , Frankiewicz , R. and Williams , R. 1979 . Facilitation of learning and retention of oral instruction using advance and post organizers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 701 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , J. F. 1979 . “ Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness ” . In Communication yearbook , Edited by: Nimmo , D. Vol. 3 , 543 – 559 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , J. R. and Withrow , J. G. 1981 . The impact of lecturer nonverbal expressiveness on improving mediated instruction . Communication Education , 30 : 342 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ausubel , D. P. 1963 . The psychology of meaningful verbal learning , New York : Grune and Straton .
   Google Scholar
• Ayres , J. , Wilcox , K. and Ayres , D. M. 1995 . Receiver apprehension: An explanatory model and accompanying research . Communication Education , 44 : 223 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. 1981 . Receiver apprehension as a function of cognitive backlog . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 45 : 132 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. and Payne , S. K. 1981 . Receiver apprehension and cognitive complexity . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 44 : 363 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. 1998 . Teacher Clarity: A Definition, Review, and a Profile of The Clear Teacher Unpublished Manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. 1990 . The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning . Communication Education , 39 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Civikly , J. M. 1992 . Clarity: Teachers and students making sense of instruction . Communication Education , 41 : 138 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , A. J. 1989 . Communication confidence and listening competence: An investigation of the relationships of willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and receiver apprehension to comprehension of content and emotional meaning in spoken messages . Communication Education , 38 : 237 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coats , W. D. and Smidchens , U. 1966 . Audience recall as a function of speaker dynamism . Journal of Educational Psychology , 57 : 189 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruickshank , D. R. and Kennedy , J. J. 1986 . Teacher clarity . Teaching & Teacher Education , 2 (1) : 43 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Delia , J. G. , O'Keefe , B. J. and O'Keefe , D. J. 1982 . “ The constructivist approach to communication ” . In Human communication theory: Comparative essays , Edited by: Dance , F. E. New York, NY : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch‐Hauser , M. , Barker , D. A. and Hughes , A. 1990 . Receiver apprehension and listening comprehension: A linear or curvilinear relationship? . Southern Journal of Speech Communication , 56 : 62 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. 1994 . A model of immediacy in the classroom . Communication Quarterly , 42 : 133 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartley , J. 1976 . Lecture handouts and student note taking . Programmed Learning and Educational Technology , 13 : 58 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , D. H. and Gorham , J. 1988 . Effects of immediacy on recall of information . Communication Education , 37 : 198 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendrick , W. L. and Darling , A. L. 1990 . Problems of understanding in classrooms: Students’ use of clarifying tactics . Communication Education , 39 : 15 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1992 . “ Increasing teacher influence through immediacy ” . In Power in the classroom: Communication, control, and concern , Edited by: Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 101 – 120 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. , Richmond , V. P. and Barraclough , R. A. 1996 . Nonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: A cross cultural investigation . Communication Education , 45 : 200 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McReynolds , P. 1976 . “ Assimilation and anxiety ” . In Emotions and anxiety: New concepts, methods, and applications , Edited by: Zuckerman , M. and Spielberger , C. D. 35 – 86 . New York, NY : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , R. P. 1985 . “ Instructor expressiveness: implications for improving teaching ” . In Using Research to Improve Teaching , Edited by: Donald , J. G. and Sullivan , A. M. San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , R. P. and Penner , K. 1990 . Enhancing academic achievement in college students through attributional retraining and instruction . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 262 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plax , T. G. , Kearney , P. , McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1986 . Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy, and affective learning . Communication Education , 35 : 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , R. G. and Harville , B. 1990 . The effects of teacher immediacy and clarity on instructional outcomes: An intercultural assessment . Communication Education , 39 : 369 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preiss , R. W. , Wheeless , L. R. and Allen , M. 1990 . Potential cognitive processes and consequences of receiver apprehension: A meta‐analytic review. In M. Booth‐Butterfield (Ed.) Communication, cognition, and anxiety (Special Issue) . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 5 : 155 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. 1990 . Communication in the classroom: Power and motivation . Communication Education , 39 : 181 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Gorham , J. S. and McCroskey , J. C. 1987 . “ The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning ” . In Communication Yearbook Vol. 10 , 274 – 590 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , C. V. 1986 . A validation of the Watson‐Barker Listening Test . Communication Research Reports , 3 : 115 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , M. D. and Wheeless , L. R. 1977 . The relationship of three types of communication apprehension to classroom achievement . The Southern Speech Communication Journal , 42 : 246 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Sidelinger , R. J. and McCroskey , J. C. 1997 . Communication correlates of teacher clarity in the college classroom . Communication Research Reports , 14 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Simonds , C. J. 1997 . Classroom understanding: An expanded notion of teacher clarity . Communication Research Reports , 14 : 279 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. G. 1977 . College classroom interactions and critical thinking . Journal of Educational Psychology , 69 : 180 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , L. and Land , M. 1981 . Low‐inference verbal behaviors related to teacher clarity . Journal of Classroom Interaction , 17 : 37 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. and Lushene , R. E. 1968 . The state‐trait anxiety inventory (STAI) Preliminary test manual form X , Tallahassee, Florida : Florida State University .
   Google Scholar
• Thweatt , K. S. and McCroskey , J. C. 1998 . The impact of teacher immediacy and misbehaviors on teacher credibility . Communication Education , 47 : 348 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thweatt , K. S. and McCroskey , J. C. 1996 . Teacher nonimmediacy and misbehavior: Unintentional negative communication . Communication Research Reports , 13 : 198 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Ware , J. E. Jr. and Williams , R. G. 1975 . The Dr. Fox effect: A study of lecturer effectiveness and ratings of instruction . Journal of Medical Education , 50 : 149 – 156 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheeless , L. R. 1975 . An investigation of receiver apprehension and social context dimensions of communication apprehension . The Speech Teacher , 24 : 261 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Wheeless , L. R. , Preiss , R. W. and Gayle , B. M. 1997 . “ Receiver apprehension, informational receptivity, and cognitive processing ” . In Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension , Edited by: Daly , J. A. , McCroskey , J. C. , Ayres , J. , Hopf , T. and Ayres , D. M. 151 – 187 . Cresskill, N.J. : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar