164
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The effects of social status on cognitive elaboration and post‐message attitude: Focusing on self‐construals

, &
Pages 196-214 | Published online: 21 May 2009

References

  • Araragi , C. 1979 . Effects of socioeconomic status on interpersonal perception . Japanese Psychological Research , 21 : 105 – 113 .
  • Berger , J. , Cohen , B. P. and Zelditch , M. 1972 . Status characteristics and social interaction . American Sociological Review , 37 : 241 – 255 .
  • Berger , J. , Conner , T. L. and Fisek , M. H. , eds. 1974 . Expectation states theory: A theoretical research program , Cambridge, MA : Winthrop .
  • Berger , J. and Zelditch , eds. 1985 . Status, rewards, and influence , San Francisco, CA : Jossey‐Bass .
  • Bethel , D. L. 1992 . “ Life on Obasuteyama, or, Inside a Japanese Institution for the Elderly ” . In Japanese social organization , Edited by: Lebra , T. S. 109 – 134 . Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press .
  • Bickman , L. 1971 . The effect of social status on the honesty of others . Journal of Social Psychology , 85 : 87 – 92 .
  • Bickman , L. 1974 . The social power of uniform . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 4 : 47 – 61 .
  • Breckler , S. J. , Greenwald , A. G. and Wiggins , E. C. . Public, private, and collective self‐ evaluation: Measurement of individual differences . Paper presented at the International Research and Exchange Board (IREX), conference on Self and Social Involvement . Princeton, NJ. April ,
  • Brinton , M. C. and Ngo , H. Y. 1993 . Age and sex in the occupational structure: A United States‐Japan comparison . Sociological Forum , 8 : 93 – 111 .
  • Brislin , R. W. , ed. 1990 . Applied cross‐cultural psychology , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Brislin , R. W. 1993 . Understanding culture's influence on behavior , Fort Worth, TX : Harcourt Brace College Publishers .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. and Petty , R. E. 1979 . Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive responses, recall, and persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 97 – 109 .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. and Petty , R. E. 1981 . “ Social psychological procedure for cognitive response assessment: The thought‐listing technique ” . In Cognitive assessment , Edited by: Merluzzi , T. V. , Glass , C. R. and Genest , M. 309 – 342 . New York : The Guilford Press .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. , Harkins , S. G. and Petty , R. E. 1981 . “ The nature of attitudes and cognitive responses and their relationships to behavior ” . In Cognitive responses in persuasion , Edited by: Petty , R. E. , Ostrom , T. U. and Brock , T. C. 31 – 54 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Carli , L. L. 1990 . Gender, language, and influence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 941 – 951 .
  • Chaiken , S. 1979 . Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 3 : 1387 – 1397 .
  • Chaiken , S. 1980 . Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 752 – 799 .
  • Chaiken , S. 1986 . “ Physical appearance and social influence ” . In Physical appearance, stigma, and social behavior: The Ontario symposium , Edited by: Herman , C. P. , Zanna , M. P. and Higgins , E. T. Vol. 3 , 143 – 177 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Chebet , C. G. and Chebet , J. C. 1991 . Effects of two voice characterictics on the attitudes toward advertising messages . Journal of Social Psychology , 132 : 447 – 459 .
  • Chen , G. and Chung , J. . The impact of Confucianism on organizational communication . Paper presented at the conference of the Speech Communication Association . Miami, FL. November ,
  • Chinese Culture Connection . 1987 . Chinese values and the search for culture‐free dimensions of culture . Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology , 18 : 143 – 164 .
  • Condon , J. C. 1977 . Interpersonal communication , New York : Macmillan .
  • Cook , T. D. 1969 . Competence, counterarguing, and attitude change . Journal of Personality , 37 : 342 – 358 .
  • Cross , S. E. and Markus , H. R. . Cultural adaptation and the self: Self‐construal, coping, and stress . Paper presented at the ninty‐ninth annual convention of the American Psychological Association . San Franscisco, CA. July ,
  • Eagly , A. H. and Chaiken , S. 1984 . “ Cognitive theories of persuasion ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 17 , 267 – 359 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Eagly , A. H. and Chaiken , S. 1993 . The psychology of attitude , Orlando, FL : Harcourt Brace Jovanivich .
  • Eagly , A. H. and Warren , R. 1976 . Intelligence, comprehension, and opinion change . Journal of Personality , 44 : 226 – 242 .
  • Gaertner , S. and Bickman , L. 1970 . Effects of race on the elicitation of helping behavior: The wrong number technique . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 20 : 218 – 222 .
  • Gaines , S. O. Jr. , Marelich , W. D. , Bledsoe , K. L. , Steers , W. N. , Henderson , M. C. , Granrose , C. S. , Barajas , L. , Hicks , D. , Lyde , M. , Takahashi , Y. , Yum , N. , Rios , D. I. , Garcia , B. F. , Farris , K. R. and Page , M. S. 1997 . Links between race/ethnicity and cultural values as mediated by racial/ethnic identity and moderated by gender . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 1460 – 1476 .
  • Glenn , E. S. and Glenn , C. G. 1981 . Man and mankind: Conflict and communication between cultures , Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
  • Goodman , M. D. and Gareis , K. C. 1992 . The influence of status on decisions to help . Journal of Social Psychology , 133 : 23 – 31 .
  • Greenwald , A. G. 1968 . “ Cognitive learning, cognitive response to persuasion, and attitude change ” . In Psychological foundations of attitudes , Edited by: Greenwald , A. G. , Brock , T. C. and Ostrom , T. M. 147 – 170 . San Diego, CA : Academic .
  • Gudykunst , W. B. , Yoon , Y. C. and Nishida , T. 1987 . The influence of individualism‐collectivism on perception of communication in ingroup and outgroup relationships . Communication Monograph , 54 : 295 – 306 .
  • Gudykunst , W. B. and Ting‐Toomey , S. 1988 . Culture and interpersonal communication , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Gudykunst , W. B. , Gao , G. , Schmidt , K. L. , Nishida , T.V. , Bond , M. H. , Leung , K. , Wang , G. and Barraclough , R. A. 1992 . The influence of individualism‐collectivism, self‐monitoring, and predicted‐outcome value on communication in ingroup and outgroup relationships . Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology , 23 : 196 – 213 .
  • Gudykunst , W. B. , Matsumoto , Y. , Ting‐Toomey , S. , Nishida , T. , Kim , K. and Heyman , S. 1996 . The influence of cultural individualism‐collectivism, self construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures . Human Communication Research , 22 : 510 – 543 .
  • Hall , E. T. and Hall , M.R. 1987 . Hidden differences: Doing business zvith the Japanese , Garden City, NY : Doubleday .
  • Hofstede , G. 1980 . Culture's consequences: International differences in work‐related values , Berverly Hill, CA : Sage .
  • Hofstede , G. and Bond , M. H. 1988 . Confucious and economic growth: New trends in culture's consequences . Organizational Dynamics , 16 : 4 – 21 .
  • Homans , G. C. 1961 . Social behavior , New York : Harcourt .
  • Hovland , I. C. , Janis , L. I. and Kelley , H. H. 1953 . Communication and persuasion , New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Javidi , A. and Javidi , M. 1994 . “ Cross‐cultural analysis of interpersonal bonding: A look at east and west ” . In Intercultural communication , Edited by: Samovar , L. A. and Porter , R. E. 87 – 94 . Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
  • Kazoleas , D. 1993 . The impact of argumentativeness on resistance to persuasion . Human Communication Research , 29 : 118 – 137 .
  • Kelman , H. C. 1958 . Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 2 : 51 – 60 .
  • Kim , M. S. 1994 . Cross‐cultural comparisons of the perceived importance of conversational constraints . Human Communication Research , 21 : 128 – 151 .
  • Kim , M. S. 1995 . “ Toward a theory of conversational constraints: Focusing on individual‐level dimensions of culture ” . In Intercultural communication theory , Edited by: Wiseman , R. L. 148 – 169 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Kim , M. S. , Hunter , J. E. , Miyahara , A. , Horvath , A. M. , Bresnahan , M. and Yoon , H. J. 1996 . Individual‐ vs. culture‐level dimensions of individualism and collectivism: effects on preferred conversational styles . Communication Monographs , 63 : 29 – 49 .
  • Kim , M. S. , Sharkey , W. F. and Singelis , T. M. 1994 . The relationship between individual's self‐construals and perceived importance of interactive constraints . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 18 : 117 – 140 .
  • Kim , M. S. , Shin , H. C. and Cai , D. 1998 . Cultural influences on the preferred forms of requesting and re‐requesting . Communication Monographs , 65 : 47 – 66 .
  • Klopf , W. D. 1987 . Intercultural encounter: The fundamentals of intercultural communication , Inglewood, CA : Morton .
  • Koslowsky , M. and Schwarzwald , J. 1993 . The use of power tactics to gain compliance: Testing aspects of Raven's (1988) theory in conflictual situations . Social Behavior and Personality , 21 : 135 – 144 .
  • Lebra , T. S. 1976 . Japanese pattern of behavior , Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press .
  • Lebra , T. S. , ed. 1992 . Japanese social organization , Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press .
  • Lebra , T. S. and Lebra , W. P. , eds. 1986 . Japanese culture and behavior , Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press .
  • Malewski , A. 1966 . “ The degree of status incongruent and its effects ” . In Class, status, and power: Social stratification in comparative perspective , Edited by: Bendis , R. and Lipset , S. M. 303 – 308 . New York : The Free Press .
  • Markus , H. R. and Kitayama , S. 1991 . Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation . Psychological Review , 98 : 224 – 253 .
  • Markus , H. R. and Kitayama , S. 1994 . A collective fear of the collective: Implications for selves and theories of selves . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 : 568 – 579 .
  • Markus , H. R. , Mullally , P. R. and Kitayama , S. 1997 . “ Selfways: Diversity in modes of cultural participation ” . In The conceptual self in context , Edited by: Neisser , U. and Jopling , D. A. 13 – 59 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • McGuire , J. W. 1985 . “ Attitudes and attitude change ” . In Handbook of Social Psychology , Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. 233 – 346 . New York : Random House .
  • Nakane , C. 1970 . Japanese society , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
  • Nishiyama , K. 1995 . Japan‐U.S. business communication , Dubuque, IA : Kendall / Hunt .
  • Norman , R. 1976 . When what is said is important: A comparison of expert and attractive sources . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 12 : 294 – 300 .
  • Okabe , R. 1983 . “ Cultural assumptions of East and West: Japan and the United States ” . In Intercultural communication theory , Edited by: Gudykunst , W. 21 – 44 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Pandey , J. 1979 . Effects of benefactors and recipient status on helping behavior . Journal of Social Psychology , 108 : 171 – 176 .
  • Pelzel , J. C. 1986 . “ Human Nature in the Japanese Myths ” . In Japanese culture and behavior: Selected readings , Edited by: Lebra , T. S. and Lebra , W. P. 7 – 28 . Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press .
  • Petty , R. E. and Cacioppo , J. T. 1979 . Issue involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message relevant cognitive responses . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1915 – 1926 .
  • Petty , R. E. and Cacioppo , J. T. 1981 . Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches , Dubuque, IA : Wm. C. Brown .
  • Petty , R. E. and Cacioppo , J. T. 1986 . Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Petty , R. E. , Ostrom , T. M. and Brock , T. C. 1981 . “ Historical foundations of the cognitive response approach to attitude and persuasion ” . In Cognitive responses in persuasion , Edited by: Petty , R.E. , Ostrom , T.M. and Brock , T. C. 55 – 78 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Petty , R. E. , Wells , G. L. and Brock , T. C. 1976 . Distraction can enhance or reduce yielding to propaganda: Thought disruption versus effort justification . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 34 : 874 – 884 .
  • Rozenholtz , S. J. and Cohen , E. G. 1985 . “ Activating ethnic status ” . In Status, rewards, and influence , Edited by: Berger , J. and Zelditch , M. 430 – 444 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
  • Singelis , T. M. . Bridging the gap between culture and communication . Selected Papers From the 12th International Conference of the Association for Cross‐Cultural Psychology . Edited by: Van de Vijuer , F. , Schmitz , P. and Boski , P. pp. 278 – 293 . Lisse, , The Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger .
  • Singelis , T. M. and Brown , W. J. 1995 . Culture, self, and collectivist communication: Linking culture to individual behavior . Human Communication Research , 21 : 354 – 389 .
  • Solomon , H. and Herman , L. 1977 . Status symbols and prosocial behavior: The effect of the victim's car on helping . Journal of Psychology , 97 : 271 – 273 .
  • Steinhoff , P. G. 1992 . “ Death by defeatism and other fables: The social dynamics of the rengo sekigun purge ” . In Japanese social organization , Edited by: Lebra , T. S. 195 – 224 . Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press .
  • Sternthal , B. , Dholakia , R. and Leavitt , C. 1978 . The persuasive effect of source credibility: a test of cognitive response analysis . Journal of Consumer Research , 4 : 252 – 260 .
  • Suzuki , T. 1986 . “ Language and behavior in Japan: The conceptualization of personal relations ” . In Japanese culture and behavior: Selected readings , Edited by: Lebra , T. S. and Lebra , W. P. 142 – 170 . Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press .
  • Ting‐Toomey , S. 1988 . “ Intercultural conflict styles: A face‐negotiation theory ” . In Theories in intercultural communication , Edited by: Kim , Y.Y. and Gudykunst , W. B. 213 – 238 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Triandis , H. C. 1989 . The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts . Psychological Review , 96 : 506 – 520 .
  • Triandis , H. C. 1994 . Culture and social behavior , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Triandis , H. C. , Brislin , R. and Hui , C. H. 1988 . Cross‐cultural training across the individualism‐collectivism divide . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 12 : 269 – 289 .
  • Tsujimura , A. 1987 . “ Some characteristics of the Japanese way of communication ” . In Communication theory: Eastern and Western perspectives , Edited by: Kincaid , D. L. 115 – 135 . San Diego, CA : Academic .
  • Yinon , Y. , Dovart , M. and Avni , A. 1981 . The reciprocity‐arousing potential of the requester's occupation and helping behavior . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 11 : 252 – 258 .
  • Yum , J. O. 1987 . “ Korean philosophy and communication ” . In Communication theory: Eastern and Western perspectives , Edited by: Kincaid , D. L. 71 – 86 . San Diego, CA : Academic .
  • Yum , J. O. 1988 . The impact of Confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in East Asia . Communication Monographs , 55 : 374 – 388 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.