Selective Oxidative Stress in Brain Areas of Neonate Rats Exposed to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Through Mother's Milk

REFERENCES

• Ahlbom J., Fredriksson A., Eriksson P. Exposure to an organophosphate (DFP) during a defined period in neonatal life produces permanent changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behaviour in adult mice. Brain Res 1995; 677: 13–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida M. G., Fanini F., Davino S. C., Aznar A. E., Koch O. R., Barros S. B. M. Pro- and anti-oxidant parameters in rat liver after short-term exposure to hexachlorobenzene. Hum. Exp. Toxicol 1997; 16: 257–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwood C. S., Huang X., Moir R. D., Tanzi R. E., Bush A. I. Role of free radicals and metal ions in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Met. Ions Biol. Syst 1999; 36: 309–364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bains J. S., Shaw C. A. Neurodegenerative disorders in humans: the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death. Brain Res. Rev 1997; 25: 335–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beers R. F., Sizer J. W. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J. Biol. Chem 1952; 195: 133–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzi G., Moretti A. Are reactive oxygen species involved in Alzheimer's disease?. Neurobiol. Aging 1995; 16: 661–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg D., Gerlach M., Youdim M. B. H., Double K. L., Zecca L., Riederer P., Becker G. Brain iron pathways and their relevance to Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. Rev 2001; 79: 225–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolozzi A., Duffard R. O., Evangelista de Duffard A. M. Behavioral alterations induced in rats by a pre- and postnatal exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Neurotoxicol. Teratol 1999; 21(4)451–465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusco A., Saavedra J. P., Garcia G., Tagliaferro P., Evangelista de Duffard A. M., Duffard R. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid through lactation induces astrogliosis in rat brain. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol 1997; 30(3)175–185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bukowska B. Effects of 2,4-D and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol on antioxidant enzymes and level of glutathione in human erythrocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2003; 135: 435–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowska A. B., Chajdys A., Duda W., Duchnowicz P. Catalase activity in human erythrocytes effect of phenoxyherbicides and their metabolites. Cell Biol. Int 2000; 24(10)705–711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush A. J. Metals and neuroscience. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol 2000; 4: 184–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantuti-Castelvetril L., Shukitt-Hale B., Joseph J. A. Dopamine neurotoxicity: age-dependent behavioral and histological effects. Neurobiol. Aging 2003; 24: 697–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo M. C., Kanai S., Nokubo M., Kitani K. (-) Deprenyl induces activities of both superoxide dismutase and catalase but not of glutathione peroxidase in the striatum of young male rats. Life Sci 1991; 48(6)517–521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo M. C., Minami C., Kitani K., Maruyama W., Ohashi K., Yamamoto T., Naoi M., Youdim M. B. H. Enhancing effect of rasagiline on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the dopaminergic system in the rat. Life Sci 2000; 67: 577–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen A. J., Grasso P. Review of the hepatic response to hypolipidaemic drugs in rodents and assessment of its toxicological significance to man. Food Chem. Toxicol 1981; 19: 585–605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbing J. The latter development of the brain and its vulnerability. Scientific Foundations of Paedriatics, J. A. Davis, J. Dobbing. Heinemann Medical Books, London 1982; 331–336
   Google Scholar
• Dobbing J., Sands J. Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt. Early Hum. Dev 1979; 3: 79–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dray A., Gonye T. J., Oakley N. R., Tanner T. Evidence for the existence of a raphe projection to the substantia nigra in rat. Brain Res 1976; 113: 45–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dray A., Davies J., Oakley N. R., Tongroach P., Velllucci S. The dorsal and medial raphe projections to the substantia nigra in the rat: electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral observations. Brain Res 1978; 151: 431–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain. Prog. Neurobiol 2000; 62: 649–671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchnowicz P., Koter M., Duda W. Damage of erythrocyte by phenoxyacetic herbicides and their metabolites. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol 2002; 74: 1–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffard R., Garcia G., Rosso S., Bortolozzi A., Madariaga M., Di Paolo O., Evangelista de Duffard A.M. Central nervous system myelin deficit in rats exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid throughout lactation. Neurotoxicol. Teratol 1996; 18(6)691–696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson P. Developmental neurotoxicity of environmental agents in the neonate. Neurotoxicology 1997; 18: 719–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evangelista de Duffard A. M., Orta C., Duffard R. Behavioral changes in rats fed a diet containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic butyl ester. Neurotoxicology 1990; 11: 563–572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evangelista de Duffard A. M., Brusco A., Duffard R., Garcia G., Pecci Saavedra J. Changes in serotonin-immunoreactivity in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of rats exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid through lactation. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol 1995; 26(2)187–193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fatima M., Ahmad I., Sayeed I., Athar M., Raisuddin S. Pollutant-induced over-activation of phagocytes is concomitantly associated with peroxidative damage in fish tissues. Aquat. Toxicol 2000; 49: 243–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri A., Bortolozzi A., Duffard R., Evangelista de Duffard A. M. Monoamine levels in neonate rats lactationally exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Biogenic Amines 2000; 16(1)73–100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri A., Duffard R., Sturtz N., Evangelista de Duffard A. M. Iron, zinc and copper levels in brain, serum and liver of neonates exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Neurotoxicol. Teratol 2003; 25: 607–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia G., Tagliaferro P., Bortolozzi A. M., Madariaga M. J., Brusco A., Evangelista de Duffard A. M., Duffard R., Saavedra J.P. Morphological study of 5-HT neurons and astroglial cells on brain of adult rats perinatal or chronically exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Neurotoxicology 2000; 22(6)733–741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia G., Tagliaferro P., Ferri A., Evangelista de Duffard A. M., Duffard R., Brusco A. Study of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in neonate rats lactationally exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Neurotoxicology 2004; 25: 951–957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grima G., Benz B., Parpura V., Cuenod M., Do K. Q. Dopamine-induced oxidative stress in neurons with glutathione deficit implication for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res 2003; 62: 213–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haan J. B., Tymms M. J., Cristiano F., Kol I. Expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in organs of developing mouse embryos, fetuses, and neonates. Pediatr. Res 1994; 35(2)188–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadi N., Singh S., Ahmad A., Zaidi R. Strand scission in DNA induced by 5‐hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the presence of copper ions. Neurosci. Lett 2001; 308: 83–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadi N., Malik A, Azam S, Khanb NU, Iqbal J. Serotonin–Cu(II)-mediated DNA cleavage: mechanism of copper binding by serotonin. Toxicol. in Vitro 2002; 16: 669–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall A. G. The role of glutathione in the regulation of apoptosis. Eur. J. Clin. Invest 1999; 29: 238–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J. Neurochem 1992; 59: 1609–1623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B., Gutteridge J. M. C. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 3rd. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1998
   Google Scholar
• Heffner T. G., Hartman J. A., Seiden L. S. A rapid method for the regional dissection of the rat brain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav 1980; 13: 453–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirrlinger J., Schulz J. B., Dringen R. Effects of dopamine on the glutathione metabolism of culture astroglial cells implications for Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem 2002; 82: 458–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain S., Ali S. Antioxidant enzymes. Developmental profiles and their role in metal-induced oxidative stress. Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology. Academic Press. 1998; 353–369
   Google Scholar
• Lebel C. P., Bondy S. C. Sensitive and rapid quantitation of oxygen reactive species formation in rtas synaptosomes. Neurochem. Int 1990; 17(3)435–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebel C. P., Ali S. F., McKee M., Bondy S.C. Organometal-induced increases in oxygen reactive species. The potential of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate as in index of neurotoxic damage. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1990; 104: 17–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCord E. F., Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. Biol. Chem 1969; 244: 6049–6055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moliner K. L., Evangelista de Duffard A. M., Soto E., Duffard R. Induction of apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Neurochem. Res 2002; 27(11)1439–1446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody D. E., Reddy J. K., Lake B. G., Popp J. A., Reese D. H. Peroxisome proliferation and nongenotoxic carcinogenesis: commentary on a symposium. Fundamen. Appl. Toxicol 1991; 116: 233–248
   Google Scholar
• Nelson D. P., Niesow L. A. Enthalphy of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase at 25deg.C (with molar extinction coefficients of H2O2 solution in the UV). Anal. Biochem 1972; 49: 474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onodera K., Omoi N. O., Fukui K., Hayasaka T., Shinkai T., Suzuki S., Abe K., Urano S. Oxidative damage of rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and changes in antioxidative defense systems caused by hyperoxia. Free Radic. Res 2003; 37(4)367–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oruc E. O., Uner N. Combined effects of 2,4-D and azinphosmethyl on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver of Oreochromis niloticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol 2000; 127(3)291–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglia D. E., Valentine W. N. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med 1967; 70(1)158–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmeira C. M., Moreno A. J., Madeira V. M. Metabolic alterations in hepatocytes promoted by the herbicides paraquat, dinoseb and 2,4-D. Arch. Toxicol 1994; 68: 24–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmeira C. M., Moreno A. J., Madeira V. M. Thiols metabolism is altered by the herbicides paraquat, dinoseb and 2,4-D: a study in isolated hepatocytes. Toxicol. Lett 1995; 81(2–3)115–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palut D. Peroxisome proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Rocz. PZH 1997; 48: 1–11
   Google Scholar
• Palut D., Ludwicki J. K., Kostka G., Szlezak J. K., Wiadrowska B., Lembowicz K. Studies of early hepatocellular proliferation and peroxisomal proliferation in Wistar rats treated with herbicide diclofop. Toxicology 2001; 158: 119–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig M. R., Leiman A. L., Breedlove S. M. Biological Psychology: An Introduction To Behavioural, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA 1999; 581
   Google Scholar
• Schulz J. B., Lindenau J., Seyfried J., Dichgans J. Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Eur. J. Biochem 2000; 267: 4904–4911
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith K. J., Kapoor R., Felts P. A. Demyelination: the role of reactive oxygen species. Brain Pathol 1999; 9: 69–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturtz N., Bongiovanni B., Rassetto M., Ferri A., Evangelista de Duffard A. M., Duffard R. Detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rat milk of dams exposed during lactation and milk analysis of their major components. Food Chem. Toxicol 2005; 44(1)8–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas B., Muralikrishnan D., Mohanakumar K. P. In vivo hydroxyl radical generation in the striatum following systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice. Brain Res 2000; 852: 221–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilson H. A. Developmental neurotoxicology of endocrine disruptors and pesticides: identification of information gaps and research needs. Environ. Health Perspect 1998; 106: 807–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar